tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46227396105349563362024-03-13T04:19:00.958-07:00Manthan...Thoughts on Water, Energy, Environment, DevelopmentShripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.comBlogger44125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-32474900645288262782020-11-22T00:16:00.001-08:002020-11-22T00:16:21.478-08:00Ministry Removes Environmental Safeguards For Change in Coal Source for Power Plants: Move Aimed at Helping Private Coal Miners? <p> </p><p class="MsoNormal">On 11 Nov 2020, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and
Climate Change (MoEFCC) <a href="http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/OM-Amendment-in-Environmental-Clearance-for-change-in-coal-source-by-Thermal-Power-Plants.pdf">brought
out an Office Memorandum (OM) that allows thermal power plants to change the
source of their coal</a> without having to get their Environment Clearance (EC)
amended. It is a highly retrograde dilution of environmental safeguards, and
seems especially brought in to enable ease of marketing for the private players
who have put in winning bids for coal mines in <a href="http://www.pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1671487">the recently concluded
commercial coal mining auctions</a><span class="MsoHyperlink">. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvSKUNOhwwcdiz_2ilXEqveFPyPX08UpS3ZBlMHFgCOTJTbtN3GshvvkFIBnt5QDhg0koWBh74XNrSlvck2-Gz9vSP6VvlZOXAhmvGDPs6tcI2s7oQ54XL2xDbdrPmE02PwlBGxlJ23_P/s4000/IMG_4157.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWvSKUNOhwwcdiz_2ilXEqveFPyPX08UpS3ZBlMHFgCOTJTbtN3GshvvkFIBnt5QDhg0koWBh74XNrSlvck2-Gz9vSP6VvlZOXAhmvGDPs6tcI2s7oQ54XL2xDbdrPmE02PwlBGxlJ23_P/w400-h300/IMG_4157.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A coal stockpile at a coal mine. Representative picture. Photo by: Author<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span class="MsoHyperlink"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Coal Quality Influences Environmental Impacts<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The environmental impacts of a thermal power plant (TPP)
depend significantly on the quality of coal used. Hence, when a TPP is accorded
environmental clearance (EC), safeguard measures prescribed have to consider
the characteristic parameters of the coal to be used. These parameters include
the ash content (which can influence ash re-use and disposal, particulate
matter emissions, water use), sulphur content (impacting SO2 and particulate
emissions), mercury content etc. This is the reason why environmental
regulations till now prescribed that the source of coal had to be specified
during the environment impact assessment (EIA), and in case the source of coal
was changed after the EC was granted, the project needed to seek an amendment
to the EC and its conditions (safeguards) in case it was deemed necessary. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Naturally, this involves time and effort, but is necessary
for ensuring environmental safety. But project prompters have found this
bothersome, as they do with anything that is deemed important to protect the
environment. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The OM of the MOEFCC now removes this requirement. And MoEFCC
has not been shy of stating the reason upfront.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Untenable Rationale<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The OM says:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">“The Ministry has been receiving
several proposals regarding change in coal sources…the linkage period granted
through short-term linkage and e-auctions vary from 3 months to 1 years, making
Project Proponents to approach the Ministry for granting amendment in EC each
time…”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The OM adds that the Ministry of Power has also issued an
advisory to TPPs using imported coal to shift to domestic coal under the <i>Atmanirbhar</i>
Bharat initiative. Further, the OM describes the process of getting the EC
amended in case of coal source change, and says that “The whole process would
approximately take about 2-3 months.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Looking at all these difficulties, the OM says, <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">“In order to simply the procedure
for change in coal source and encourage thermal power plants to use domestic
coal, the Ministry has decided the following procedure…All thermal power plants…can
change the coal source…without seeking amendment in the EC…”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This raises some very important questions. For one, a 2-3
months’ time frame for getting the EC amended is hardly such a long time. The
plant can well make the application a few months in advance so that when time
comes to make the shift to a new coal source, the EC amendment is in hand.
After all, a new source would be under discussion / negotiation well before the
time of availability of the earlier one ends. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Second, consider the argument that the coal linkages are
given for shorter periods and hence project proponents are made to approach the
Ministry every now and then. This is a problem with the management and
regulation of the coal sector, and the solutions to that must be found in
reforms and changes in the coal sector. One cannot address a deficiency in the
coal sector by amending and doing away with environmental safeguards.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Last but not the least, the reason that this is also being done
to “encourage thermal power plants to use domestic coal” is totally
untenable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a plant to shift from an
imported coal source to domestic is a onetime process, so the EC amendment
would be needed only once.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s likely
that the process of just making this shift – identifying the source, the
negotiations etc. - would itself take several months. So getting the EC amended
can just be included as one more part of making this shift. It shows utter
disregard for the environment and skewed priorities of this Government that an
initiative to promote self-reliance needs to come at the cost of removing
environmental safeguards. Or maybe the <i>atmanirbhar</i> Bharat initiative is
deliberately being used as a cover to remove environmental safeguards.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Indeed, the entire amendment OM is justified on the basis of
the problems of the coal sector and the inconveniences caused to the project
power plants. The easy solution is to “simplify”, or remove, the environmental
regulation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Specious Justification<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Ministry must have realised that this change would come
under criticism so has tried to provide some justification for the amendment. The
OM states that:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">“The various environmental
impacts due to change in coal source viz. increased ash quantity and its
management, increased emissions, and impacts of transportation have already
been addressed and adequate mitigation measure have been stipulated by the
Ministry vide Notifications dated 7.12.2015, 28.6.2018 and 21.5.2020.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That the impacts of change in coal source have already been
addressed by the said notifications is an utterly laughable assertion.
Virtually none of these provisions have been implemented. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Take the case of the notification dated 7.12.2015. It mandates
limits on emissions on SO2, NOx, PM and Mercury. It also puts limits on the
water consumption, mandates zero waste water discharge for all new plants, and
requires all inland plants to switch to circulating cooling. The deadline for
all this was Dec 2017. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After virtually no effort at implementation, the industry,
with the support of Ministry of Power, pushed MoEFCC into postponing the
deadline for achieving SO2 norms to 2022. Even here, <a href="https://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/trm/summary_nov20.pdf">only
a handful of TPPs are on track for meeting the deadline</a>. Now, the Ministry
of Power has brought in <a href="https://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/trm/Plant_Emission_Standards.pdf">a
new proposal that will exempt many plants from the norms</a>, and require
meeting of the norms in 10-15 years. The mandated norms for NOx emissions were
also not implemented. In fact, the industry has successfully pushed for <a href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222659.pdf">their dilution in
2020</a>. Similar <a href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/186970.pdf">dilution
of the water use norms</a> was done in 2018. There is no centralised system of
monitoring the compliance of these norms (except for SO2 limits, in the form of
Flue Gas Desulphurisation or FGD installation). Information obtained by Manthan
Adhyayan Kendra (of which this author is a member) in 2019 <a href="https://www.manthan-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Water-Use-Norms-Violations-FINAL.pdf">revealed
significant non-compliance of water use norms</a>. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Regulations have always required <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<a href="http://cbrienvis.nic.in/Content/Govt.%20Notification/1999.pdf">since 1999</a>,
but especially <a href="http://cbrienvis.nic.in/Content/Govt.%20Notification/2009.pdf">since 2009</a>)
for TPPs to achieve 100% utilisation of the fly ash they generate. These norms have
been consistently, blatantly and extensively violated. The Central Electricity
Authority (CEA) which brings out ash utilisation reports every six months notes
this with monotonous regularity (See page 19 of the latest available <a href="https://www.cea.nic.in/reports/others/thermal/tcd/flyash_201819.pdf">2018-19
report</a>). Due to this, ash has emerged as one of the most serious source of
pollution in areas around TPPs, contaminating air, water, land and soil,
impacting people’s health, agriculture and other livelihoods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Interestingly, imported coal mostly has much less ash
content than Indian coal; which means that shifting to domestic coal will
result in much higher ash generation. Managing this will be an additional load
and to expect that TPPs which are not able to manage even existing ash
generation will take care of the additional load, requires a stretch of
imagination. Knowing this fully, the OM creates a loop hole – while it
prescribes that “additional ash pond<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is
not allowed due to increase in the ash content in the raw coal”, but then
immediately also says that “in case of exceptional circumstances, project
proponents may approach the Ministry for seeking permission to use an emergency
ash pond…”.<o:p></o:p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5-GbQvECJSxV7mHtYbONeEcTnY41ikX_mbOvl6bwFNWeDhgFeVCPRZGKf-QBIgFR-kw8f2GQS5RQlQOk3dJZhI0juJGMEAMg9oHUcqsek8kXdjh1ctxbBvIABnnArHs0Xizu870m7tTk/s4000/IMG_4194.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL5-GbQvECJSxV7mHtYbONeEcTnY41ikX_mbOvl6bwFNWeDhgFeVCPRZGKf-QBIgFR-kw8f2GQS5RQlQOk3dJZhI0juJGMEAMg9oHUcqsek8kXdjh1ctxbBvIABnnArHs0Xizu870m7tTk/w400-h300/IMG_4194.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Fly ash dumped in open fields near water source. Representative picture. Photo by: Author</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Creating Ease of Business at Cost of Environment</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Looking at all the
above, it is clear that the sole aim of the OM is to remove “inconveniences”
for thermal power plants, and for the private miners who will for the first
time enter the coal sector in India as independent market suppliers of coal. This
OM is in fact a part of several relaxations in environmental regulations that
have been brought in the recent months, which are aimed at ease of sale,
transport, use and marketing of coal at the expense of environmental protection.
On 21 May 2020, the Ministry withdrew the requirement that supply, use or
transport of coal beyond a certain distance from the mine could only be done
with ash content of below a certain percentage (34%). The <a href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/219495.pdf">May 21, 2020
notification</a> now permits “Use of coal by Thermal Power Plants, without
stipulations as regards ash content or distance”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">On <a href="http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/OM-on-Coal-transportation-clarification.pdf">20
Oct 2020, the MOEFCC issued a
clarification</a> which effectively means that TPPs/ coal mines can continue to
use trucks to transport coal almost indefinitely, without any limit. In theory
the MoEFCC requires coal transport to be done by rail and/or conveyors as road
transport can be highly polluting as well as a safety risk for local
communities.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Given all this, it is
clear that the recent OM is one more link in the continuing saga of MoEFCC’s blatant
abdication of its responsibility of protecting the environment.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-67096202165437121312020-11-05T23:23:00.001-08:002020-11-05T23:23:31.733-08:00Thermal Power Plants Continue Flouting Environmental Regulations: The Case of Shifting to Closed Cycle Cooling Systems<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Official documents<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a> show
that as of Nov 2019, four years after the standards were notified as legally
binding and two years after the deadline to implement them had passed, 13
thermal power plants continued to be in clear violation of the standards
requiring all non-coastal power plants to shift to closed cycle cooling. And
that they had little intention of complying.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4r0FNX6zKDPJXV1IhPEVIO30Ego1cYz0O_7BIXyUATX4-hE7-rEAQish-TKrRI_mwnfxzJ7DiWeHyfyW6cvLTuDLlv3FlneG2FGFGpjiklQeiwxe-bz0Y_lew_eE7j3dW9Ffxu_J1Pn7Q/s4000/531.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4r0FNX6zKDPJXV1IhPEVIO30Ego1cYz0O_7BIXyUATX4-hE7-rEAQish-TKrRI_mwnfxzJ7DiWeHyfyW6cvLTuDLlv3FlneG2FGFGpjiklQeiwxe-bz0Y_lew_eE7j3dW9Ffxu_J1Pn7Q/w400-h300/531.JPG" width="400" /></a></b></div><b><br /></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>Regulations in 2015 Bring Hope</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In Dec 2015, the MoEFCC notified regulations which for the
first time placed limits on the emissions of SO2, NOx and Mercury from thermal
power plants (TPP), as well as on the amount of water they could use. The
standards for emission of particulate matter were made more stringent. These
regulations also required new TPPs (installed after <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 Jan 2017) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to maintain zero waste water discharge and
required all TPPs who used open cycle cooling, also called once through
cooling, to shift to a closed cycle, cooling tower based cooling system.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These regulations, though they did not fully address the
pollution problems from TPPs, were an important step in the right direction and
were welcomed with great hope. The Notification required all power plants to
meet the norms by Dec 2017.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Violations Galore</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unfortunately, almost none of the norms have been followed.
Not only that, power plants have tried to evade implementation of these norms
with all kinds of excuses, have tried to delay, dilute and simply ignore the
norms. The Ministry of Power (MoP) has often stood by the TPPs in this.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The latest evidence of this comes in relation to the norms
that require all TPPs to shift to a closed cycle cooling system.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>What Is Closed Cycle Cooling</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In thermal power plants, a large percentage of the energy
obtained by burning fuel is lost as waste heat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In coal based plant this can be as high as 65%. This heat needs to be
removed from the steam that drives the power plant to ensure efficient
operation of the plant and in most cases is done with the help of water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An open cycle cooling system is where the TPP
takes in water from a source like a river or a lake, uses it to cool the steam
and releases the water back into the water source. This water is now at
temperature higher than the water source as it has absorbed the heat from the
TPP. This process needs massive amounts of water to be drawn, which can have
significant impact, even though it is retuned back. Discharge of heated water
too has several adverse impacts.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To cut down on the withdrawals, a closed cycle system is
used. In this case, water that has absorbed the heat of the TPP is not released
back to the source, but is itself cooled in the cooling towers. In cooling
towers, part of the hot water evaporates and this helps in cooling it down. The
cooled water is sent back to the TPP to cool the steam once again. This leads
to much lesser withdrawals but more water is “used” due to evaporation in the
cooling towers. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Each system has its advantages and disadvantages.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Total Non-compliance</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Official documents obtained by Sunil Dahiya, Analyst, CREA
under RTI and made available to us show that as late as Nov 2019, that is four
years after the notification and two years after the expiry of the deadline to
meet the norms,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>49 units of 13 power
plants with a capacity of 12,144 MW were still operating on open cycle cooling,
in complete violation of the law of the land, as contained in the MoEFCC
notification.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The names and capacities of the violators are given below. It
should be mentioned that not all units from each of these plants are based on
open cycle cooling. Unitwise details are not being given here.</p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Thermal Power
Stations with Once Through Cooling System</b></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 604px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sr.No.</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Developer</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Name
of Plant</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">State</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Capacity
(MW)</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">UPRVUNL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Anpara TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Uttar Pradesh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1630</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">NTPC</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Farakka STPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Bengal</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1600</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">3</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">CSPGCL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Korba West TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Chhatisgarh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">840</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">RRVUNL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Kota TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rajasthan</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">850</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">5</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">UPRVUNL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Obra TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Uttar Pradesh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1094</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">6</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">UPRVUNL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Parichha TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Uttar Pradesh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">220</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">7</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">NTPC</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Rihand TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Uttar Pradesh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1000</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">8</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">PSEB</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ropar</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Punjab</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">420</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">9</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">MPPGCL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sanjay Gandhi TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Madhya Pradesh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">1340</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">10</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">GSECL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Sikka Rep TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gujarat</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">120</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">11</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">NTPC</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Singrauli STPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Uttar Pradesh</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">2000</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tenughat VN Ltd</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Tenughat TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Jharkhand</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">420</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">13</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">GSECL</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Ukai TPS</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">Gujarat</span></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">610</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="123">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">TOTAL</span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 113.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="151">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 93.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="124">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> </span></b></p>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="143">
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;"><b><span style="color: black; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">12144</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">Source: Letter No. 30-5/1/2019/ St. Th dated 21<sup>st</sup>
Nov 2019, written by R.K. Das, Under Secretary, Ministry of Power, Government
of India, to Nidhi Khare, Jt. Secretary, MoEFCC, Government of India. (Obtained by Sunil Dahiya, Analyst, CREA
under RTI)<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Ministry of Power Justifies Violation, Requests Exemption</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What is even more of concern is that the Ministry of Power (MoP)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is effectively justifying these
violations, condoning them, and has appealed to the MoEFCC to exempt these
power plants from the norms. The letter quoted above is a letter from the MoP
where it has sought the exemption, and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>has given several reasons to justify the same. These include technical
non-feasibility<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>due to lack of space and
layout restrictions, and that such shift to closed cycle cooling will lead to
“decrease in unit efficiency,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>higher
emissions and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>increase in water consumption”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also argue that these units are old and
“reducing in numbers”.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This entire set of reasoning is specious. We won’t get into
a detailed discussion of these reasons here as it would take lot of space.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here, it is sufficient to mention that the
significance of these arguments is quite overstated by MoP;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that there are numerous benefits of shifting
to closed cycle cooling that are not mentioned; and that there are serious
impacts of continuing with the open cycle cooling that are also not factored in
by MoP.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As in any choice, there is always a trade-offs, and so there
is between open and closed cycle cooling. It should be noted that the
advantages of closed cycle were significant enough that the Government of India
notified that all new non-coastal TPPs commissioned after 1 June 1999 would be
based on closed cycle cooling<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.
In 2015, the MoEFCC notification required that any remaining TPP still
operating on open cycle should shift to cooling tower based closed cycle
cooling. This decision of MoEFCC in 2015 was taken after considering all the
factors that MoP is bringing up now. So MoP is just bringing up old
justifications which were considered and found not significant. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">To elaborate, when these norms were put out as draft notification,
the MoP and others had been given a chance to give their comments and they had
had detailed discussions with the MoEFCC. Even after the norms were notified,
the MoP raised these very same points (related to shift to cooling towers) in
June 2016, along with points related to some other norms in the notification.
(Documents accessed under RTI). It is noteworthy that the MoEFCC did accept
some of the feedback from MoP and changed some norms related to coastal power
plants. But for all others, MoEFCC squarely rejected MoPs arguments and the
notification stayed as it is. A legally binding regulation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yet, it is amazing that the power plants have chosen to
ignore it totally. Clearly, they can do this only because they seem to have the
backing of the MoP. MoP’s actions also indicate a condoning of the blatant non-compliance
and violation of the law of the land. Moreover, by taking up again and again
the same arguments with the MoEFCC, the MoP makes it appear that such norms – notified
by another arm of the government after due consultations and considerations –
are something that need not be taken seriously, that can continue to be evaded,
debated and are essentially negotiable. Imagine if an ordinary citizen did
this.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In fact, MoP has been playing this role in many of the other
norms notified in the same notification too: the SO2 norms, the NOx norms, the
specific water consumption norms. We will highlight these in a subsequent blog.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This is a clear indication that the ministry of power considers
itself superior to the ministry of environment in the unsaid hierarchy that
prevails in the system. The complete lack of any action against the
non-compliance, and the total silence and acceptance of these actions by the
MoEFCC only indicates that MoEFCC is willing to accept this secondary position
and abdicate its responsibilities and duties.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;"><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> Documents
obtained by Sunil Dahiya, Analyst, CREA under RTI and made available to us. </p>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<p class="MsoFootnoteText"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> EPA
Notification [GSR 7, dated Dec. 22, 1998] Amending the Environment (Protection)
Rules 1986.</p>
</div>
</div>
<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</p>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-27810559062082297892020-07-02T02:15:00.001-07:002020-07-02T04:46:41.242-07:00Draft EIA 2020 Notification – What Next: Some Thoughts<p class="MsoNormal"><b>Background-Time for Comments Extended<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal">The timeline for public comments/objections to the EIA
Notification (Draft) 2020 [Draft2020] has been extended till 11<sup>th</sup>
August 2020 by the Delhi High Court via its Order dated 30<sup>th</sup> June
2020. The same order also requires the MoEFCC to translate the Draft2020 into
all the languages of the 8<sup>th</sup> Schedule of the Constitution so that it
can effectively reach different parts of the country.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6c3_Z7z-FkiPF2ROAKVrSFeRX_01yL3s8h6O2SvASM6CSWLZPZZ6l8QvdpVgnn8EFOWwnBwbihuZoWAFjJKxUgaK2SONa3qguw__qNyOQL8a4VLomhcOL8v0b9X5qfZWle8P2mKfTh5HC/s4000/IMG_5888.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3000" data-original-width="4000" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6c3_Z7z-FkiPF2ROAKVrSFeRX_01yL3s8h6O2SvASM6CSWLZPZZ6l8QvdpVgnn8EFOWwnBwbihuZoWAFjJKxUgaK2SONa3qguw__qNyOQL8a4VLomhcOL8v0b9X5qfZWle8P2mKfTh5HC/w400-h300/IMG_5888.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A dredger in the Gandak River. (Photo: Shripad Dharmadhikary)</td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<br />
This opens up the opportunity for more and wider set of people to respond to
the Draft2020. We welcome the order by the Delhi High Court for the extension
of this deadline, and wish to point out that it is not just the time at which
the Notification was released that was problematic <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(with the country under lockdown) but that the
Draft Notification is the problem in itself. Many research groups, movements
and civil society organisations working on the issues related with environment,
including Manthan, have foregrounded the critique of the EIA Notification Draft
2020 time and again during this lockdown and shown that the Draft2020 is deeply
flawed, its provisions are against the basic principles of environmental
protection and it weaken an already weak environmental governance regime represented
by the existing version of the Notification (2006).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Therefore, we join the call by many other environmental
groups to REJECT this Notification. At the same time, we also want to share
some thoughts in how to go from here.<br />
<br />
<b>Thoughts for Way Forward – Drawing from Submissions and Discussions</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the course of the many debates and discussions around the
Draft2020, several important suggestions been put out <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which offer important suggestions for the way
forward. These include suggestions for actions by MOEFCC as well as by civil
society, groups and movements. We are sharing important suggestions drawn from
these discussions so as to highlight some key points for the way forward and to
initiate a wider discussion on the same. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We would like to clarify that the list of these suggestions
and the action points is not exhaustive but reflective of the broader issues emerging
in the many submissions by civil society organisations and research groups including
Manthan’s submission as well as in the discussions. <br />
<br />
<b>Suggestions</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="text-indent: -18pt;">Now that deadline for comments has been
extended, the priority must be to SEEK and obtain, in a PRO-ACTIVE manner,
comments of those who have not been able to do so, either due to lockdown, or
due to their not having access to internet, or due language issues etc. This
should be the primary responsibility of MoEFCC and civil society groups should
also work towards this.</span></li></ol><!--[if !supportLists]-->
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;">In particular, MoEFCC
should hold regional meetings, especially in areas where there is already
high environmental impact and areas of likely high environmental impact –
e.g. Singrauli, Korba, Nellore, Krishnapatanam, submergence areas of dams
like Narmada, key industrial and chemical estates like Vapi, Vizag, oil
fields in Assam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>etc. and newer
frontier areas like Arunachal. These should include presentations in local
language by MoEFCC on the Draft2020, the reasoning behind it and then
seeking comments.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_TXWFO0yfbpx2siSIdGL1WiurC0uNmbc_b6xRekovq8w5dj1UG2goD9IlOZJXZJrjQF0SIA_ySUYs3xpA-iHYHSwV5McubVLrBIInUWvCNuJleL-lQxF8RU9ix5HqY3yqzJwJaGEHSs6V/s4000/IMG_7203.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2248" data-original-width="4000" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_TXWFO0yfbpx2siSIdGL1WiurC0uNmbc_b6xRekovq8w5dj1UG2goD9IlOZJXZJrjQF0SIA_ySUYs3xpA-iHYHSwV5McubVLrBIInUWvCNuJleL-lQxF8RU9ix5HqY3yqzJwJaGEHSs6V/w400-h225/IMG_7203.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Village submerged by the Sardar Sarovar Project (Photo: Shripad Dharmadhikary)</td></tr></tbody></table><o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">Given that MoEFCC went out of its
way and proactively invited 78,706 project proponents to give their comments, and
also had circulated a draft in advance to the state governments, there is little
reason why they can’t pro-actively reach out to the most affected people for
comments.<o:p></o:p></p>
<ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;">Once the comments have
been collected, they need to be processed. This should be done in an
independent and transparent manner. MoEFCC should set up a committee
headed by a SC judge and co-chaired by an eminent environmentalist, who
would process the comments. This committee should call for MoEFCC’s
response to all comments and then consider the comments and the responses
together. They would be free to call in those sending comments for any
clarifications. The Committee would then prepare a report of the comments
and their suggestions based on the same. This should be placed in the
public domain.<o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1;">Given the fact that a
large number of comments already sent to the MoEFCC have called for
scrapping the Draft EIA2020 on account of number of problems, and also
called for more fundamental restructuring of the EIA/EC process in the
country, it would be useful that the above committee’s mandate or ToR not
be limited to only processing the comments; the same committee can also be
tasked with taking the next step, in terms of recommending either
amendments and changes to the Draft EIA 2020 and proposing a new draft, or
if deemed necessary, propose more fundamental changes and a better legal
and regulatory framework for EIA/EC process in the country. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li>The above-mentioned exercise will take
substantial time. Till then, some of the most problematic provisions present in
the EIA Notification 2006 that militate against environmental protection should
be removed immediately through executive action. This should include, but not
be limited to amending the Schedule to include projects currently missing. </li></ol>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "times new roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->A list of such amendments can be made based on
past experience and examples, including those that have been put forward in the
many comments made on the Draft EIA 2020.</p></blockquote><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Civil Society organisations, movements
and groups can use this extension for the following:<o:p></o:p></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">Civil society, movements
must also organise and hold regional meetings, especially in areas where
there is already high environmental impact and areas of likely high environmental
impact and with vulnerable communities, in areas where repeated violations
have shown the problems with the EIA Notification and the institutional mechanism
to implement it. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">Use of voice and video
recordings of the comments from remote or restricted areas can be
explored. Civil society organisations can use these recordings to
translate and transcribe the comments for those who could not send in the
wake of Covid from these areas. <o:p></o:p></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2;">The analysis done so far,
and the comments already prepared by a number of groups, movements and civil
society organisations represent a substantial critique of the Draft2020. While
this has been disseminated to some extent, it is important that this dissemination
be continued extensively, so that an informed understanding of the
Draft2020 can be developed amongst common citizens. Civil Society and
media should come together for such continued dissemination of the
comments submitted for EIA draft Notification 2020 and the recommendations
for the scrapping the Draft2020 and developing a new framework for EIA/EC
in the country. <o:p></o:p></li>
</ol>
<p class="MsoNormal">Naturally, all of the above will be subject to distancing
and other regulations as applicable due to Covid. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For the ease of quick reference, we have also taken the
liberty to put together some of the comments and submissions on the Draft2020
at one place on the internet, which can be accessed <a href="https://drive.google.com/folderview?id=1NeFDTNXEfgUK1I0mOO1-KUD9e_MU8TUs" target="_blank">here</a>. The page has a folder with the pdf versions of submissions, as well as a file with the urls to the submissions. Again, we want to
clarify that the comments we have put on this drive are not an exhaustive or
complete listing but only some of the comments that reflect various facets of
the analysis. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p><br /></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>This blog post put together by:</o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Manthan Adhyayan Kendra Team</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><br />Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-42849670656267725422019-08-18T00:29:00.001-07:002019-08-18T00:29:34.922-07:00Comments on the New Report of WRI on Urban Water Access<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The World Resources Institute (WRI) launched on 14th August a new report titled "Unaffordable and Undrinkable: Rethinking Urban Water
Access in the Global South", whose "analysis of 15 cities shows that
vast segments of the urban population in the global south lack access to safe,
reliable and affordable water." Given below are some comments on the
report. The report can be found at<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<a href="https://www.wri.org/wri-citiesforall/publication/unaffordable-and-undrinkable-rethinking-urban-water-access-global-south">https://www.wri.org/wri-citiesforall/publication/unaffordable-and-undrinkable-rethinking-urban-water-access-global-south</a><br />
<br />
1. The emphasis and recommendation of the report that "Cities and
water utilities should extend the formal piped water network to
improve water access" is very important and well-taken. Access to
affordable water of adequate quantity and quality is a basic human
right and piped water in urban areas is the best way to meet this
goal as today millions are deprived of it. We would add that while
universalisation should be the ultimate aim, the poor and the
marginalised settlements must be the priority ones to get access.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN1j-Nld5cfDHAFU7-rJvJEgxfEDItBsetQDFHr9bypjLwSJooeASZ3DYxVfLTHCtvA8d7gAU7T1t3UiOVveC2LLUtCe7h-b9Ts4n2F8LpkSFpbVG0MIfUxdlpL9QaU_dsIFptkXaXFp4R/s1600/tiruppur2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="360" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN1j-Nld5cfDHAFU7-rJvJEgxfEDItBsetQDFHr9bypjLwSJooeASZ3DYxVfLTHCtvA8d7gAU7T1t3UiOVveC2LLUtCe7h-b9Ts4n2F8LpkSFpbVG0MIfUxdlpL9QaU_dsIFptkXaXFp4R/s320/tiruppur2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo Credit: Manthan Adhyayan Kendra (Gaurav/ Rehmat)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
2. It is very important that the report has recognised and
highlighted that both privatisation and commercialisation of water
supply have failed to meet the needs of the people, particularly
the poor and the marginalised. Privatisation and commercialisation
(the latter is when the ownership or control of the water system
is in public hands, but the operations are on a purely market
based, commercial principles). As the report notes - "private
sector involvement did not solve the problem of inadequate
access..." and "Corporatized utilities adopt commercial market
principles ...However, corporatization has not substantively
improved low income communities’ access to water services." The
important lesson that would have been good to be explicitly
articulate is that supply of water of adequate quality and
quantity is a social responsibility of the state the state needs
to fulfill it on a priority basis.This is important because even
today, there is pressure to push privatisation or
commercialisation of water supply.<br />
<br />
<br />
3. The report says that "It is widely recommended that households
not spend more than 3–5 percent of their average household income
on both water and sanitation services per month." This should be
worded and emphasized differently. As access to water is a basic
human right, the report should have taken a stand that such supply
must be ensured regardless of the capacity of the household to pay
full or any charges. Where payment is possible, it may be limited
to the 3-5% range as suggested, but it should be clear that this
is secondary to the principle that access should not be denied on
the basis of inability to pay.<br />
<br />
<br />
4. The report criticises "intermittency" as a serious issue and
one of its recommendations is to address intermittency - that is,
reduce or eliminate it. We agree that this can be an important
long term goal, (of 24x7 supply) as it has several advantages
including convenience. However, to ensure and maintain continuous
supply has very heavy costs, and we feel that this can come in the
way of meeting the more important and highest priority target of
first ensuring basic supply to all. Some of the problems of
intermittency can be taken care of by ensuring regularity
(predictability) for ensuring convenience,<br />
and better maintenance
of pipeline network to ensure non-contamination. Continuous supply
can be brought in as a target in the next phase. It may be
mentioned that the 24x7 supply logic and need was pushed heavily
in the late 1980s and 1990s to to push privatisation.<br />
<br /></div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-31021374550150369042019-07-25T00:28:00.001-07:002019-07-26T04:07:25.812-07:00New Estimations of India’s Water Resources by CWC – Better Methodology But Questions Remain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU2SX9mZilPLtqGY96Y-KEKyrptyvxwbMoS81TL31vQ2uuUf4bdW9iGBy7KwnCb-3NtUcpcXkRoysosxh6kvkIfTQjaBPuBjK6HK-QmJ081zanltWXgKgmUxTKUYJ8Fvtw1GXwK4AYzlx4/s1600/Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="423" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU2SX9mZilPLtqGY96Y-KEKyrptyvxwbMoS81TL31vQ2uuUf4bdW9iGBy7KwnCb-3NtUcpcXkRoysosxh6kvkIfTQjaBPuBjK6HK-QmJ081zanltWXgKgmUxTKUYJ8Fvtw1GXwK4AYzlx4/s320/Cover.jpg" width="225" /></a>The Central Water Commission (CWC) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has recently released (in June 2019) a report
“<b><a href="http://cwc.gov.in/sites/default/files/main-report.pdf">Reassessment
of Water Availability in India Using Space Inputs</a>” </b>that re-assesses the<b>
</b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">average annual water
resources of the country with technical support of NRSC on similar lines to
that of the pilot studies completed in June 2013 by CWC and NRSC on Godavari
and Brahmani-Baitarani river basins. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">As per the
report, “The average annual water resource of the basins for the study period
of 30 years (1985-2015) has been assessed as <b>1999.20 BCM. </b>The mean
annual rainfall of the basins for the study period of 30 years is <b>3880 BCM</b>.
However, utilisable water resources estimation was not in the scope of current
study.” (Page xii)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">This report broadly
confirms the figures of earlier similar assessments of the total water
availability in the country, namely, the CWC study of 1993 and the study by
National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD) of 1999.
The current report asserts that “…. since the present study is based on the
most advanced methodology, it generates more confidence in the results
achieved.” (Page 77)</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">A perusal of the current report and the
methodology used supports this assertion, and we can take these figures with a
higher level of reliability and confidence (subject to the caveats and
limitations outlined by the report itself at page 96 and some questions raised
by us later on in this note.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Comparing
with Earlier Studies</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The
comparative figures for <b>available</b> water resources of India for this and
earlier studies are given below, compiled from the Report itself (Table 2 at
Page 20).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: #E36C0A; border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 4.65pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent6; mso-background-themeshade: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 687px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 45.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>Sr.
No.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>Year<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>Agency<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>Water
Resources Assessed at (BCM – Billion Cubic Meters)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b>Remarks<o:p></o:p></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1901-03<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
First Irrigation Commission/using
coefficients of runoff<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1443<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
For pre-independence India<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
2<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1949<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Khosla's empirical formula<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1673<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 51.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 51.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
3<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1960<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Central Water and Power Commission<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1881<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 51.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Statistical
analysis of flow data wherever available and rainfall-runoff relationships
wherever data were meagre<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
4<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1988<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Central Water Commission<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1880<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
General water balance approach<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
5<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1993<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Central Water Commission<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1869<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 45.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
6<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1999<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
National Commission for Integrated
Water Resources Development (NCIWRD)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1953<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 45.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 48.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="64"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
7<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 69.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="92"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
2019<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
CWC + NRSC<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 86.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="115"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
1999<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 152.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="203"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The
differences in the last three or four studies are not much and can be
attributed to some lack of data, some assumptions and other factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">However the
current study has not estimated the most crucial part – that is, the
“utilisable” part of this total water, as against “available”, which is what
all the above estimates are. This is important because the methodology of
estimating the “utilisable” portion of surface flows by CWC is essentially
based on how many dams, diversions and storage structures can be built in a
river basin. The details of the methodology and the way it has been applied to each
basin are not available. It would be important to see the limitations and
assumptions of this methodology as well as the use of a more modern and
advanced methodology for assessing the utilisable component, just as a more
advanced method has been used for assessing the total resource.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Superior
Method<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">So what is
the method used by the current study? It essentially uses a hydrologically
model and water balance, with as disaggregated data (spatial and temporal) as
possible. As the study says, it “emphasises on quantifying basin scale water
wealth by transformation [of the methodology] from presently adapted basin
terminal gauge site discharge aggregation [method] to meteorological data based
water budgeting exercise through hydrological modelling approach.” (Page xi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">It uses
daily rainfall data of 0.25<sup>o</sup> X 0.25<sup>o</sup></span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">grids, daily temperature data of 1<sup>o</sup></span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">X1<sup> o</sup></span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">grids,
and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) map for the period from 2004-05 to 2014-15
prepared under Natural Resources Census (NRC) project of NRSC using IRS AWiFS
satellite data (56 m resolution). Soil textural map, LULC map, daily rainfall
map, daily temperature map, water body map and command area maps were
integrated in modified Thornthwaite-Mather modelling framework to compute the
monthly soil moisture, evapotranspiration, surface runoff. A software tool
namely Water Resources Assessment Tool (WRAT) was developed by NRSC for
computation of water balance components in modified Thornthwaite-Mather
modelling framework using geo-spatial datasets. Abstractions for all uses
(irrigation, domestic, industrial, others) were estimated. (Page xii). More
details of the methodology can be seen in the report.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXklPfs69C1wP2BHoIdefOGBgpeocpwaflvdM5ZeTl0rp_IKpkZuGyMYEquOV0gqq1pIK3G-53g3W_9dT9e1KW2BOQiRKN74CpvUebr3JVFURgF2ubHZydpcTIdE6cwMKLddOOQn5S6wMz/s1600/IMG_5967.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXklPfs69C1wP2BHoIdefOGBgpeocpwaflvdM5ZeTl0rp_IKpkZuGyMYEquOV0gqq1pIK3G-53g3W_9dT9e1KW2BOQiRKN74CpvUebr3JVFURgF2ubHZydpcTIdE6cwMKLddOOQn5S6wMz/s400/IMG_5967.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">This
methodology is certainly an advance on the methodologies used in the earlier
assessments. Yet, it needs to be emphasised that the method is only as good as
the data used – whether it is of the rainfall, soil characteristics, or
abstractions, diversions and uses. And this probably remains its biggest
limitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Addressing
Concern Raised in Mihir Shah Committee Report<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Committee set up by the Ministry of Water Resources for “Restructuring the CWC
and CGWB”, headed by Dr. Mihir Shah, gave its report in July 2016. It flagged
an important issue related to the estimation of India’s water resources. It
raised the issue that (Page 23 of Mihir Shah Committee Report) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">“…recent calculations based on higher estimates of the amount
of water lost to the atmosphere by evapo-transpiration are less comforting.
Narasimhan (2008) has recalculated India’s water budget, using an evapotranspiration
rate of 65 per cent, which compares with worldwide figures ranging from 60 per
cent to 90 per cent instead of the 40 per cent rate assumed in the official
estimates. The result also summarised in Figure 1.1 is sobering. After allowing
the same 48.8 per cent for ecological flows, his estimate of water utilizable
for human use comes to only 654 BCM, which is very close to the current actual
water use estimate of 634 BCM.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In effect, what
is suggested by the results of Narasimhan (as outlined in the Mihir Shah
report) is that India’s official water resource estimation assumes an effective
total evapotranspiration of 1539 BCM leaving 2301 BCM as available water;
whereas if evapotranspiration figures of Narasimhan are taken, then total evapotranspiration
is really 2500 BCM, leaving only 1340 BCM as available. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">First of
all, there seems to some error in this due to double counting of groundwater.
Groundwater resources are included in the total water resources. If this error
is corrected, evapotranspiration figures of official estimates come to be 1971
BCM. Though this narrows the gap, the issue raised by Narasimhan remains.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">In this
context, though the current CWC report does not mention it, the methodology, by
including specifically the evapotranspiration in terms of actual data (or
better estimates using meteorological and other data) and using water balance
studies, would address the concerns raised by Narasimhan. This is because the
central concern raised has been the underestimation of evapotranspiration by
the (earlier) official studies. If details of the figures from the modelling
exercise done by CWC for this study are available, this could be further
cross-checked. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Some
Other Issues of Concern<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">There are
some other important issues of concern with the CWC assessment and report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">First of
all, the Report does give the limitations and assumptions of the study, and
looking at these, it is clear that there these could significantly influence
the accuracy of the estimates. The Confidence Interval reported in the study at 90% indicates that the model may not be calibrating well with the observed parameters, possibly due to the many limitations and assumptions. Ideally, a confidence interval of at least 95% would have been expected. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Some other
figures also raise doubts about the CWC estimates. For example, in the basin
wise estimations, the water resources of the Narmada river at 75% dependability
are given as 45.24 BCM (Page 71). This is 36.66 Million Acre Feet (MAF),
significantly higher than the 28 MAF which the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal
determined as the total water in the river. This raises some questions on the
dependability of the estimates. (While the Narmada Tribunal calls its estimates
at the “utilisable” water at 75% dependability, from the way it has been<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>estimated, we can see that it what the CWC
report calls “available” water.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Last but not
the least, the CWC Report does give the water resource estimates basin-wise,
but it would have been very important if the estimates were also given
season-wise (monsoon, lean season etc).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%;">We hope that
some of these issues can be addressed in the subsequent reports as this should
clearly be an ongoing work. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
-----------------------------<br />
Note: This post has been slightly modified mainly to include a comment on the Confidence Interval. Further, this note may be treated as a Preliminary Comment, as the author is working on some further aspects based on several comments received. Comments of Manoj Misra, KJ Joy and Jeevananda Reddy are acknowledged, as is a tutorial on statistics and modelling methods by Ann Josey and Mokshda Kaul.</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-59002919616945170192019-05-01T00:37:00.001-07:002019-05-01T00:37:21.619-07:00 “Parsimonious With the Truth”<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
The Supreme Court Indictment of the Environment Impact
Assessment of the Mopa Airport and Lessons to be Learnt </h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></h2>
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SC Stays EC of Proposed Mopa Airport</span></span></h2>
<br />
<h2 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On 29<sup>th</sup> March 2019, the Supreme Court (SC) suspended
the environment clearance (EC) granted to the proposed Mopa airport in Goa, due
to serious lapses in the impact assessment, including non-disclosure of vital information
by the project proponent (Government of Goa) and abdication by the Expert Appraisal
Committee (EAC) of the environment ministry of its role and function to
appraise the environmental impacts and mitigation plans and recommend or deny
the EC based on this.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The essence of the problem can be captured just four words
used in the judgement, that the EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) of the
project is “parsimonious with the truth”.<span>
</span>A more pithy and terse but sharp and hard-hitting summary would be
difficult to find. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unfortunately, what the judgement says about the Mopa EIA is
true about many, if not most of the EIAs for such large infrastructure projects.
</span><span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq4WuBckv155EoSrk1YehC8KneYtR7IZlEfWyb3mU95ijjYpug60Rv7l98EYAvxX6g9UT9-nM5huiYEvD_OG3oe5OzLO68YHMgluWOHEgbcy5HK32wOZacMFLoFsMqZUe2flFNYcY_Dlz3/s1600/61d0eecfa8f09366d497cc201a877334.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="735" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq4WuBckv155EoSrk1YehC8KneYtR7IZlEfWyb3mU95ijjYpug60Rv7l98EYAvxX6g9UT9-nM5huiYEvD_OG3oe5OzLO68YHMgluWOHEgbcy5HK32wOZacMFLoFsMqZUe2flFNYcY_Dlz3/s400/61d0eecfa8f09366d497cc201a877334.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Proposed Airport and Trees to be felled for it. Photo Courtesy https://m.dailyhunt.in</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Far-Reaching Judgement</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, that is what makes the Mopa judgement so important –
that it identifies and clearly spells out key problems with the entire process
of environmental clearances for infrastructure projects. It also lays down principles
and guidelines for ensuring that the spirit and letter of environmental laws are
implemented, or, as the judgement points out, for upholding the “environmental rule
of law”. These points, a few of which we will highlight here, have the
potential to bring back on track the environmental clearance process which has
been distorted to the point where environmental protection has become the least
important aspect in the process, a process that has been reduced to rubber-stamping
project clearances no matter the nature and extent<span> </span>of their social and environmental impacts. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This far-reaching implication of the judgement is probably
what caused NITI CEO Amitabh Kant to write an angry commentary on the
judgement, ( “<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/the-need-to-mope-about-mopa/">The
Need to Mope About Mopa</a>”, ET April 15, 2019) calling the verdict a “dangerous
precedent”. It certainly is a dangerous precedent – dangerous to those who see environment
as merely an obstacle in the path of development (whatever the latter may
mean), and who have been pushing and bending the implementation of
environmental laws to get away with blatantly violating and ignoring environmental
concerns. Kant’s article clearly reflects the unease that an institution as important
as the SC has called out the terrible flaws and called for addressing them. Kant’s
articles is mostly a series of specious arguments and has been ably addressed
by eminent environmental lawyer Ritwick Dutta in his rejoinder “<a href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/when-wings-were-rightly-clipped/">When
Wings were Rightly Clipped</a>” (ET April 29, 2019) so we won’t get into it.
But we will later bring in some points that Kant makes to highlight the
problems in the EC process. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Critical Points in the Judgement</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Complete Disclosures at Application Stage a Must</u></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Coming back to the important points made by the judgement,
the very first point is that full and proper information should be given right
at the stage of application for EC, that is, in the Form 1 (and Form 1A).
Often, the project proponents leave questions blank, or provide inadequate or
even misleading information in the this Form. Sometimes, the information is subsequently
provided in the EIA. This judgement has highlighted that nondisclosure at Form
1 stage cannot be remedied by disclosure at EIA stage, and that</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“failure on part of the project proponent to make mandatory
disclosures stipulated in Form 1 under the 2006 notification…must have
consequences in law.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The reasoning behind this is also very important, namely,
that the</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>“failure on part of a
project proponent to disclose material information in Form 1 …has a cascading
effect ..” </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">because the TORs are based on Form 1, and the EIA has to be
assessed against the TORs. Moreover, the EIA Notification gives the power to
the EAC (and the SEAC) to reject the project at the application stage itself in
case it is seen as severely impacting the environment. Information given in
Form 1 would play a big part in this consideration. Thus, non-disclosure or
wrong disclosures in Form 1 </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“bypasses the authority of the EAC and SEAC to reject an
application at the preliminary stage and cannot be countenanced.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbft6_aHqX50-RzY4vKn-VccqXMRw5DtcRuiaI7Hjt8T3PLCDMUfz-BynByqwxqSPNW066IkH4lAPjprYddRBE65RLWCCDqwINZJFOr-NJXbmMIZHQ0FM4wIOWbsrR3lG9Z1wZtsqRChTd/s1600/Mopa+Location.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="1366" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbft6_aHqX50-RzY4vKn-VccqXMRw5DtcRuiaI7Hjt8T3PLCDMUfz-BynByqwxqSPNW066IkH4lAPjprYddRBE65RLWCCDqwINZJFOr-NJXbmMIZHQ0FM4wIOWbsrR3lG9Z1wZtsqRChTd/s640/Mopa+Location.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Map showing location of proposed Mopa airport surrounded by forested area. One of the key information not disclosed was the large number of trees that you have to be cut, and presence of eco-sensitive areas nearby.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>EAC Must Apply Mind to Environmental Aspects</u></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An important point made by the judgement is that </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“the EAC betrays a lack of comprehension of the true nature
of its function under the 2006 notification. The EAC has failed to consider
relevant circumstances bearing on the environmental impact of the project and
has instead considered circumstances extraneous to its function.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This unfortunately is
the rule rather than the exception in most EACs and their deliberations. In the
Mopa case for example, the SC judgement lists the six points considered as
reasons by the EAC to recommend clearance to the project, and these include
issues like project is in public interest, delays in land acquisition etc.
whereas no environmental factors are listed. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Indeed, it is not the function
of the EAC to look at whether a project is in public interest (one presumes
that if it was not, this fact would have been identified at the pre-feasibility
stage itself and the project would never have come to the EC stage), and more
importantly, use that as a reason (or excuse!) to overrule all environmental
impacts, objections. The main function and role of EAC is to assess the environmental
impact and appraise the project from the sustainability angle. As the judgement
rightly says, this</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 103.15pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“analysis of the EIA report is, to say the least, sketchy and
perfunctory and discloses an abdication of its functions by the EAC.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The judgement then order
the EAC to re-examine the project, an exercise “primarily … for the EAC to
carry out in its expert decision making capacity.” If all the EACs just simply
adhere to this role and function as has been mandated for them by the EIA
Notification 2006, it would dramatically alter the EC process in favour of
environmental protection, as is the intent of the law. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>NGT Must Carry Out Merits Review</u></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As the judgement points out</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“The mix of judicial and technical members envisaged by the
statute is for the reason that the Tribunal is called upon to consider
questions which involve the application and assessment of science and its
interface with the environment.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thus, the NGT is supposed to examine the appeals in front of
it not just on the grounds of law but on the grounds of merits and substantive questions
of environment. The judgement points out that</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“In failing to carry out a merits review, the NGT has not
discharged an adjudicatory function which properly belongs to it.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And that this constitutes
a failure of the (checks and balances in the) EC process. Such failure of the
NGT to carry out an effective merits review is seen in many other cases. For
example, consider the OA 487/2015 which called on the NGT to require the Ganga
Waterway (National Inland Waterway 1) to seek environmental clearance as at
least the dredging component fell within the ambit of the EIA Notification
2006. The NGT heard the matter for close to three and half years, and at the
end merely ordered that the MoEFCC should state its stand on whether waterways
needed EC or not. (See <a href="https://roadstorivers.wordpress.com/2019/04/24/ministry-of-environment-supports-exemption-of-environmental-clearance-for-the-national-waterways-project-orders-of-the-national-green-tribunal-disappoint/">here</a>
for a commentary on that order by Avli Verma of Manthan).</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The NGT is supposed to
act as a check to ensure that the EAC and MoEFCC do justice to the spirit and letter
of the EIA Notification 2006 to ensure proper scrutiny and clearance only if
environmental protection is ensured. A failure by NGT to carry out such merits
review, and in a time bound manner, is detrimental to the larger goal of
protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable development and allows the
flawed processes in the EC process to continue. </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In his article mentioned earlier, Kant says “And, yet, the
apex court continues to treat the environment and economic development as
binaries. Neither does it provide a means to reconcile SDGs [Sustainable Development
Goals] in the context of the Mopa airport, nor does it call for a proper cost
benefit analysis.”</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But Kant forgets, or ignores, that this (reconciling SDGs in
context of infrastructure development) is not the role of the SC or the
judiciary. The SC had to intervene precisely because of the complete failure – in
fact, a deliberate, considered abdication of responsibility of protecting the
environment – by the Government and its specific institutions like the MoEFCC,
EAC that are tasked with the job.
Indeed, what the Mopa order has done is in fact laid down principles and ways
of operating that will ensure that the existing systems (like EAC) work in way
that proper reconciliation of developmental and environmental goals is done,
and to ensure the “environmental rule of law”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Bona Fides of Those Raising Objections</u></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A very critical observation of the judgement is that it has
considered it </span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“appropriate to record a finding on the <i>bona fides</i> of
the appellants before this Court. It was briefly urged by the respondents that
the appellants have invoked the jurisdiction of this Court based on a personal
agenda and consequently, the present appeal is liable to be dismissed. This
argument cannot be accepted.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“Vague aspersions on the intention of public-spirited
individuals does not constitute an adequate response to those interested in the
protection of the environment.”</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is really important as often, project promoters,
Government and vested interests attack anyone who raise objections, who question
projects, who talk of environmental impacts, by abusing them, by casting aspersions
on their motives and means etc. The SC judgement has done well to remind all that
there is an important role for such public spirited individuals and that casting
aspersions on them cannot be a defence against the issues raised by them. These
need proper answers from <span> </span>governments and
project authorities. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It may be pointed out, for example, that the EAC responsible
for assessing River Valley and Hydropower projects had actually decided in its
meeting of 30<sup>th</sup> Dec 2016, that it will “not take any cognizance of
such representations received from the any Civil Action Group during final
appraisal”, because such representations “have an anti-development
attitude so that the projects are kept on hold or delayed. This has financial
implications to the developers in particular and to the nation in general.”</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Excellent Tutorial</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lastly, an unrelated but a very interesting aspect of this
judgement. The judgement explains in detail the entire procedure for a project
to obtain environmental clearance under the EIA Notification 2006. In that, for
any student who wants to understand the said notification and the procedure for
environmental clearance, this is an excellent tutorial and a wonderful first learning,
that too from two judges of the Supreme Court.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></h2>
<br />
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-52519762257884925862017-09-14T00:03:00.002-07:002017-09-14T00:03:33.406-07:00In Which Swaminathan Iyer McDonaldises the Tribals and Serves Other Junk Food<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
What can one expect when one is faced with a blog by
“India’s leading economic journalist” which is titled “Most of the ousted
tribals are flourishing and loving it”? (Times of India<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>TOI, 12<sup>th</sup> Sept, at <a href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Swaminomics/most-of-the-ousted-tribals-are-flourishing-and-loving-it-thank-you-activists/">https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Swaminomics/most-of-the-ousted-tribals-are-flourishing-and-loving-it-thank-you-activists/</a>
) That there will be a large helping of fries on the side? That it will taste
great but is really junk? In all of these expectations, one is not
disappointed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, a little background. The leading economic journalist
is Swaminathan Iyer, and he and a colleague have carried out a survey of some tribals
ousted by the Sardar Sarovar Narmada dam, comparing their situation with those
left behind in the hilly areas near the river, and others in the hilly areas
but near a mining project. On 10<sup>th</sup> Sept 2017, Iyer wrote a blog titled
“<a href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Swaminomics/why-many-tribals-dont-mind-being-ousted-by-dams/">Why
many tribals don’t mind being ousted</a>” based on his study. In a matter of
just two days, Iyer has come out with a second blog based on the same study on
the same topic. One wonders why? But then, again, one may not wonder, for the
Sardar Sarovar has become an important topic with the Prime Minister scheduled
to dedicate to the nation the dam on 17<sup>th</sup> Sept 2017.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first blog was a classic case of misinterpretation of
data, hiding the more important issues, and conclusions not supported by
research findings, as we showed in our <a href="http://shripadmanthan.blogspot.in/2017/09/why-tribals-do-mind-being-ousted-by.html">response</a>.
We showed that the tribals <i>do</i> mind being ousted. Now Iyer has written
another blog on the matter, which skirts the issues we had raised in our
response and omits some crucial survey findings given in the earlier blog, but
still tries to show the Sardar Sarovar rehabilitation program as being
successful. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Iyer’s second blog tries to discredit activists who have
raised issues with resettlement of tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar, and
argues that displacement has led to modernisation for the tribals, that they
are flourishing, and of course “loving it”, as his title says. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To do this, he uses several devices. Firstly, he sets up a
strawman: “Some activists say economic development and modernisation are
disastrous for tribals.” This statement is of course easy to attack. But
activists, least of all the activists of the Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) which
has worked with Sardar Sarovar oustees, have never taken such a position. We
have argued that modernisation, development, and social and economic change is
very important for tribals, but that it be their choice, be gradual, be on
their terms (as much as possible), with their full involvement, and in a way
that they can handle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Displacement for
the dam was not only involuntary but missed most of the other elements too; and
much of the struggle was in fact to have the tribals find a voice in the
process of what happens to them. Iyer is not concerned with this detail.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Second, his findings that tribals are better off in the
resettled village is not exactly substantiated even by his own surveys, as our
earlier response shows. In the second blog, he reiterates his earlier findings
that “the oustees were far better off in material terms (TVs, mobikes, pukka
houses, school access, electricity)”, but omits figures that show that even 30
years after resettlement, and hundreds of crores of rupees spent by the
project, 55% of resettled oustees did not have access to drinking water, 63% no
access to a PHC,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and 84% no access to a
hospital. His own finding that “54% of oustees said they would rather return to
the same land they once occupied in the forest” – 25-30 years after
displacement, is an indication of whether the oustees feel they are better off.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Third, in his second blog, one of the findings Iyer gives to
show how well the tribals have accepted modernisation is that “Cellphone
ownership, the epitome of modernisation, was 88% for oustees versus 59% in the
semi-evacuated forest villages.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whether
the cellphone is the epitome of modernity is questionable, but the fact that
tribals have accepted and taken to this new technology is simply a testimony to
the fact that tribals, like most of the human race, are intelligent and will
learn new things. But Iyer wants to imply that such a “modernisation” is
possible only when the tribals leave their forests, and that it is the Sardar
Sarovar that has made such modernisation possible. Both are flawed assertions.
Tribals have taken to modern technology even in their original villages. With
the support of NBA, two of the tribal villages in the submergence area set up
micro-hydro power generation projects. Once partial submergence made travel
virtually impossible without motorised boats, tribals were quick to buy
second-hand boats from Alang shipyard and run them themselves. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibX4t_sc5C4yBHddHL0kV_Zi04eugZ7NN9giuoRCBpzmTt6i0LDb7w8if2iZjVGI-_8lvJyJTEo9Zpht2RdbUM1NctEUCy2FAim8lLOfCE8NK4wMXdvI0O9KvciKFCgHGQB4PVijSih6iG/s1600/Domkhedi-1+%25285%2529+-+Small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="1024" height="429" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibX4t_sc5C4yBHddHL0kV_Zi04eugZ7NN9giuoRCBpzmTt6i0LDb7w8if2iZjVGI-_8lvJyJTEo9Zpht2RdbUM1NctEUCy2FAim8lLOfCE8NK4wMXdvI0O9KvciKFCgHGQB4PVijSih6iG/s640/Domkhedi-1+%25285%2529+-+Small.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Microhydel project underconstruction in tribal village in SSP Submergence area. PC: Anon. Courtesy NBA.</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSaz8yEEKCev3UgXTdKHeYUhYpw7Eccgqje2Cn2UjFmSC2L_Bn2QztKDXJg0w5TnRjYSXI1hr1v1poF_hjQR4B3mVScJCBIAJ04nEQOo7ofbxQ8oQUDLjp7HYknNR0_M0Svl13Ca8-Kf4m/s1600/DSC02346.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSaz8yEEKCev3UgXTdKHeYUhYpw7Eccgqje2Cn2UjFmSC2L_Bn2QztKDXJg0w5TnRjYSXI1hr1v1poF_hjQR4B3mVScJCBIAJ04nEQOo7ofbxQ8oQUDLjp7HYknNR0_M0Svl13Ca8-Kf4m/s400/DSC02346.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tribals running motor boat in partially submerged villages. Photo: Nandini Oza</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Iyer highlights the modernity of displaced tribals by saying
“Many of those near the Sardar Sarovar Dam have cell phones and motorcycles,
and can download their land titles from internet cafés.” Is this an attempt to
attribute causation to the Sardar Sarovar, and by doing so, justify or glorify
it? If so, that is bunkum, as the examples given by us show.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rest of his blog meanders away from the Sardar Sarovar oustees
and talks about how some tribals have become affluent, foreign-educated ones,
and how tribals left behind in forests “can catch up, given empowerment and
access to modern facilities.” There is no disputing this. But the issue is that
what “catching up” means should be defined by the tribals themselves, and not
by others for them. And certainly, that should not require them to be forcibly uprooted
from their lands, culture and communities. As Iyer himself says, but ignores in
his conclusions, “Tribals in hill states earn well above the national average.
Education and infrastructure have enabled hill tribals…to leapfrog into
modernity with minimal trauma.” But this is without any displacement by any
dam, which Iyer seems to conveniently ignore. So may be displacement is not a
necessary condition for modernisation and development, unlike what Iyer wants
to imply?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Let us then make this the aim – that the tribals themselves
decide what “modernity”, “development” mean for them, that it be done with
their involvement and control, where they are located, any migration being
voluntary, and with minimal trauma. That the Sardar Sarovar has none of these characteristics
is clear, and that the tribals reject this as “development” is also obvious
from the fact that majority still want to go back, after so many years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thus, Iyer’s attempt at dressing up the Sardar Sarovar (and
its rehabilitation program) by bringing in a false causality, by mistaking or
implying co-existence and juxtapositioning as causation is completely
irrational <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and specious. The tribals
certainly are not lov’in it.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Shripad Dharmadhikary (<a href="mailto:manthan.shripad@gmail.com">manthan.shripad@gmail.com</a>)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>14
Sept 2017</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Nandini Oza (<a href="mailto:nandinikoza@gmail.com">nandinikoza@gmail.com</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The writers were both fulltime activists with the Narmada Bachao
Andolan for close to 12 years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-34867029157341890872017-09-12T08:25:00.000-07:002017-09-12T08:25:17.254-07:00Why Tribals Do Mind being Ousted by Dams: Response to SA Iyer’s Unsupported Clean Chit to Sardar Sarovar Rehabilitation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
SA Iyers’s piece in Times of India dated 10 Sept 2017, “<b>Why
many tribals don’t mind being ousted by dams”, </b>examining the condition of
some of the oustees of Sardar Sarovar Narmada dam,<b> (</b><a href="https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Swaminomics/why-many-tribals-dont-mind-being-ousted-by-dams/">https://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Swaminomics/why-many-tribals-dont-mind-being-ousted-by-dams/</a><b>
) </b>is a classic case of misinterpretation of data, hiding the more important
issues, and conclusions not supported by research findings. Indeed, a proper
reading of the article itself shows that unlike Iyer’s assertion, his own
figures show that tribals <i>do</i> mind being ousted. Some important points
are given below.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSzyp2G8T5LrqWGajtM5u4dG_cd3q5mPPb8Fiqx6UMynQQWUOjrT1FA4DR9suHLUsOGxbYERcsNA7vuWefX0OpIZPo47MNLVDWFQdgDYt02ddzI3Vdgq_6Y6AtP8ntacw0F0o5y3N1XSfv/s1600/Kanti+rumal%252C+Keshubhai+-+SmallA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1024" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSzyp2G8T5LrqWGajtM5u4dG_cd3q5mPPb8Fiqx6UMynQQWUOjrT1FA4DR9suHLUsOGxbYERcsNA7vuWefX0OpIZPo47MNLVDWFQdgDYt02ddzI3Vdgq_6Y6AtP8ntacw0F0o5y3N1XSfv/s320/Kanti+rumal%252C+Keshubhai+-+SmallA.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A rally by the oustees of Sardar Sarovar. Photo: Nandini Oza</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Iyer claims that their “surveys showed, unambiguously, the
resettled villagers were better off than their former neighbours in
semi-evacuated villages.” In support, among the figures given from their
survey, they point out that comparing the resettled with their former
neighbours who remain in the original areas, the access to drinking water was
45% against 33%, to PHCs was 37% versus 12% and to hospitals 14% versus 3%.
Given that the oustees were resettled between 25-30 years ago, and that the
Sardar Sardar project has poured in hundreds of crores of rupees for
resettlement, these figures don’t speak of oustees being better off, but
indeed, point to the pathetic case of the oustees. After 30 years and massive
money being spent, 55% of the rehabilitated people had no access to drinking
water, 63% no access to a PHC and 86% no access to hospital. And this is when
the oustees have been settled in areas closer to the cities and the former
neighbours continue to remain in remote hilly areas. True, cycle and motorcycle
ownership was more favourably distributed towards the oustees, but that may be
simply because in the hilly areas, these are less useful. In any case, they are
less crucial than drinking water, access to health services etc. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Iyer claims that “Resettled villagers said they
adjusted to new conditions…within two years” (something which we, as former
activists of the NBA who have lived for years with them, find completely
unbelievable), Iyer also finds that in response to the question whether “Would
they prefer returning to their old villages, with the same land they had
earlier? Around 54% said yes, 30% said no…” This response, after 30 years of
resettlement, itself speaks volumes. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Iyer justifies this by saying that “For a
majority, nostalgia for ancestral land and access to forests mattered more than
greater material possessions.” But it’s not just nostalgia. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The forests, the river, also provided the
tribals with substantial economic and livelihoods resources including fodder,
fruits and fish. The fact is that the majority of the oustees at the
resettlement continue to face multitude of problems like bad quality of land,
lack of basic amenities, hostility from original residents etc. and many
promises made to them remain unfulfilled. (May be they were just <i>jumlas</i>
to get the oustees to move?). That is why to them the original village would
still appear a better proposition from even an economic point of view. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is further substantiated by the response to the
question “... if given the oustee compensation package, they would like to be
ousted. In semi-evacuated villages, 31% wanted to move, 53% wanted to stay, in
interior villages, a majority (52%) wanted to move, 35% wanted to stay…”. While
clearly a majority of the former neighbours of the oustees indicated their lack
of confidence in the rehabilitation package, the response of the “interior
villages” is used by Iyer to make astounding conclusions about majority of
tribals wanting to leave the forests. But the “interior villages” are those
living near the mines of the GMDC, where mining has impacted them badly, even
as it has brought them some access to infrastructure like roads. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Overall, Iyer uses his data to draw some highly unwarranted
and astounding generalisations that “it’s entirely possible to implement
resettlement packages making tribals materially better off. ..explodes the
claim of some activists that modernisation is disastrous for tribals…”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Last but not the least, his concluding line is most
revealing. “Many tribals want to leave the forest for a better life.” In saying
this, Iyer never raises the fundamental question as to why the tribal have to
be evicted from their original village in case they want to have a better life,
why is it that they cannot have access roads, drinking water, health facilities
etc. unless they leave their original lands, homes and forests. If they did
have many of these facilities in their original homes, even the limited
advantages which Iyer’s study shows the oustees got, would have vanished.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In deliberately ignoring this fundamental
issue, in not articulating what his own survey reveals, and in making sweeping
generalisations, Iyer betrays a haste to give an unsupported clean chit to the
project’s rehabilitation, the reality of which is far more dismal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Shripad Dharmadhikary (<a href="mailto:manthan.shripad@gmail.com">manthan.shripad@gmail.com</a>)<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>12
Sept 2017</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Nandini Oza (<a href="mailto:nandinikoza@gmail.com">nandinikoza@gmail.com</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
The writers were both fulltime activists with the Narmada Bachao
Andolan for close to 12 years. </div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-36803025348689075622017-01-15T23:34:00.002-08:002017-01-15T23:35:06.855-08:00Expert Appraisal Committee of Environment Ministry Applies its Expertise to Determine Civil Action Groups are Anti-Development<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change of Government of India has a very
important responsibility. Under the EIA Notification 2006, it examines various
projects and recommends to the Ministry whether these should be granted environmental
clearance or not. There are different EACs for different categories of
projects. One of the EACs is for River Valley and Hydroelectric projects (RVH).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The EAC for RVH has recently been reconstituted for a three
year term, and in its first meeting held on 30<sup>th</sup> Dec 2016, has
applied its “expertise” to a rather strange aspect – categorising the
submissions it receives from various NGOs, civil society organisations and
project affected communities, and has opined that these are anti-development.
Moreover, in a touching display of sensitivity, the EAC has also felt that these
representations have financial implications for the project developer in
particular, and the nation in general. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Based on this “finding” the EAC-RVH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has now decided that it will “not take any
cognizance of such representations received from the any Civil Action Group
during final appraisal.” (See Minutes of the 1<sup>st</sup> Meeting of EAC-RVH <a href="http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Form-1A/Minutes/12012017YXHJSW1J1stEACMeetingforRVHEP30thDecember2016.pdf">here</a>)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZEpwxn1Wi5rG7Krz8md2krIA7YbuKstoeH01grmr-gY3XgwSYWVFjwp5nAoo6syD7KKDvtpniNfJKS3mpnbFbeDFWlvVdtasEHdJAlvlmBrVuS_iUhIg0dfJ_z2v9QvFs_7e_n-MIhqz/s1600/DSC02017small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZEpwxn1Wi5rG7Krz8md2krIA7YbuKstoeH01grmr-gY3XgwSYWVFjwp5nAoo6syD7KKDvtpniNfJKS3mpnbFbeDFWlvVdtasEHdJAlvlmBrVuS_iUhIg0dfJ_z2v9QvFs_7e_n-MIhqz/s400/DSC02017small.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A hydropower project under construction in the Himalayas. File photo, for representation purpose only.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In support of its decision, the EAC has put forth a weak justification
couched as legal reasoning. It records in the Minutes:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“The EC process has four distinct
steps. Screening; Scoping; Public Consultations; and Appraisal. The Step-3,
“Public Consultations” has two parts. A public hearing at the project site is
held for ascertaining concerns of the project affected persons and obtaining
responses in writing from public at large. Procedure has been prescribed for
conducting public consultations, and it has to be followed strictly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“b) The stage of Appraisal starts
only after the stage of “Public Consultations” has been completed. Therefore,
once a project comes before the EAC, it has crossed the stage of “Public
Consultations”, and the EAC should not go back in time, and should not reopen
it, by entertaining unsubstantiated representations received from the people.
The environmental rules allow, for inputs from the public, for which an opportunity
is provided by way of “Public Consultations”. Any stakeholder, who wishes to
make a representation, has to do so at the time of “Public Consultations”
stage.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, this justification is a specious reasoning, and
does not hold water. There are several reasons for this.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>The law, including the EIA notification does not
bar the EAC from accepting any representations or inputs at any stage. The
public consultation stage is one stage where seeking public inputs is
mandatory, but it does not exclude the space for other inputs if felt
necessary. There are several instances when the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>public consultation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as structured
today does not provide opportunity for public input to the environmental clearance
process.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>There are issues considered by the EAC where
there is no place for public consultations. For example, the EAC is considering
and approving detailed Basin Studies for many river basins. These basin studies
are to form the basis for giving clearance to projects within the basins.
However, there is no public consultation phase when preparing these basin
studies. So how can the public give their inputs if not send them to the EAC?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>In several cases, the process after public consultations
is also long drawn and new facts, new developments are emerging. Under such
circumstances, how can EAC refuse to look at comments on such new developments?
</div>
<br />
In fact, in many projects,
developers themselves come back to the EAC to request amendment to the
clearance due to some changes in project parameters, external situation etc. In
such cases, there should be an opportunity for the people to give their
comments on the new developments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><br />
<br />
Another situation is when the project developer comes back to the EAC to
seek extension of the clearance which has lapsed due project not moving ahead
for many years. In such cases, how can the comments made many years back at the
public consultations stage be considered sufficient to satisfy the requirements
of public inputs?<br />
<br />
If the EAC feels that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the public consultation is the only lawful
mechanism for public inputs, then all such projects should be sent back for the
public consultation stage.
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>It is very well-known and widely acknowledged
that the public consultation process, and particularly the public hearing
process are often not conducted as per the spirit and the word of the law. Problems
include Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports not being made available in
advance, particularly in local languages, hearings not held in all affected
areas, and people not being allowed to participate in public hearings with the
use of money and muscle power. </div>
<br />
For example, some of the most
severely affected areas by river valley projects are the areas downstream of
dams. But public hearings are not held in the downstream areas, which can often
be far off from “project site” which is narrowly defined to mean the place
where dam construction takes place.
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>More important, the legal process requires that
the points made in the public consultations are to be given responses by the
project developer, and the EAC has to apply its mind to these replies and see
if the project promoter has addressed all the concerns. However there is little
evidence that this is happening. The minutes of the meetings do not show such application
of mind. On the contrary, it appears that claims of project developer that they
have considered all the points raised in public consultations are taken at the
face value. The EAC itself does not seem to following the dictum it wants to
impose on the civil action groups, that is, legal procedure “has to be followed
strictly”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An issue missed by the new EAC is that in many cases, it’s
the civil action groups which have brought out information which the project
proponent or the EIA had not revealed or the EAC itself could not find. There
are instances of mistakes in EIAs, cases of blatant plagiarism, ignoring
important facts and so on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s indeed
sad that the EAC wants to shut out such inputs, which can complement and
strengthen its work.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
May be the real reason lies in the attitude of the EAC. This
is reveal by its categorisation of “many such kinds of representations” as
“anti-development”. How has the EAC come to this conclusion? It seems to claim
expertise, and monopoly, on what should be called “development”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Moreover, the EAC stating that such representations </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“have an anti-development
attitude so that the projects are kept on hold or delayed. This has financial implications
to the developers in particular and to the nation in general.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
also has no logic. No representation by itself has any power
to hold up or delay any project, unless the EAC or any other empowered body takes
action based on the representation. Presumably, the EAC would hold up a project
based on some representation only if it found the representation to have some
serious points. To say that anti-development representations will delay
projects is to actually say that the EAC will be swayed by such representations
even if they don’t have strong enough grounds. So is the EAC admitting a lack
of confidence in itself? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Last but not the least, the issue of such representations
having financial implications for the project developer and the nation is
nothing but the old thinking which looks at environmental considerations as
obstacles to “development” (narrowly defined), and which believes that giving
due consideration to environmental concerns means delays and increased costs
for infrastructure projects, and hence these concerns should be played down or
ignored.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fact that a body that is supposed to represent the
environmental perspective displays such an attitude is the biggest critique of
the EAC and the environmental clearance process that it is a part of. </div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-57534313230408870362016-07-10T02:47:00.000-07:002016-07-10T02:47:57.306-07:00Is our new environment Minister anti-large dams?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Indian Express , <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/left-right-in-between-meet-new-environment-minister-anil-madhav-dave-2902488/">writing
on July 9, 2016</a> about the new Union Minister for Environment and Forests,
Shri Anil Dave, made a statement which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>left
many people rather bewildered:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
"<i>Having been part of the Narmada campaign, it is
hardly surprising that Dave is opposed to dams and big irrigation projects.</i>"</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Shri Anil Dave, part of Narmada Campaign? And opposed to big
dams?!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I find this difficult to believe. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhVROib0PvFbd_1nhGYfRylGEZO_vYDMHk2yO2ZpWpuQQ9HohSlDW_r1oneP1GWMRXH1yU1V9YBviNoiomrjvNkaHoGkAEDABjSuMICNHRFK1_OaZwBAmI0tIYsWX3tEozZOMOD0oL9JYi/s1600/Maheshwar+7+Nov+2006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhVROib0PvFbd_1nhGYfRylGEZO_vYDMHk2yO2ZpWpuQQ9HohSlDW_r1oneP1GWMRXH1yU1V9YBviNoiomrjvNkaHoGkAEDABjSuMICNHRFK1_OaZwBAmI0tIYsWX3tEozZOMOD0oL9JYi/s400/Maheshwar+7+Nov+2006.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A protest action against the 400 MW Maheshwar project on the Narmada, at Mandleshwar, Madhya Pradesh. File Photo: Courtesy NBA.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I have been a full-time activist with the Narmada
struggle (the Narmada Bachao Andolan) for many years, and have spent several
more years in the Narmada valley as a resident, I would surely have come across
Anil Dave’s campaigns on opposing the dams on the Narmada. I don’t recall any
action or statement by Shri Dave that could be construed as a protest against
these dams. To make sure that in the unlikely event that <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I had missed something, I also search on the
internet to see if I could see Shri Dave’s involvement in the Narmada campaign challenging
dams. But I could not find anything.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
His profile on the Ministry’s website describes him, among
other things, as a “river conservationist”. This may be due to the <a href="http://www.indiawaterportal.org/events/international-river-festival-narmada-samagra-hoshangabad-madhya-pradesh-february-8-10-2013">International
Narmada Utsav(s)</a> (Narmada Festival) that were organised for a few years
running, on the banks of Narmada, near Hoshangabad, by the NGO <a href="http://www.narmadasamagra.org/members/">Narmada Samagra</a> founded by Dave
and where he is the Secretary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since I
was in MP during the time some of these were organised, I remember them well.
They were big affairs, with lot of talk about protecting Narmada. But not a word
was spoken about the dams that are being planned and built on the river.
Considering that the <i>Utsav</i>s were held in Madhya Pradesh, Dave is from
the state, and the state is building 29 large dams, 135 medium ones and more than
3000 "small” dams in the Narmada basin as a part of the Narmada Valley
Development Project, this silence was somewhat puzzling. It implied that the
organisers did not believe this massive dam construction came in the way of
conserving the Narmada. Or maybe it was because there was a friendly government
(led by BJP) in power in the state which was strongly pushing these dams, and
there was no point criticising it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was around 2007, 2008, and it was a time when there
were very intense and strong mass movements around many of these dams in the Narmada
valley, led by the Narmada Bachao Andolan and supported by many others. These
dams, the displacement of lakhs of people, the destruction being caused to the
river etc. were everyday news in the state, and even many times in the country.
Yet, the Narmada Utsavs were mum on these dams. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During one of these Narmada festivals, people’s movements
and struggles in M.P., several of them involved with the struggles around
Narmada dams, brought out a leaflet posing many questions to the organisers of
the Narmada Utsav. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The title of the Hindi leaflet was “How will the Narmada be
saved? How will the civilisation of rivers be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>saved”? And the first question in the leaflet was “Festival of Death of
Rivers?”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This first question raised the
issue that while the documents related to the festival listed 13 different
topics and issues for the festival, there was no mention of the dams being
built on the river, and the destruction and displacement being caused by them.
There was no reply to the questions raised by the groups. A copy of the leaflet
can be found <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4f8XoBOnu_XS2N0NV94UFVYaFE/view">here</a>.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Given all this, it is difficult to believe that the new
Minister Shri Dave is really against large dams. It’s also not clear what would
his vision of river conservation be, if it allows cascades of large dams to
turn flowing rivers into a series of stagnant reservoirs.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhStVRxIjEaB61nNoIfMGhUbkK5GPPbIhydhVny5oDfR_8L6NqaDPAzjYbc3l2D9HPVSo7BrAXymxEXkdW5t5rOaxBVC-dlyYis8XdC2Bf5HHOCK8p0BCekB3AmlXfxGXcJZs3vrMw5f8zR/s1600/DSC07407.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhStVRxIjEaB61nNoIfMGhUbkK5GPPbIhydhVny5oDfR_8L6NqaDPAzjYbc3l2D9HPVSo7BrAXymxEXkdW5t5rOaxBVC-dlyYis8XdC2Bf5HHOCK8p0BCekB3AmlXfxGXcJZs3vrMw5f8zR/s400/DSC07407.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A dam under construction on the Himalayan river Teesta. Photo: Author.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In any case, all this is of academic interest. What is
relevant, what counts, is what Shri Dave will do now, as Minister of Environment,
Forests, and Climate Change. While any major results will need time, there are
a few things where immediate action can demonstrate the approach of the new
Minister to the issues of environment protection. Some of these are offered as
suggestions:</div>
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>In an ongoing case in the Supreme Court dealing
with dams in the upper Ganga basin, the MoEF has been reluctant to impose constraints
of maintaining adequate environmental flows in the rivers – its suggestions are
based on a 100 year document and not on any scientific analysis. On the
contrary, the Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) is not only arguing for a more
scientific approach to e-flows, but also suggesting that several of the dam
projects be scrapped, and that rivers Bhagirathi, Alaknanada and Mandakini
should be allowed to flow unfettered. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
would be most appropriate if MoEF were to revise its submission to the Supreme
Court and support the MoWR.</li>
<li>The MoEF has recently brought out a draft
notification that will allow those who have started and continued work on their
industries and operations without the legally mandatory environmental clearance,
that is, clearly violated the law, to get away and get their entities
regularised.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This draft has been widely
criticised for allowing violators to get away with impunity. There have been
calls to withdraw this notification in-toto. Interestingly, a <a href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/environment-ministrys-rules-for-polluters-in-india-copied-word-for-word-from-the-us-2900485/">recent
article</a> has exposed that this draft legislation is an almost word-by-word
copy of a US law. MoEF should immediately withdraw this draft to show that it supports
the rule of law, and would not allow violators to get away.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></li>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Last but not the least, there is an urgent need
for the MoEF to strongly defend its work and itself, and not be reduced to an
apologist. MoEF has in the recent years been criticised for being a “road-block”
ministry, as an “obstructer” to development. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While these allegations don’t stand scrutiny,
the problem is that the MoEF has itself internalised this criticism, and has
been devaluing its own work and role. It would be very important for the new
Minister to come out unequivocally in defending the role that the MoEF plays, and
stand up strongly for the right of the Ministry to question and challenge
reckless development, to question development that destroys the environment. </li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal">
We look forward to the work of MoEF under its new leadership
and hope that it can really work for sustainable development and conservation
and protection of the environment. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-79383528891336522752016-06-04T20:43:00.002-07:002016-06-04T20:43:42.803-07:00Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change: A Promise and A Problem<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the occasion of World Environment Day, June 5, 2016, this
blog post looks at one big potential or promise of the Ministry of Environment,
Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC), and its one big problem. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before going onto the theme, one clarification. This blog does
not attempt any comprehensive review of the MOEFCC over the last two years. It
does not attempt to critically evaluate important developments like introduction
of new regulations, or the consistent dilution of many regulations and
practises. This post deals with only one promising development at the MoEFCC
and one serious problem.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Potential – Focus on Compliance </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In several interviews and press releases in the last week of
May 2016, on and around the occasion of completion of two years of the NDA
government, Shri Prakash Javdekar, Minister of State (Ind. Charge), MoEFCC has
repeatedly stated that for the next three years, his focus will be on
compliance of environmental laws. (See for example, ‘<i>Focus Over the Next
Three Years will be on Compliance of Laws’: Javadekar</i>’, <a href="http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145571">Press Release
of MoEFCC/PIB, 23 May 2016</a>).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is a most welcome focus, and has the potential to
transform the environment of the country. India has some good environmental
laws, but compliance is pathetic. Many laws are blatantly violated, and action
is rarely taken. This has created an atmosphere of impunity and an ethos where
non-compliance is the norm. Compliance (rather, lack of it) is one of the
biggest problems and one of the biggest challenges in the country.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For example, one of the biggest menaces in the country is
the ash which is produced when coal is burnt. Yet, last year (2014-15), some 82
million tons of it was just dumped in form of slurry in massive ash ponds, or in
dry dumps or just discharged into rivers. (See Figures 1 and 2, for example).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-cWylPbLASWOZR65zQvy2bFTO_Cw_ilVKZqco8xUK2IK-IXmHLjVMuxNtK71pAByCaJ8SUE7Ozx-1vLlKwCUH0607RwAlgMGhBuigueOYXTgcpibxjDHxvVhWxTsQfwOeq4EwUBTGmH_a/s1600/Fig+1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-cWylPbLASWOZR65zQvy2bFTO_Cw_ilVKZqco8xUK2IK-IXmHLjVMuxNtK71pAByCaJ8SUE7Ozx-1vLlKwCUH0607RwAlgMGhBuigueOYXTgcpibxjDHxvVhWxTsQfwOeq4EwUBTGmH_a/s400/Fig+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 351.1pt;">
Figure 1: Fly ash dumped in the
open near people’s houses. Odisha. Photo, Shripad Dharmadhikary, Manthan.</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYeyAQaLbaOPIg57gRvT2-PBOlOUBJXH96FgDKgUyGSX1ZGPwMaOJP6iG4XGfSxRRwOhX923adM1XMmV6z9qX0FGdiYMzSuI3jRgoSYY0lE7jYvMTCZe6Bcg0oXHJpdPxXIJWl1NaAor2M/s1600/fig+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYeyAQaLbaOPIg57gRvT2-PBOlOUBJXH96FgDKgUyGSX1ZGPwMaOJP6iG4XGfSxRRwOhX923adM1XMmV6z9qX0FGdiYMzSuI3jRgoSYY0lE7jYvMTCZe6Bcg0oXHJpdPxXIJWl1NaAor2M/s400/fig+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Figure 2: Google satellite image. Fly ash dumped into Kesla
River (Dengur Nallah) which meets the Hasdeo river. Korba, Chhattisgad. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thus, an emphasis on ensuring compliance could be a game
changer.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The most important means of achieving compliance seems to be
technology driven.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MoEF’s document titled
“New Initiatives and Efforts 2014-16” says:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“In<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a revolutionary decision, highly polluting
industries were mandated to install 24x7 air/effluent monitoring devices. This
has ensured constant monitoring and its tracking.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“Out of 3400 polluting industrial
units identified, more than 2400 industries have already installed the
mechanism and the results are encouraging. If pollution norms for any parameter
are exceeded continuously for more than 15 minutes, SMS alert is generated and
sent to all concerned individuals/ regulatory agencies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“650 industries have been closed
down based on these inputs.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The same document also claims that industrial pollution in
the Ganga has gone done by 35%. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
These figures, if true, indicate not only very high
levels of fulfilment of required environmental instrumentation, but also a demonstration
of strong political will. Both would be welcome changes in the Indian law
enforcement experience. But a given our historical legacy, the common person
can be allowed a certain amount of scepticism, and hence it would be important
for media and other independent organisations to confirm these levels of
compliances. </div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
Supporting this will be a new legislation that is to
bring in more stringent punishments for violations of environmental laws,
though there are <a href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/green-bill-loses-teeth-ministry-suggests-steep-reduction-in-fines-in-new-draft/articleshow/52580287.cms">reports</a>
that it is already being diluted, even before it has gone to the cabinet.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Further, there are a few points to be noted in this regard.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>The emphasis seems to be overwhelmingly on use
of technology, and to some extent officialdom to ensure compliance. This can be
very limiting. It is imperative that the common people, the affected
populations and concerned citizens be also involved in the process. To this
end, full transparency in the matter is an important first step.</li>
<li>To ensure transparency, it is necessary to make
available all the data from the continuous monitoring devices to the public.
This can be done best by putting all the data on a publicly accessible website.</li>
<li><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>SMS alerts of non-compliance can be sent to
local community representatives, <i>sarpanch</i> etc. apart from officials and
regulators.</li>
<li>It is critical that the locations of the
monitoring points (along with their latitude-longitude coordinates) should also
be made public. This will have several benefits. For one, local people will be
able to clearly identify the discharge points of emissions and effluents, and
hence any illegal discharges. (For example, see Figure 3,). Second, knowledge
of the locations of monitoring points will allow juxtaposing all such points in
area and help achieve synergies in monitoring as data from multiple points will
be available in an area.</li>
<li>Another important point is that compliance
cannot be only about pollution and hence 24x7 Continuous Effluent/Emission
Monitoring Systems can only be one part of ensuring compliance. There are many
conditions given as a part of environmental clearances which do not pertain to
pollution – for example, ensuring environmental flows in rivers below dams –
and different mechanisms to ensure compliance in such cases will be needed. </li>
</ol>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwcsig0EKLUncaK97Fx9LrVg53la4ZjkLcB_fpu77G6zY59cL5LAs0Q4c1gH61NJQ1X9IoTnAOa6mrPTS83ObIa9SEO8aCSxaY2qBslJMecnf08kGXYm-gqOpyqksoeqrQqkpuVvwc7oV/s1600/fig+3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmwcsig0EKLUncaK97Fx9LrVg53la4ZjkLcB_fpu77G6zY59cL5LAs0Q4c1gH61NJQ1X9IoTnAOa6mrPTS83ObIa9SEO8aCSxaY2qBslJMecnf08kGXYm-gqOpyqksoeqrQqkpuVvwc7oV/s400/fig+3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Figure 3: Showing a
discharge from the back wall of a power plant, north of Chennai, to mangroves
and wetlands. This is likely an illegal discharge point since the Environmental
Clearance clearly mandates another discharge point. If the discharge locations
of the plants are made public, then it would be easy to identify whether such
discharges are legal or illegal. Photo: Jinda Sandbhor, Manthan.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The most important component of any compliance mechanism
remains political will. This is what the MoEFCC is actually promising when it
says it will focus on compliance during the next three years. Possibly one test
of this would be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>whether MoEFCC is able
to clean up some of the most polluted areas in the country (many of them part
of MoEFCC’s own designated Critically Polluted Areas) including areas like Korba,
<a href="https://storyofennore.wordpress.com/resources/reports/">Ennore</a>, <a href="http://indiatogether.org/pollution-from-coal-washery-rejects-choke-dhanbad-jharia-region-in-jharkhand-environment">Dhanbad</a>,
to name a few.
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
We see the promise of compliance as one of the biggest
potentials / promises of the MoEFCC. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Problem – Skewed Understanding of Environment,
Downplaying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>its Importance</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The biggest problem with the MoEFCC – and that predates this
government, though it has possibly been aggravated in the tenure of the current
regime – is the attitude of the MoEFCC to environment. One is that the MoEFCC
has internalised the criticism that it is blocking “development”. The second is
that again and again, MoEFCC betrays a lack of understanding what “environment”
and “environmental protection” really means.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It is ironical that the ever since the NDA government has
come in, the achievement that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the MoEFCC
itself considers as its most significant one is that it is no longer a “road
block” ministry. On the occasion of completion of two years of the government
too, MoEFCC’s statements have focused on how in the last couple of years it has
significantly brought down the time taken for clearance (from 600 days to 190)
without compromising on environmental norms, how it has given 2000 clearances
unlocking investments of Rs. 10 lakh crores, and how it is no longer called the
“obstruction ministry”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Of course, it is no one’s case that the MoEFCC – or any
other ministry for that matter – should become an obstruction in the process of
development. But at the same time, no ministry should devalue its own agenda.
The problem is that the MoEFCC has internalised the propaganda that any caring
for environment means working against development, that environment protection
is essentially only the formality of clearances and that protection of the
environment does not need time and effort. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No one will complain if a bank takes its time to evaluate a
project to decide whether to finance it or not. If a large project takes
several years for its engineering design to be finalised, it’s called due
process. Yet, if environmental assessments take time, then it is seen as
obstruction. Indeed, given the quality of current environmental impact
assessments, what is needed is more diligence, and possibly more time for
assessments, not less. Further, in many cases, the time taken by the
environmental clearance process comes due to the bad quality of assessments. So,
while by all means environmental clearances should be expedited, there is a
limit beyond which the process cannot be compressed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The MoEFCC now wants to reduce the time for environmental
clearances (EC) to 100 days (See, for example, <a href="http://wap.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/we-are-providing-ease-of-doing-responsible-business-prakash-javadekar-116051700033_1.html">Interview
of Shri Javdekar</a> to Business Standard, 17 May 2016). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not clear whether this time is measured
from the date that all assessments and other procedures like public hearing and
submissions of final EIA are completed. If this is the case, there is nothing
new in the announcement. The EIA Notification 2006, which governs the
environmental clearance process, already requires that the Expert Appraisal
Committee complete its appraisal within 60 days of receiving the final EIA, and
place the recommendation to the MoEFCC for final decision within next 15 days of
this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The MoEFCC has to take a decision
within 45 days of this. Thus, as such, even now, the decision on environmental
clearance has to be taken within 120 days of the final EIA being submitted. So
MoEFCC is promising to cut down all of 20 days. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, if it means that the EC will be given within 100
days of application – then it is a worrying sign. As such, impacts areas of
major projects should be studied for at least one full year, to ensure baseline
and other studies covering the full cycle of all seasons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There could also be cumulative impact
assessments needed if more than one project is coming up in an area. Then there
needs to be the public hearing, and consideration of the issues raised by
public and their incorporation into the EIA. Thus, even if the entire process
is carried out with full efficiency, it would need considerably more time than
100 days. Any cutting down on these times would mean a compromise on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>environmental norms.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So the MoEFCC needs to clarify what it means exactly when it
says it shall reduce the time of granting EC to 100 days. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
The problem is that by being so defensive about the time it
takes to give environmental clearances, the MoEFCC is directly and indirectly
supporting the mindset which sees environmental clearance as a mere formality
and environment protection as an add-on at best.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the contrary,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>one
expects the MoEFCC to fight fiercely to ensure that everything needed for
environmental protection is given its rightful place. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another – and related – issue is that the MoEFCC view of
environment does not seem to go beyond the issue of “clearances”. It needs to
have a broad framework and understanding of what environmental integrity means.
It needs an understanding that rivers need to flow, that forests and habitats needs
to be contagious, that we can interfere and extract from the environment only
to a certain extent and not more. It needs to distinguish between <i>faux</i>
environmental protection and genuinely maintaining and restoring environmental
integrity. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is illustrated best by how it views what constitutes
forests. In the interview to Business Standard published on 17 May 2016,
Minister Javdekar says:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“You have only 21% forestland.
That won’t grow. But our target is 33% forest cover. So tree cover outside the forest
has to grow. So a major thrust is on agro-forestry and making tree cover
outside the forests. We have already partnered for growing forests along the
highways. … I see forest growing along all highways, railways tracks and Ganga
even in agro-forestry in next 10 years because we are guaranteeing that any density
of plantation you do and tree cover you grow that will not be declared as
forests – that is the only promise I am making – they can harvest they can do
movements.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In other words, the Minister equates road side plantations –
and moreover, plantations which can be “harvested” anytime – with forests.
Literally a case of missing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the woods
for the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trees!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With such skewed way of looking at environment, even the
best of efforts of the Ministry will not lead to environment protection.
Rather, we may end up with facades of good “environment” – like roadside
plantations!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is an urgent need for the MoEFCC to internalise a more
ecological and people-oriented view of what is environment, and come out
defending that more strongly. Not doing so is the biggest problem and drawback
to the Ministry’s efforts in the coming years. </div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-49090963383003107582015-11-14T23:02:00.001-08:002015-11-28T23:35:39.042-08:00The Curious Case of Surplus Electricity in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Not Enough Takers</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The last year has seen a somewhat strange series of news
items. A country that has for years known only power shortages and load
shedding is witnessing reports about many thermal power plants idling because
there is no demand for the electricity they can generate. For example, a report
in <i>Indian Express</i> dated 24<sup> </sup>June 2015 talked about “57 thermal
power units across the country that are shut down due to lack of demand despite
the onset of peak summer”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEASABIAAD/4RuQRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgACwEOAAIAAAAgAAAIngEPAAIAAAAFAAAIvgEQAAIAAAAIAAAIxAESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEyAAIAAAAUAAAIzAITAAMAAAABAAIAAIdpAAQAAAABAAAI4JybAAEAAABAAAAa7JyfAAEAAABAAAAbLMSlAAcAAAAcAAAbbOocAAcAAAgMAAAAkgAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAAU09OWQAARFNDLVczNQAyMDExOjAzOjMxIDEwOjUyOjIxAAAigpoABQAAAAEAABKKgp0ABQAAAAEAABKSiCIAAwAAAAEAAgAAiCcAAwAAAAEAZAAAkAAABwAAAAQwMjIxkAMAAgAAABQAABKakAQAAgAAABQAABKukQEABwAAAAQBAgMAkQIABQAAAAEAABLCkgQABQAAAAEAABLKkgUABQAAAAEAABLSkgcAAwAAAAEABQAAkggAAwAAAAEAAAAAkgkAAwAAAAEAGAAAkgoABQAAAAEAABLaknwABwAAB/QAABLikpEAAgAAAAMwMAAAkpIAAgAAAAMwMAAAoAAABwAAAAQwMTAwoAEAAwAAAAEAAQAAoAIABAAAAAEAAAwAoAMABAAAAAEAAAkAoAUABAAAAAEAABrWowAABwAAAAEDAAAAowEABwAAAAEBAAAApAEAAwAAAAEAAAAApAIAAwAAAAEAAAAApAMAAwAAAAEAAAAApAYAAwAAAAEAAAAApAgAAwAAAAEAAAAApAkAAwAAAAEAAAAApAoAAwAAAAEAAAAA6hwABwAACAwAAAp+6h0ACQAAAAEAABBsAAAAABzqAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgAAE4gAAABHAAAACjIwMTE6MDM6MzEgMTA6NTI6MjEAMjAxMTowMzozMSAxMDo1MjoyMQAAAAAEAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAKAAAAMAAAABAAAAA/AAAAClNPTlkgRFNDIAAAACIAACAHAAEAAAAAAAAAILACAAkAAABsBAAAQLADAAEAAAAAAAAAQbADAAEAAAAGAAAAQrADAAEAAAABAAAAQ7ADAAEAAAAAAAAARLADAAEAAAABAAAARbADAAEAAAAAAAAARrADAAEAAAAAAAAAR7ADAAEAAAABAAAASLAIAAEAAAAAAAAASbADAAEAAAAAAAAASrADAAEAAAAAAAAAS7ADAAEAAAAAAAAATLAFAAEAAAB8BAAATbADAAEAAAAAAAAATrADAAEAAAAAAAAAAZAHAJQAAACEBAAAApAHAMgAAAAYBQAAA5AHAMgAAADgBQAABJAHAIAAAACoBgAABZAHAHoAAAAoBwAABpAHAPwAAACiBwAAB5AHAMgAAACeCAAACJAHAMgAAABmCQAAAKAEAAEAAAADAACAAaABAAEAAAAoAAAAAqABAAEAAAATAAAAAKEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAaEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKIHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKMHACAAAAAuCgAAAaMHABwAAABOCgAAAKQHAFAAAABqCgAAU3RhbmRhcmQAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAKAAAACAAgCQABAOgATgAAAF79AHAAAAAABSQAAAAAiAAAAAAAAACIAOquAxsBANgAAGAYxaEAxSNJiqSIpADDAIf/3gA0gf0w5nAAgfUw5nAAcHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAbAAAAQABip4AAACHcECKNYo1ipmKmQCHiO2KNwAAAAAAAAAAcCKKewAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABpAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcAHmAH0AzWwAAH0IDgAAAACg7J4AAAiVxCQAAAAAQNzcvQDcALEAPABtACsA4wAYAHMBPgEAAR4BAAEAAQABAJ3RDzRU4+7Evb29vQAADOtWppIM6kiKuYiBBfIgw//XAawAdEXrPkVb9dgF675CAJ4AAgBUAJLF1EwVTHNMc0wVGsCMjP8AjxpzGnNMGBqDGoMzEOA44DhMcwEATHMAAAFw2AiITgAHvTEkAVaVzSRATBhd03W6UQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAC9vb29vb29vQAAAAAA3Ny8XxAIARs/G2gbaBtoGz8bPxs/Gz91AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACVADkArAB6AJUAOQCsAHoAAAAbP6sAG2jMABtovwAbaGsAGz+rABtozAAbaL8AG2hr////bP///6z///+m////EQAAAAAAAADuAAAAAAgBAAEAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA2AAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAQAIAAAAAAABAAEAAAAAAEAAQABAAAAAAKA7oJW+1w7nOD//VgAAxZa2AAAA6v//AP8AAAAAPwAAAH8AAABP/wAAzT//AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAOAsAAG5LAADQgQAAW2AAAHT1AADCVgAAdeoAAM/sAABToQAAbskAAFM1AAB/2AAATroAACOuAABOFQAAS0YAAFs8AAA4LgAAlnwAANwhAAAzpwAAxGQAAHRNAABSUAAA7nIAACMqAAAz+gAAjpUAALctAAAzGAAAllkAAI6fAAAkLwAA7+wAABqhAAC+4AAAkn4AAJLLAAC7VwAAMLAAAGnrAACKNAAABMEAAOrnAABW6QAAVlgAAAQKAAAEUAAABAMMoNPT06AMDKDT09OgDKDTxe/F06DTxY6TjsXT0++TSpPv09PFjpOOxdOg08XvxdOgAAAACACKPIpQBf/NreooAKOK+XDnil8FKOpPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABW9+rSBIQOoti5AKPqGuprBJsO315wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgM6AzoDOgM6AzAKOKe4oXcAdwVXAiAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAFWYHQCWmL4Ak2N6AEmyAAAAwGIAhzHKAL7iCwCSFekAxZ+vAABzJQCHMcoAvuILAJIV6QDFn68AAHMlAAAIAABgAAAAADm/B1/FX8XlTBjFv8XoB3sHX8Xlh9RMGIflh7/FX8XlxRWH1Ewxh9SHe8UVxdSHGEyDGhhMMYflTBhMc0y8GhDwvPDb8IN5gwIQrIOsc2CDkXuO6EfUuoORMctfkV+OvyPzAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABVS9Riinb41c7FHKlo2NzKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzgkFzGWGKKdvjVzsUcqc2pqMpR9Pi2une0PjR0sERcxlhiinb41c7FHKnNqajKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzg58iF5Mt3gqAwk3E4VySJ4Fc5FeB4NqQQ5hXQfKQga0jqc55k1R/MZJKCk+yeP2j4AAAEAAgAHAAAABDAxMDAAAAAAAAAAACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAAAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgAAAAUHJpbnRJTQAwMzAwAAACAAIAAQAAAAEBAQAAAP/hC8VodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0n77u/JyBpZD0nVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkJz8+DQo8eDp4bXBtZXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIj48cmRmOlJERiB4bWxuczpyZGY9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPjxyZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24gcmRmOmFib3V0PSJ1dWlkOmZhZjViZGQ1LWJhM2QtMTFkYS1hZDMxLWQzM2Q3NTE4MmYxYiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvIj48eG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+MjAxMS0wMy0zMVQxMDo1MjoyMTwveG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+PC9yZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9InV1aWQ6ZmFmNWJkZDUtYmEzZC0xMWRhLWFkMzEtZDMzZDc1MTgyZjFiIiB4bWxuczpkYz0iaHR0cDovL3B1cmwub3JnL2RjL2VsZW1lbnRzLzEuMS8iLz48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+PGRjOnRpdGxlPjxyZGY6QWx0IHhtbG5zOnJkZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS8wMi8yMi1yZGYtc3ludGF4LW5zIyI+PHJkZjpsaSB4bWw6bGFuZz0ieC1kZWZhdWx0Ij4NCgkJCQkJPC9yZGY6bGk+PC9yZGY6QWx0Pg0KCQkJPC9kYzp0aXRsZT48ZGM6ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpBbHQgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj48cmRmOmxpIHhtbDpsYW5nPSJ4LWRlZmF1bHQiPg0KCQkJCQk8L3JkZjpsaT48L3JkZjpBbHQ+DQoJCQk8L2RjOmRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOlJERj48L3g6eG1wbWV0YT4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPD94cGFja2V0IGVuZD0ndyc/Pv/bAEMACAYGBwYFCAcHBwkJCAoMFA0MCwsMGRITDxQdGh8eHRocHCAkLicgIiwjHBwoNyksMDE0NDQfJzk9ODI8LjM0Mv/bAEMBCQkJDAsMGA0NGDIhHCEyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMv/AABEIAwAEAAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAfAAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EAACAQMDAgQDBQUEBAAAAX0BAgMABBEFEiExQQYTUWEHInEUMoGRoQgjQrHBFVLR8CQzYnKCCQoWFxgZGiUmJygpKjQ1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWpzdHV2d3h5eoOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4eLj5OXm5+jp6vHy8/T19vf4+fr/xAAfAQADAQEBAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EQACAQIEBAMEBwUEBAABAncAAQIDEQQFITEGEkFRB2FxEyIygQgUQpGhscEJIzNS8BVictEKFiQ04SXxFxgZGiYnKCkqNTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqCg4SFhoeIiYqSk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2dri4+Tl5ufo6ery8/T19vf4+fr/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AO1xS4paK7DmDFGKWigBMUtFLQAmKMUtFIAxRilooATFLilopAJilpaKAExRilpaAEoxS0UAJilopaAExS4opaAExRilooABTgKSnCkMULTwtC1IKlspIAvFOxSilqSgxSUtBpAJSUUUwCk70tJQAUtJS0AFJS0lACYoxS0UANopaKBDTTadRTAZSYp+KQ0xWG4ptPpMUxDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRTAbSYp1JQITFGKWigBKKWigYlJilooATFJinUlAhKMUtFACUmKdSUAJijFLRQMbRS0lADTSYp9JQIZijFOpKYDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRQA3FJinUUANxRin4oxSuFhuKMU7FFFxjcUhFPpMUARkUlPxTTQIZSYp1JTENxRilooAZijFOpKYCYpKWigBuKSnUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUlMBuKTFOooAbikxTqSgBuKTFOooAbikxTqTFADcUmKfSUAMxRinYpKAG4pMU6igBuKbin0lADaTFOpKQhuKTFPxTTQB0dLRRTGFLSUUgFooooAKWkpaACiiikAtAopaACiiigYtFJS0gClpKWgAooooAKKKWgAoopaAFpR1opQKQx61IBTFFTAVDZaQopcUlOqRjDSU403pTAKKTNIaYhc0ZpuaKAFzS5puaWgBaSiigApaSigBaSkozQAtIaM0UAJSUtJTEJikpaKdwsJSU6kouIbRS0UwG0UtJQISlpKKACiiigApKWigBKSlooASilpKACkpaKAEooooASiikoAKSlpKYCUUtJQAUlLRQA2inUlACUoWkqVRSbBIZtpQtS4zRgVNyrEZWmEVPim7c0XCxFikqwIc0x4iO1HMg5WQGmmnkGmmqRIykpxptMQlJS0UwG0UtJQAlFFFACUlLSUAJSUtFAhtFLSUwEpKdSUAJSUtJQMSkpaSgQlFLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAIaSnU2gBKSnUlACUlLSGgBKaadTTQB0dLSUtABRS0UAFFFFABS0UUgCiiigYtFFFIQtFFFAwpaKKACiiloAKKKKACloooAKWkpaAHU4GmCnikMlSpKhWpM1my0PzxRmm5pDSGOPNNJxRmkNACZooNFUIKSjNJQIUUtNpc0DHUUlLQAppKKSgBKKKSgQUtJRQAtFFFAxKSlNJTEFFFFADaKdSUCG0UtIaYCUlLRincQlFFFABRRRQMSilpKQBSUtFMQlJS0lABSUtJQAUlLRQAlFFFABSUtJQAUUUUAJSUtFACqualC01c4qSobLQUlBzUiAYpDGYzT1jqUIBTsVLY0hgGKG5FP28UBaQyk8XzVE64rQaPJqF4cmqUhOJnmm1ckhwtVCMVonczasNpKdSVRI2kp1JQAlJS0lMBKSlooAbRSmkoASkp1JQAlJS0lAhKSlooGNopaSgBKSlopiEpKWkoASilpKAEpKWkpAFJS0lACUlLSUwEpKWigBtJTqQ0gG0hp1NNMDoqWkpaACilopAFFFFAC0UUUAFFFLSAKKKWgAooooGLRRSUCFoopaBhRRRQAtFFFABS0lLSAWng0zvTxSY0PBp2aaBRUlDxRmm0Uhi5pc0zNGaYXHZpuaTNJmmIdmkpM0tABS5ptFAh+aXNMFOpDFoopKBhSGlooEJRRRQAUUUtAxKSlpKBBRRRQAUUUUAJSU6m0xCUlONJQAlFLSUwEooooAKSlooASiiigApKWkNACUUUlABRS0lACUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAY9KeqGkQVYUZFJsaQwLTtvNOxShSTUXLsNxmpUXbSqlO6VLY0gpRSUqjmkMePTFLinqKdjmlcCPZmo2SrJGBUTmkmBSmwBWe45NaFzyOKostbQIkRUlOIpDWlzOw2kp1JQA2kNLRTENpKdikNADaQ06koASkpaSmAlJS0lACUUtJQAlJTqbQAUlL2pKAEopaSgQlJTqSgYlJS0lAhKKKKBjaKWkoEIaSlpKAEpKdSUAN7Uhp1JQB0NFFFMBaKKKQBS0lLQMKKKKQBS0UUAFLSUtABRRRQAUtJS0AFLSUtIAooopgLRSUtIApaSnCgBQKctNFSCpZSHUUmaKQxaKSkoADSUtNNMQGkoopgLRSUUALS0lLSAcKWm0tIYtFJmigBaSiigYUUUlAhaKSloAKKKKACkoooGFFFFAhKKWkoAKSlpKYCUlOpKAEpKWkoEFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUwEopaSgBKKWkoASiiigApKWigAoopyjmgByLmplFNUYp9ZtloeBTgtC06oKHU3GaWlFAxAuakUAUlANJgSgUtNBpc1IxTULc1ITxUTnAoQFaZeKpPVyZ/lNUjya1iRIYRTDUlNNaXIZHQaWkpiENJTqSncQlJinUlADcU00+kxQAykp2KTFMQ2kpxFNoASilpKAEpKWkpgJRS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAlJTqSgBKSlpKACm06koASkpaSgBKSlooENpKdSUAdBRRS0DCiiigQtFFFAwooopAFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKBi0UUUgCloopgFFFFIBaKKKAFFOplLQA8DvS0gpakocKUUgp1JlBSUtNzSAQ00mlJppqkSFFFFMQtLSUtABS0UUhhS5pKKBi0UlLQAUUUUgCiiigAopKWgAooooAKKKSgBaKKKACkpaKAEopaSgBKKKKAEpKdSUwEpKWkoAKSlooEJRRRQAlJS0UAJRTgOaCtFxjKKcRRigQylpcc07bRcdhlSotNxzUiVLY0hwFLS0Y5qSiRKfTFqSpKEpyim09aADFAFOoAqQF7UmaWmmkAE1E5oLVTF/aSymKO6haQHG0OM00gCZqrmrDjNQMMVrEhjKaadRVCGYptSYpMU7isR4op5FJii4rDaSnYoxRcLDKMU6kNMBlJTjSUCG00in0mKYEeKDT8UhHFFwI6KcabTEJSU6koASkpcUUwG0UtJQAlJTqSkAnakpaSmAlJS0UANopaSkAlJS0lACUhpaQ0xHQClpKWgYUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0CCiiikMKWiigAoopaQBRRRQAUtFFABRRS0AFFFFABS0lKOtAD1FPxTVqSoZaFxxSGlzTSaQxDSUtJTEIabTjTapCCiiigQUtFFAC0tNpaQxaKKKACiiloGFFJS0gCiikoAKWkooAWiikoAKKWigAoopaQwoopKACkpaSmIKSiigAooooASkpaSmAlGKWkoEJRRRQAUoFJSigY7AopKWpGFJRSigBAKdRS0hiAU8CgCpFWk2MTFGOak20YqShoFOPSiigAWpFpgp4NADqM0maKkBSa5XxF4judNvPIg8tVCglmGSc1r61qg0rT2mxukY7Y1PdsHr+VeUaneXF3dPNcSGSV+pNCHY67/hNrebTZ47lWFwQVXy14P68VyP29RNuBYDOaodM5ppNUKx6vaeItJviFhvEDnosgKn9auvXjeSBnsa6jwxr1yl3Fp8reZDIdqFzyn0qkS0zuKKWiquSJSUtFACYppFPpKYDMUlPxSEUXFYZSUuKSmA002nmm0CEoxS0lMBKbTjSUANxTSKcaQ0xDaSlpKYhKSnUlADaKWkoASkp1JQA2kp1JTAbRS0lIBKSlpKYCUUtJSASkpaSmBv0tJS0AFLSUtABRRRQAtFFFIApaSloAKKKKQC0UlLQAUtJRQAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUtABRRQOtAyVacKRadUMpCUhpTTTSQxM0maKSqJFzSUUUwCiiloEJS0UUAFLSUtAwpaSikA6ikFFIYtJRS0AJRS0lAC0UlLQAUUUUDCiiikAUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUxBRRRQAlJS0lABSUtJTASilpKAClpKWgAFKKKKQxaWkpakYCnCm80ooAeKlWoxUi9KllIdSUuKMUhiUUuKTFABS0lLQAuadmm0UgOY8avssbY8/wCtOB+Fec3GGJIB/GvR/GpH2K2GM/OePwrzy5CkcnLZ7dqEV0KZzUbdqlY89KifkVQhM8VZsJXivoZIl3SK4KL6nPAqrjirWl8anbH0lX+YoB7HpmlXF/cwu1/bCBw2FAGMj8zV+n4pKozG0UtJQISkpaSmAUhoNJQA00h60ppKYhKbS0lMQlJS0UANopTSUwENNp2abQIaaKWkpgJSU6m0AIaSnUlMQ2kp1JQA2kp1JQA2kp1JQAlJS0lACUUUUANpDS0GgDepaKKYBS0lLQAUUUtIAooooAKWiigAooooAKWkpaQBS0lLQAUUUUALRRRQAtFFFABS0nenoMmkND1FPpQKRhWdzQYabTjTTVIliU3vTqb3qhBS0lLQIKWkpaBhRRRQAUtFFABRRRSAKWkooGLRRRSAWkoooAKWiigAooooGLRRRSAKSlooASiiigBKKWkoAKSlpKYBRRRQAUlLSUCEpKWimAlJS0UAJS0UtIApaSlxSGLSgUmKdSGFA60UoFIZIKetMFPFSMdRRQaBhRSUUAFFJRQA7NLTRS5pAcf42u42EFtHIpljYmRO4BAx+dcDMpB5713njO0hWSG4RMTS7t7DknAUCuIuBhhxihFrYpnNRvnFTN9aikOBVEkfIq1YnbeQn0cH9aqnpU0DHzFbuDQDPZO5pppc96SqMxtFKabmgApKKKYhDSUtIaAENNNONNNMQlJ3paSmAhpKWkoEJmkNLTTQAlJS0UxCUlLSUAJSUtJTASkpaKAG0lOpKAG0hp1JQAlJS0hpiEpDTqSgBtFLSUhiGmmnUhpiN6lpKWmAUUUUAFLRRSAKKKWgAooooAKKKKQBS0UUAFFFFAC0UUUAFLSUtABS0lLSGFSJ1pg61Mg70mxpEg4FIaKaTWZY1qZTmNMq0SwpKU0lMQUtJS0wAUtFFABRRRSAKWkpaACiiigAooopDFopKWgAooooAWiiikMKKKKAClpKKAFpKKKACikooAKKKKAEooooAKKKKACkoopiCkpaKBiUUtFACUuKSnCkAUtGKKQxRS0gpaQwxThSUtIBc08GoxTxSGPopKWgYlFBNJmgBaSkNFAC5oPKkZpKGYKpY9AMmgDz/VdHTRPLRZzM0wONy4xj8feuYuiofczfnWr4u1xdUv1S1yVgBUyds57VzgtHk5fJJ7saVirjmniA++M+3NQPcpnr+lW008YyT+QqQaYrt94jj0qtBGcJlPcVYhYbh70S6Y6j5SD+lVCslu/II9jRuLU9ujO6NT6gGlrC8K6o2o6ShllDzKSGAGCB2H5Y/OtzNVYgQ02nU2mIKSiigBKTNLSGgBKSlpKYgpKWg0AMpDTqQ0wGmkpTSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAlFFFAhKTFLSUwEpKdTaAEpKdSUAJSGlpKAEpKWkoASkpaKAG0hpxppoEb1LSUVQC0UUUgCloooAKKKWgAooopAFFFFABS0UUAFLSUUALRRRQAUtJS0DCloooAegyan4AqunWpxWci4iZprGnkVGaSBjTSUUdqskSiiimAUtJS0gCiiigBaKKKACiiigBaKSloGFFFFABRRRSAWlpKWgYUUUUgFpKKKACkpaSgAooooAKSiigApaSigAooooAKSlpKACilpKYBRRRQAUuKSlzSAMUuKKKQwopKKAHZpaZnmnDpSYxwpabmlzSAcKdmm0Uhj80uaZmlzQMU02lpKAEpaSkoAfVXVI5JdIvI4cmV4HVAPUqcVYzTs0gPF9Otw4ZmXkNjFWJF2lsDpXT6/YRQatNJAgRXAdwO7Hqa5yb/WGgbG27eZFkjrUqcPRFgR9hzSBvn680xA6jrUFxbrNCVI+hqdzleaXAzQBd8A2sy3N5OQRCB5fsWzn9MfrXd1U023it9OgSFAiFA3Hcnkn86tVZAU2lpCaYBSUUhoEFJS0lACUUUUAJSUGimAlJTqSgQw0lONNpiEpKWkoASkpaSmAUlFFACUlLSUCCkpaSgBKSlpDQAlJS0UwG0hpaQ0AJRRRQAlNNOppoA3qWkpaYgooooAWiiigApaSloAKKKKQBRRRQAtFFFABS0UUDCiiigBaKSloAKWkopASR9al3VElPJqHuWtgZqYTQabTSEwoooqhBRRRQAtFFFIAooooAWikpaACiiigApaSlpDCiiigAooooAKWkooGOopKKQC0UlFABRRSUwCiiigAooooAKKKKQBRRSUwFpKKKACiiigApKKKAFopKKQDqKSikAtJRRQMKcKbS5oAdS02lzSGOo3U3PFJmlYZJmlzUeaM0BckzRmmZpc0gFpM0lJQA7NLmm1n63fjTNIuLvGfLAwPUkgD+dAzC8SXcMN3I0kiqoCrkn27etcPPqKtMxhjeQE8E8Cns8+rTm5u5DJIT8o7KPpU4tkBwRzxmlsMrRz3MhKiJFwP4jmoDcXavkogOOAK1ljG8kD2qNogSOKdxGaL2eNR5kPHUlTVq3v4ZDtDYb0PBqZ4FKdO2KoXNmpyVGGAzkUXCx6DoGkCxDXS3JkE8YJQrjaevXNbhrjvBGsTXfm2M7FmiTcrH0BAx+tdjVkCUlFFACUlOptMApKWkoEJSUppKACkoopgFJRSUCENNpxpKAG0lLSUxCUlLSUwEooooASkpaSgApKWkoASkpaSgQlJS0UDG0UtJTENopTSUAJSGlNIaAN0UtJS0xBRRRQMWiiigQUtFFABRRRSAKKKKBi0UUUCClpKWkMKKKKAFooooAKKKKAJU6UGhfu0majqWIaSjNJVIlhRRRTAKWiigBaKSlpAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFIYUUUUALRRRQAlLSUUALRRRQAUUUUDFpKKKQBRRRTAKKKKACiiikAUUUUAJRS0lABRRRTASiiigAooooASiiikAtFJS0ALRSUtIYUUUlAC0tNpRQAtLSUUhi0UUlAC5ozSUUgFopM0lIY+qGs2H9q6Rc2W4K0i/KT0DAgj9QKvCqmoajb6Zbie5YqhYJkDPJz/hQNHnNjZtBBiVCjg8qwwaZLIEc9BkgCtnVLiK5kkuYCWWVsqcEZHHascxjdzyaQxEkOOTTGlIpeNuMH8KYcHBHSgQjT7VJbpQCsse4dCKZJHuBB5B7VIQwQbOo7UwOn8H6C+nxy31xxLcD5F/upnPPueK6g1FY/8g+2/wCuSfyFSmqJG0lLSUxAaSlNJQAlJS0GmA2kpaKBDTSUtFMBKSlooENpKdTTQMSkpaMUxDaSnEU0igQhpKWkpgJRRRQAlJS0lACUlLRQAlJS0lACUhpTSUAJSGlpDTEJSGlppoA3qWkpaYBRRRQAtFFFAgpaKKQwooooAKWkooAWiiikAtFJS0AFFFFAC0UlFAC0d6KMgdaBkn8NJUc1xDBF5kkiqgOMk8U2G5huU3wypIo4JU5xUjJKKKKYgooopgLRRRQAUtJRSAWiiigApaSikMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAWikpaBhRRRSAKKKKYBRRRSAKKKSmAUUUUgCiiigAoopKYBRRRQAUUlLQAlFFFIApaSigBaWkopDFpKKKACiiigB1FJRSGLRSUtABSGikpAFLSUtAxahurWC7i8u4hSVM52uuRmpaQ9KQzhNTmhspHhhCjY7AIP4Rk4rmJ7uZnJ3lfZeK0dbjxqc06sTvdi3p1rGk+8alGqRE7MTySfqaYGKngkfSg9ab3plWJo7uZCMOT7NzWla3iTMFcbG/Q1jipEJBGDzmmTOKsex2P8AyDrX/rin8hU1Zfh83p0mM333zjy+n3MDHStSqMBKSlooAbSUpopiG0U7FGKAGUmKfikoAbikp1GKAGUU7FGKLgMpMVJikIp3CxGRSU8ikxRcQykNPxSYouAzFJinUUxEZFJin0Yp3AZSGnYpMUXAZRTiKaaYhKSlpKAEpDS0hoASkpaSgQlIaWkpgbtLSUtMAo7UUUALRRRSAWiiigAooooAKWkpaQBRRS0AFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAVyms+IXZ5LWBB5Y+VmbvXR3zyx2UzwlRIq5BPSvOZ3LyMT3NJsqKuxReSqGUN8pOSOxq3Y6zNYhzEAHfGT1457Vlk89KQHmoNLHoeh6o+pW0jSbN6Nj5eOPpWtXnGjSyw6pbmFiGaRVOO4J5FejiqTIkrBS0lLTJCiiigApaSloAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAFopKKAFooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGLRSUUALRRRSAKKKKACiiigBKKKKACkpaSmAtJRRQAUUUUAFFFJSAKKKKACjNFFAC0UlFIYUUUUAFKKbS0ALS0lFIYUtJRQAUUUUgEopaQ0ALmkzTTSE4BPpQM811Nt3PqT/AFrBkOM1tXjZiQ+1YsnOahHR0K5ORTe9ONJTFfUKkj61EKkTrTQ6mx7FYf8AIPtv+uKf+girNVbA/wDEutf+uKf+girNUcwtJRRQAhpKU0lAC0UmaWgBMUhp1IaAG0UuKXFADcUU6kNADaKWkoAQim4p9NoAbSGnUlMQwikp5ppoENxSYpaKYDTTacaSmA0000803FMQ002nmmkUCG0lOpKYCU3vS0lAhDSGnGmmgDdpaSlpgFFFFAC0UUUALRRRQAUtJS0gCiiigApaSloAKKKKACiiigYUUUUgM7XJvJ0qY55b5RXn0rc113i2cpbwQj+Ilj/T+tca5zUy3LgNzzS5plOFIs2fDcRm1mAgcJlj+AP9cV6AK47wfDm7nl/uoF/M/wD1q7KqRnIKWkpaZIUtJRQAUtJS9qBhRRRQAUUUUgCiiigAooooAKKKKAFopKKAClpKWgAooooGFFFFAC0UUlIBaKKKACiikoAKKKKACiikoAKKKKYBRRRQAUlFFABRRRSAKKKDQMSiiikAtGKKKACiiikMWikooAWiiigAo70lLSAKQ0tJQMSobltttK3ojH9Klqvf8afc/wDXJv5GgFueb3fyDHouMViuea2r7ADY54rEas0dJCabnpTzTCOaonqFOXrTKkj+8KEVU2PTPDUWqR2xN/LvhaNDByDgY/wxW8Kq6cc6ZaH/AKYp/wCgirQqzkFopKKBiUUUUAFFLSUALRSU6kAYoxRS0DENNNOptADaSnUhpiG0UGkoASiiigQ00004000wENJSmkpiEpKcaSgBhFJinmm0BYYRSU80w0xDaSlNJVCG0lOpKBCU006m0wN2lpKWgAooooAWiiigApaKKAClpKWkAUUUUAFLSUtABRRRQAUUUUhhRRWL4lv7jT9PR7cfM8m0sRnHBpgYPie583UmQHIjAWueY5NTPFdXMhlkYlmOSSajNlNjI5/Gs3Y0johnfrSio2jljPzqfypUfnB4oKudf4RuVR5LfypC0h3bwPlAA6V14rJ8OxeVoluP74Ln8TmtaqRnLcKWkpaZIUUUUALRRRQMKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUtJS0AFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBS0lFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFMApKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJRRQAUCiigBabS9qKBiUUUUAFLSUUgCloopAJS0lFAxaKSigBaKKWkAlJS0lACVna1crbaZKzAnzP3Ywf73FaFc9reuWiNcaY8cvnEABto28gH1z0PpSY1ucfenMbfSsZ+RXSTWLzRk/cTAwT1NVhpUCj5yzEe+BUpHQ5RSOfP1pvFdH9gtlH+qU/Xmo3sLZusSj6cVViOZHP4JOKegIfB7VrPpURyY2ZT27iqcljLA244Zf7woQ5STPVNM50mzP/TBP/QRVuqWknOkWX/XBP8A0EVcqznFpe1NozSGLRSUUALRSUUAOopKKQC5ozTaKAHZpKKbQMWkopKBBTTTqaaYCUhpabQAhpKU0lMQhpKWkoAKSikNMQU006kpANNNNONNNUA002nHrSUyRppKU0lMBKaadSGgRuUtJRTAWiiigBaKSloAWikpaQBRRRQAtFFFIYUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVn6zs/suUOobOAMjvmtCud8QXjK6xFk8nG4c855oewGFgYpMDoKiN1HnG9fzpUmVm61maAQrMUyCcdKqXVmuNyDBAyRVxVXzCw6mrdnAtzfwwuoZWYbge46mgDa8JXM1zpP73/lm2xT6gD/I/CugqOGKOCNY4kVEUYCqMAVJVkMKKKWmIKKKKBhS0lLSAKKKKACiiigAooooAWkoooAKKKKBhS0lFIBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKSlooASilpKBhRRRQIKKKKBiUUUUAFFFLQAlJS0UAJRS0UgEooooAWiiikAlFFFAwooooAWiikNIApKKXtQA2s3VLO1kgaZ7eIy5X5yg3dR361pGs3W/N/suQQcSkjb+dDGtzDu8bTj1rNfhenepY3ne1P2gEShyDxjNQOc460hjCeOaYxp7cAmo8g0wEzgHJpvBIB5B7U4gEGopJBEu8gkD0oA7zTVCaZaqOixKB+Qq3mszQrxb3SonVCoT93gnrgVpVRAtFJS0AGaKKKQwooooAWkoooAKBSUUAOpKKKQCUlLSUAFNp1NpgJTTTqaaBCUUUlMANJRQTQAlJRmkJpiCikzRmgBDTTS5pDTQDaSnU00xCU2lpKBCGmmnUhpiNyikpaYC0UlLQAUtJS0AFLSUUgFooopDFopKKAFooooAWikpaACiiigCO48z7PJ5QzJsO0e+OK84kt3uJWeYOGBIIdicGvSj0riby6jutQnZWz85qXsOO5lfYowfuj8qY1kBypKn1U4q+SN1Nc8cVNyygGuISDneAO/Bre8MypPqW4nlEJx7nis0pkc0abaXL6tCbUSDDguy/dC55z+FNahY9GFLTRTqogKKKKYhaKKKQwpaSigBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAClpKKAFopKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiigAoopKBhRRRQIKKKKACiikoGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUgCiikoAKWkopALSUUUDCiiigApKWkoAWkpM0ZpAFGaSkzTAdmqWon/AEceu7/GrdUNVcLbrn+9SY1uc7e8P9ayjN++KEH644rSuSz8kY5NZMpdbzb/AAYyKQyYnctM5ycCnbQQD7UwLjuetMAJyDTAocKGGR70rg4puWwgUgNx2oA7vTlC6dbhQAPLXoParVVtP5062/65L/KrNUQFFFFABRRRSAKKSigBaKM0maACikpc0DCikzRmgAzRmm5pKBDs0UzNLniiwATTTQTSE0wEozRTaYhc0maKSgANJRmkoAKSiimIKSikoAQ0lLSUwEpDS0lAhtIaWg0xG1S0lLQMWikpaAClpKKAFooooAWiiikAUUUUALRSUtABS0lFAC0UlFIBkz+XC7n+FSa4Tyx9pkkAA3egrrtanFvpcrE43YWuIbUI1BAVjUyKiiYpmTdn8KdIuV461Ri1BVXEgYn1FWVvYXPDfmKksQlwORnJwfYV03heaD7NJCJF87eWKd8cDNc8SGXjvXV6FYwQWMU4iUTSLlnA5IJzTW4nsa9LSUtWQFFFFAC0UlLQAUUUUALRRRQMKKKSgQtFFFAwooopAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAlFFFABS0lLQAUlLRQMSiiikAUUUUwEopaSkAUUUUAFFJRQAtFJS0AFFLRSGNopaKAEpaKKACkNLRQAlJS0lACUlLSUAJRSUlAh1ZurcpGPcmtCs/U+TGPr/Skyo7mBdDgVnOn73J9MVo3f3h9KoOeQcUDGtjGKj7n2NE0hWMkDJFRxSb4wxGCeaAHP8wIpoA4PpTs5HpQAMCgDrtI1G0uLeK2inVpo4xvTBBGMA/rWnWTpGk2lqsd5CjLNLEN/wAxIOcE8fWtaqICiiigApKKKACiiikAUlFFMAoopKACiikpAFNpaDTAbRRTaYgoopKACm0tJTAKSlpKBCUUUlAwoNFJQISig0UANoopKYCUUtJQIbSdqdTaANulpKWmAUtJS0AFFFFAC0UlLSAKWkooAWiiikAUtJRQAtFFFAwoopDQI5vxfPttYIQfvMWI+n/664ljW74h1FNQuVaIOqIu3DDvk1gMeal7msFoNzS0hoFIotQXLx8Zyvoa9M06aCawha3fdGFCg4x04rzXT4vPv7eLGd8iqfpnmvUIIIreMRwxrGg6KowBTREtiWiigVRAtFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQMKKKKQC0lLSUAFFFFABRRRQAlFFFABSUtFACUUUUAFLSUCgB1FFFIYlFLRQAUUUUhiUlOoxQA2kNOIpDQA2kNLTTTEFNp1JQAhrN1Jtskf0NaVczr11Nb3MgPQgGPp0wM/rmlJlRV2U7tlDAk4AHU1lT30Ea/61T16c/wAqy7+Z5JPmcsfc1nyMelSmbeysrs2m1S2z1Y/8BpE1O1Y4LkHPdTWEaYDhqdxciOoS4ikHyupOPWpgeOK5Usc1atL+WGQBmLITyDQmKdPlPV7D/kH23/XJf5VYqtYHOn2xHQxL/IVZqzAKQ0UlAC0UlFAC0lFFIBaSiigBKKKSmAUUUUAFJS0lADTSU4000ANopabTEFFFFACUlLSUAJSGlpKYgpKWkoASiiigBKSiigBKSlpDTASkNLSHpQI2qWk7UUwFpaSigBaKKKQBS0lLQAUUUUALRSUtIYUUUUALRRRQAVDPcwWqB55UiUnAZzgZqaqOqwW81hKbmMOsalxk4wQPagDgtZuRdancSqcqWOCD27Vlt1qWU/MagPWoNlsLSim0CgDc8NRebrlvxwuW/IGvRhXDeDYt2pSyf3IsfmR/ga7mqREhaKSlpkC0UUUDCiiigApaSikAtFJS0wCiiikAtFJS0AFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFAC0tJS1IwooooGFFFFIAoopM0AFIaDTTTAQ0lFJTEFFFFABXI+KG/00D0iH8zXW1xvids6jIB2jUfpUSNKe5x9z/rKqMeatXP+sP9apv1pI6ZPQaT703PNL2po60zNbj/AK06P79Mp0fWhFVD2HTRjS7P/rgn/oIqzUFkNthbr6RKP0FT1ocYUlLRQAlFFFABRRRQAUlFFIAooooASiiloAbRS0lACUhpTSUwG0lKaSmISiiigBKSlpKAEpKU0lMApKKKBCUlLSUAJRS0lACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaYjapaQUtAwooooELRRRQAUUUUhi0UUUAFLSUtABRRRQAtFJRSAWsjxJN5OizDPMhCD+f9K1qwfErgpBERnktigEcCQfrUZ9xW67BBknAFMIDDoD9ak1uYgpw9K1GtoWH+rA+nFQNZAjMbc+hoC51PgqLFtdTf3nC/kM/1rq65nwnZXVva+fJP+4kBKw46HOM/pXTVSIluFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKACiiigBaKSloAKKKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiikMKKKKYBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASiiigAooooAKKKSkMKKKKACiiigBaKSikMdRTaWgBaKSkpALmmmikoAWm0UUwENJS0lAgpKWkoAK4nxFzqdz7BQf8AvkV21cJr77tSusn+IDH4AVMjWnucxckeccVUbGasz/61qqt1pI2Yw9aaMZpTTR1pkrcdTo+tN+tKnWhDqHs1uMW0Q9EA/SpaZH/q1+gp9aHIFFFFABSUtJSAKSlpKYBRRRSAKKKKBhSZpe9JQIKSlpKBiUlLSUCG0lONNpgJSUtFMQlJS0lACUlOpKAG0lOpDQAlJS0lMQlFFFACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaANqiiimAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUUgFopKWkAUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVymvzb9RK5GEUD+tdXXA6iWur9pc8by1A1uROgkUhulN4AwKVw2PlOPWo2YAEntUlDj0oUcVHvJ6ZxUsIaYogGGc7QD69KAO806PydOt48dIxmrdUtMF4tmov9nnAkfJ0x2q7VEsKWkooAWiiigBaKKKACiiigAooooAWiiigAooopALRRRQMKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKBhRRRQISiiigYUUUUAFFFFABRRSUgFpKKKACiiigAooooAKKKSkAtFJRQMWkzRSUAFJS0lABSUZooEFJRRQAlFFJQAVwWrsDe3Z9ZWH613tefakwM87Z6ysf1qZmtPc524P7w1VYGrM5zITVZqRsyP1pozmnGkGaZK3Cnxj5qZUkI+cUIdQ9nT7i/SnU1PuL9KdVnIFFFJTAKKKSkAUUUUwCikpaQBRRRQMSiiigBKKKKAENJS0lAhtJTqSmAlJS0lACUlLSUCCkpTTaYBSUtJQAlJS0lACUlLSUAFJS0lMQlIaWkNAG1RSUtMApaSigBaWkopALRRRQAUtJRSGLRSUtAgpaSigYtFFFAFHVklaxYwzmEodzEdSPSuNY/Mec10GsahdpLLbNaEWzAbZs9enFc6R3pMcRjMelRkZBHr1pHPPFLzikUIABwK0NHTzdVtlx0fd+XNZrOqjc3AHU1t+GkEup+YOQkZI/lQB2Ip1JS1RAUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0hhRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRSAKKKKACiiigYlFFFABRRRQAUUUlAC0UlFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAopKKACiiigYUlFFABRRSUAFFFJQAUlLSUAFJS0lABSUUUCErz+eCS4kIjXO5jlieK79uFNco6/KnoOgqWrlxdjnH0f5z5k312imjS7YkjLn8a1X5ZuaqxqsbPtBGTk07DcmUjplsDgqT+JpjaTBgYLqT3BrSJ+bpTc8gHNMXMzIl0hwMxSBvZhiqn2eWGYLIpU5roAPemSrG4CPyCcUrDc29z0ZfuilpB0paozCkoooEFFFFABSUtJQAUUUUDEooooAKKKKAEoopKQBSUtJTAQ0lLSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAUhopKACm06m0xBSUtJQAlJS0UANooooASkNKaSmI2aWkooAWiiigYUtJS0AFLSUUgFooooAKKKKQC0UlLQAUUUUAc34pvEh8mFmIJBbArlX1KIcBX/Kr3iyfzdXdQeIwFrnGNJsuK0ND7fETk7h+FSrdQvwHGffisbNA60FWNwhZBg4IrpvCkWDcSY4AVR+tcFFI6HKsRXonhHJ0cysOXkJ+uOP6UCasdBRRS0yAooooELRSUUALRRRQMKWkooAWikpaACiiigBaKSloAKKKKQBRRRQAUtJRQMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASlpKKACiiigBKKWkoAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUlAC0lFFAwooooASiiigAoopKQBRRSUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFACUUUnamAyU4ic/7Jrl5eAMc4FdNcnbbSn0Q/wAq5WR+cdDSGtim55IPrVdcfN7mpC2S2OarbiHbCGmA7I3elJ361GS3PyEc96Od3TpQBIMkCmbcTKe1BYjHOKk43CgD0EUdqB0opkhRRRQIKKKKBhSUtFACUUUUAJRRSUAFFFFIApKWkoASiikpgJRRSGgQUlFFMBKSikoEFJRRTAKbS0lAwpKWkoEJSUtJQAlFFJQAUhpaaaANmlpKWmAUtJRQAtFFFIBaKSigBaWkopALRRRQAUUUUAFIxABJ6Dk0tUtWm+z6VcyZwdhA/HigDzjU7g3F9NKf4nJrPYmppTlj71XJqTZKyG5pc8UnGKKAJUr1Hw/D5GhWiHqU3fnz/WvL4gWZVHUnAr1+3jEVvHGOiKF/IU0TLYmpaSimQLRRRQAtFFJQAtFFFABS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRSAWikooAWiiigYUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUlLQAUUUlAC0UUlIAooooAKKKKBhSUtJQIKKKKBhRRSUALSUUUAFFFFABSUtJSAKKKKACkpaSgApKKKACkoooAKKKSgApKWigBKSiigCve/8AHlNj+4a5po1Xnqcda6PUDiwl9xj9a52U4X8KOo1sUGJ+Y1XP3mqV261Fk5PHFMCHJyM+lKD+VO2jcDxS4HtQAx8FRkU1Vwwx69Ke4BIpFBDfjQB6GKWkHSloJEooooAWiikoAKKKSgAooooASkpaSgApKKSgBaSiimAlFFJSAKSlpppiCkopKYBSUppKAEoopKBBSUtJQMKSlpKAEpKWkoEJRRRQAlNNLSGmBs0UlLTAWikooAWlpKKQC0UUUALRSUUgFpaSigYUtJRSELXP+Lp/K0lY88yP+g/yK6CuL8a3GZ4YM/dXJ/GgZyTnmoD1qR+lRUjYPrSikNKtAGjpEPn6pax9d0q/zr1gdK838Iw+brsRPSNWf9Mf1r0imiJC0tJS0EC0UlLQAUUUUALRSUtABRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQMKKKKACiiigBaKSlpAFFJS0AFFFHegAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGFFJRSAKKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKSloAKKSigAooooGFJSmkoAKKKSgAooooEFJRRQMKSiigApKKKBCUUUUAU9S/48Xx1JH865+dcDk9q39SP+i49WArAuTxj2o6jMxsEsc9TUeae2APxqB2Cqx96YC/xUvambhupS3HWgBe2aB96mtnbwaFPIHegD0MdKWkHQUtAgooopAFFFBoASkoopgFJS0lAgpKKSgApKWkoASiiigBKSlNJTEFJRSUABpKKKYCUlLSUAFJS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAUlFFACUlLSUCEpDS0lAGxS02lpgLRRRQAtFJRQAtLSUUgFooooGFLSUUgFopKKAFrz7xKGudXkO75d20Y9uK792CIzHoBk1wFwRJdMxGeSaAW5mPpwAz5v6VEdNOP9b/AOO1ptgjBFM4xQVdmW2nyc4dTURtpUPKk+4rVIDU3YNysc8dOaB3NnwPDm7upiPuoFH4n/61dxXO+FIgtpPLjl5MfXA/+vXQ0Ckx1FJmloJFopKWgYUtJRQIWiiigBaSiigBaKSikMWiijtTAKWkooAWiiikAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDCiiikAUUUUwFpKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJS0lABRRSUAFFFFAwooooAKKSigAooooASiiigAopKKACikooAKKKSgAoopKACkoooAoas+y2Uj+9/Q1yd7qMCZ+YuR2Wt3xRIUsIwD95+fyrhronb2FTfU0hFPckk1XK/LH+Zqm+pSkEbV/I1WY1CTTuaqES6dTmznCflUseqN/HGPwNZme1ApXYckTbTU4X4bcvuRVuF0l5VgwJ6iua7VZtZXjmUo3fpVXMpwS2PYF6CnUg4paDIKKWigYlJS0UCEpKDRQAlJS0hoAKSikoAKSlpKYgzRRSUAFIaWkoASkoopiEpKWkoAKQ0UUAFJS02gAoopKACkpaSmAlJS0lIApKWkpgJSUtIaBGvRRRTAWiiigBaKYsqPna6nHHBzTs+hpDFpaSigBaWkopALRSUtABRRRQBU1OXydPmbplcfnXEnrn1rqPEUu2ySMfxt/KuVJoBDTTGPFDPTTyKChoo7UCl7igDuPD0Xl6PF6tlv1rVqrYR+VYW8f92MZ/KrNITOdufENxa+JF0pbVLgPghkbYy5GehyDx7iuhjcSIG5GexGD+VcXpmL7x9dz9VhDYP5L/jXbYzQHQdRTckdaWgBaWkooAXtS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUALRSUUDFopKWgAopKWkAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUlAxaSiigQUUUlABRRRQMKKKSgAooooAKKSigAooooAKKKSgAoopKACiikoAKKKSgAoopKACkpaSgDm/FpPk26j/bP8q4u5GBzXYeLG/wCPdf8AZc/yrjLn1zUdTaGxSeoqkaos0zVbCGikJpR0oAVulTW/+sX61AelSw/eFNGVTc9oopq9BTqZiFFFFABRRRQAU2lpKBBSUtNoAKSikoASilptMQUUUUAFNpaSgApppaSgApKDRTASiiigBKSlpKBBSUppKAEoopKACkoooASkpaT6UAFNNLSGmI16WkooGLRRUVxIIreSQ/wIW/SgTOT0qFL7xjqFxgjywcMvHOcD+Rrr0UooG4t7nqa5fwWm+O9uT1eXb+XP9a6uh7j6IAaWk4NJyPekA6lpoINLQAtLSUUALRSZpM0gOc8Ry5njj7Kufzrn2OK0tZm8zUZeeAcflWW5pjRF/FQTxRQeSKQwqWBPMuY4x/EwH5moyMVe0aPzdXt19G3fkM0Ad4owoHoKSaQRQSSHoilj+Ap1ZviGf7PoN4+eSm0fjx/WhCZgeB4/Mm1G8PV3C5/Mn+Yrs65zwVB5Ph9XI5lkZ/1x/SujoGxaTHcUUUCFz+FLSdaTkdKAHUtNBzS0ALRSUtABRRRQAtFJS0AFFFFAC0lFFABS0lFAC0UlLSGFFJS0xBRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAUUUUDCiikoAKKKKACiiigAoopKACiiigApKKKACiiigAoopKACiiikAlFFFABSUUUAFJRRQAUlFFACUUUlAHJ+K2Juo1HaL+prjp667xUf8ATV4/5ZD+ZrkZunPrU9TaOxTeozUjVGelBrFaDSKBS0Ux2EPSpYetRnpUkQ+bFNGNTc9mjOY1PqBT6ZFxEn+6KfQYhRRRQAUlFFABQaKSgBKSlpKYCUlLSUCEpKKKACkozRQISkpe9JTASiikoAKSlpKACkoooASiiigBKSlpKBBSUtIaYxKSlpKBBSUUUABpppaQ0Aa1LSUUwFrL8Qz+Rod03qu0fjWnXM+Nbjy9LiiHWST+X/66EJ7F3wrD5WgwHHMmXP4k/wBK26q2EItrCCEfwRqv5CrNBT3FpaSikIXGetHI75oooAN1LmkNJj0NIBaZI4jiZz0UEmlzjqKoa1OINIuHzgldo/GgDgrzVHa5dhGOT3NVTqbd4x+dVZny2agY5o1NUlYv/wBpn/nn+tOGpKTkofwNZg6UtAWRsrfwueSV+orovC6rLqLSqQQkZ6e+K4Zetd14FiIiu5j3ZVH4DP8AWgTR2Ncz44n8vRFizgySj8h/kV0tcZ40JudS02yU/ePI/wB5gP6UEHTaLAbbRbOIjBWJc/XGTV+moAqBR0Ap1A2LRSUtAgpaSloAODRyPeiikMMilpOKMH1oAWikye4pc570ALRRSUxC0tJRSGLRSUUALRSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDFpKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKKSgBaKSigAooooAKKKKACkoooAKKKSkAUUUUAFJRRQAUlFFABSUtJQAUlLSUAFJS0lAHHeKG/0/GOiL/WuRmJIzXW+JWJ1GQDsq/yrkZhjIqTeOxUbOeKaaeaYaDWOwlJS0lAwNSx8EVFUsf3hVIxnuezR/6tfoKfTI/9Wv0FOoMBaKSigAopKKACiikNACUlLSUAFNpTSUwEpKU0lAgpKKSgApKKKBBSUUhoAKK43xL4k1TQ9TSNFtzauMqSh3e4znH6V1Nldx3tnFcxnKyKGFMbLFJSM6r94gZ9aGZVHzMB9TQIWkqu2oWattN1AG9PMFRyanbxkD96+ehSFmH5gYoAt0VV+3Rk4WK5J/693H6kAUxb+RpGT+z7sY7nywD9PmoAuUhqpLJfsU8m2iUE/N50uCB/wEH+dDRXkgO+4hT0CxE/qW5/KgC0GBGQeKKrR29wq4e8Zj6rGo/xpr2krOrfbpwB1XCc/wDjtAFqkzUP2VD1eY/9t3H8jUa6dZozN9nQs3JL/Nn880ATSTxQgmSVEA6lmAqL7dakZW5ib/dcGn/ZrcLtEEQB7BBTwAi7VGAOwpiNelpvP1ozTAdXIeJT9q8QaZZdRuBI/HJ/QV12a5CM/bPHrHqtupP5DH9aEHVHXjpTqSikA6ikooAWlzSUUhhRRSUALXOeMJhHpqR55ds/l/8ArrojXE+NJ83UUOfupk/jQHU5BzzUbGntyaYRSNhKWmmlFAEida9J8HReXoSv/wA9JGb+n9K83SvVdAiMGh2iEf8ALMMfx5/rQS9jUrirr/TviJCnVYMf+Orn+ddnuHeuL8Nf6Z4r1G8P8IbH4t/gKCFudsKWmhhnGRS0AOopKKAFpaSloAKKKKAFopKWgBaTrRS0AJj3o59jS0UAJn2NLuHrRRQAZpGZVBLEAepNGB6VmeIZmtNEurqKV4pYU3IynoegyOh/EUAaisGUMpBU8gjvS1jeGrq9vdEt7q8kSRpVLZC7T1IHA46VsdaAFopKWgAooooAM0UUUALRSUUDFopKKAFopKKAFopKKAFpKKKACkoooAKKKKQBRRSUALSUUUwCiiikAUUlFABRRRQAUlFFABSUUUAFFFJQAUUUlABRRSUgCkpaQ0wOJ8SsTqkyjJ4X+QrnXs7hxnYfxrr9W2fb52Iy2Rz/AMBFZkp+XGKSRfM0c8dMuCM5QfjSHSp8feT8zWyxwCaaW7YqrIPaSMQ6bcdgp+hph0+6H/LIn6EGt0GnqeKLDVSRzDxvGcMpU+4qSL71dBIoZcEA5qqbKF2yo2n2pWE533PTo/uL9BT6Yh+RfpTqRAtFJRQAUUUlAC02jNNLADJOAKAHGm1E11ABkzRge7iof7Rt2copkZh/dicj88YpgWqSqsl1Nx5dlK+T1LKoH5nP6UjyX2P3dvBn/amP/wATQBapKqv9q8otJPDDgckITj8Sf6VEigRDzNSdyec5Rc/kKYi9RWdGlg8r/wClvJIv3s3LcfgCKdPbaeU/fEbScZaVhn8c0AXHkSNCzuqr6k4qsmoQzg/Z90+Dg+WOPzOB+tMhj023AEX2dSOhyCfz61Kt9auzBJ43ZfvBWyR+VADTcXJYBLJgD1aSRRj8iabLHfyD5LiCL/tkW/XcP5U+S9hjA3lwCcD923+FBukxkK5HqRt/nigDnfGGjS3+ivJ5rSTQDeqhQAfX3/WsnwBdpcQTWMss2+M7kUTMBj2ANdXJqsbTtbNGAGXgtIMH1Hy5rzOaWbw14qaWJdqh8qGUgFT9QKA3R6m+l2MvMtukp9ZMt/PNSLZWi/dtYB9IxVWG8uZ4UkiQuGXI/c7R/wCPMKjK61LMD51rbxjsYi5P1+YY/A0wJrye20yM3HkoGPHygAmqmmeIbfUr2S1CbJUG4AtnIrnvEl/c+a0clzEREOscRXJ+hY1S8G6TPf3UupPPJCoJVWjwCT+IIqU22VJJRPRqTIzjNZw0aNzm4u7y4IOVLTbcf98YqV9KspAPNh83HTzXZ/8A0ImqIJ3uoI1ZnmjUL1JYDFVDrenbdyXSSegTnNPXStNiYOlhaqw/iESg/nirYwq/LgD2oAzhrVuyArDduT/CluzH8wMfrSSalckr5Gl3T5PO/amB+Jq81zAGwZ4wR1BcVFLe2qIWa4iAx13CgCuLzUXYqulFOPvSXCY/TNNQ60VbelgrdiGc4/QVaS8t2QFJA2f7oz/Kmtf26sql2JY4GEJ/pxQBWMOsOmDe2kR9Utmb+b/0pyWl/k+ZqjnPTbAgx+hqyby3HWVR9TiohqVmxYfaYwVOCGOP59aA1OgoqgNWtiFKiYhjhcQPyfypDq8IVm8m4IU7TiPHP40wL7EKpY9AMmuT8KA3Op6jeHqWCj8yf8K1L7V1+x3aiCZCkJJZguB27E81W8GxbNGMp6yyM35cf0p9BLc6Pn1o5oopDDn0pGkC9QTxnAFOopAUf7YtFvhZSM8dwRuCMh6euRkfrV8EEZFcxYD7T41v585WGIRj2PT+hrpsY6cUMFsOpKTPrS5oATtXm/iacz6tMR/C20fhXo0jhI2f+6Ca8svXMtxI+CdxJpDW5RbAFRMeamKSE8Ix+gqNoZAQDG+5jwNpyfwouaIjoBqyLC8PS2m/74NPGmXh/wCXWX8VNK6AiiUyMFHc4FexW8YigjjHRVA/KvMNN024XULYzRFIxIpZmIGBmvR/7TsQObqL/vqjmQmmS3032ewuJj/BGzfpXM+Boc2d5cEcyShfwAz/AFpPEPinTJdGuoLS5SWYsIioyMdyeeo47Vd8F7T4ahZerO5P13EUyEmR+M8x6PlCqyNIArKuGHB71vWMLW9pFGZHchACXbJ6evWuf8Vfv7zSrQH/AFk4JHtkD/GuoHSmCFBpab1o5+tIB1LTQaWgBaWkooAWikpaAClpKKAFooooAKWkooAWua8dT+T4WnGeZHRP1z/SukrjfiE2/T7G0H3prjp+GP60IDo9Eh+z6FYQkcpboD9cCtDFMRQiKo6KMCnUDDJHvSg5pKTFADqKbkj3pQQaAFooooAKWkooAWikooAWikooAWikooAKKKKACiikpALSUUUAFFFFABRSUUALRSUUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFABSUUUgCkoooAKKSigAopKKACkNLSGgDldUO68uMf3sfyrMmB3fjWjfuBczZ/56H+dZsr+lNDZA4JwMd6CvSo5ZlVwC6gnsTTDdIGChixPTaM1QiXFKO9QNOwAIhdsntj/GjzJ9wCwjaepLf4UASN3poO16ZKshGfMVfXC5/rQIi3/LZwcdRgUAaukeNd+vyadeSK0DNshmMewg+jD9K7SSaOJN8jhR6k1wPjLwuHsRqdijGVADOMklxj731FXfAmvQX1oLGVI0vIV4YKAZF9fr61Azq01GzlXMdzE/srAn8hSfbWaXYlpcMMZ3lQq/+PEVNn979RzT6BFUzXjShVtUVD/G0nI/AD+tDQXTSKxvAqjqqRDn8yamkuIYhmSVEHX5mAqk2sWeMwu1xzjFupk/lQMkuYF8lmmu7gIvJwwX9QAf1rNtr3SNRvGtRLJLKF3COWRiCPoTisLxR4pCx/Z4opVU8HeuMmsjwvo13d3Y1R7d5Y9xx+98vJ+vUihasbSSPRI47SzTbbwICBwsajNSrJNIoIi8vI6SHkfln+dQxRTRxhI1ggQfwgFv8KjEboXE9/I5J4VFVcD8ATTJLCxz877kHnI2xgEfzqOWG3DpJPI25fus0m3+WKrwwxKzgDUH5/jkkA/DJp3lQJOjrpzs/wDz0IXI/EnNACS3WmxjLNG+fQeZ/LNTLcQqn7qCUjsFhK/zApzNc7f3MMYP+2+P5A0u647xRf8Afw//ABNMQwTzSDmylH+8yf41Bsu2lBW0to07l2y36D+tWA10XbKQhO3znP8AKmubsEEG3Cj7wbP8+1AAyXhQgXEKccERE4/8epiW9z5ZWW5VmIwXSPaf5mnu85Qj91Fno+/dj8MCoY5baRTuvFlK8MfMAGfoKAHiGCMCOSdnYD+OUgn8Af6VH/xL4AzRRRMc5IiQMx/Lmka406LMgERPcxpuP6Ampvte5cxQTP8A8B2f+hYoABcIwBEcp9AYmGPzFcZ49sjd2aXaW0yvbn5mKjBU/Q118c95Kp/0ZITnpJJk/kAR+tV7q3uZreaK5u7XyZBtw0BGB9d9A0YPgvWpbvSBaiMyTQfLkuANvb3roL66mt7OSV0iGB2lP/xNeW6W6aJ4n8m4ffCH2M0bkZB6Hg113iOe1ZUijQ4A3MX3Z/Xmk3ZDjHWxymrzG4mWFAXklfnHJNd7o8D6Vo8Ntd3UFm2PlwVDH67sjP4VxPhm0W+8QeabRpoUz8oX5Qe2c16LBakOSNNtIiv3HyCf0XiiK0FN3Y8TxbR/ps0h9VQHP5LUKzW0k7HGo5UYIKTBT+lXJPtgQmPyC3ZWLAfnz/KlAuiOWhU+wJx/KmIqym1aMiS0uJlP8LxO+fwNMjeFotyaTJgHG0xIpH5kVaRLwZ3XEB54xCR/7NSsLsL8rQOfQqV/qaYFaDzElITTTEuODlAP0NSyzXqgbLWN8nB/fYx/47Ug+1FRnyQe45P60z/TTKQfIWPHXljn6cUCEVbvbjfBH7bS/wDUUiW91g+bek88eXGq/wA91SFLnH+uh/78n/4qo447sDEtxE3PBSIjj8WNADZbEy4D3d1t77JNmfxUCnpZW6DiJWI/if5j+Z5oe2kdcfa51912f/E0C2XaA0szH1MhGfyxQBnLqsZ8pFQkEcjzEHP50yfVnhtGlW1MjKcuqseR7cY/WtjSNVe5Z7W6XyruI4ZfUeorQus/ZpNpG4jAz78UAzyzUvFaz6e0JhkSZ255yAvNX9G8ctYafFbNbI6oMBgcH8a5/wAU2MlpqzCRIk8wbwsZ4ANdroXgfTW0WF7xJHuJVDlw5G3PYDpQ7ji1a5A3xGbtZrn/AHqP+E+vHHyWCn6ZqS6+H+1i9hfAEdFlXp+I/wAKreV4u0QAIJJol/u/vBj+dKzHzIm/4TXV3Pyadx7IxoPizxCy5XTH+vktx+lSWvj6aJvLv7IgjqUOD+RrWbxdpl3YTeTOVmMbBUcYJOOnpSsF3bQ5ew1nWzJcXGn6axaZv3jpEzZP+TV/+1fGL9LCUf8AbDFdD4UiEOhRA4DOzOw9CSa3aLBdnAfafGsg4tpR/wABA/rR5fjZ8/JIvp86D+td/RRYOZnnVzaeMUgLzSsqDr+9WskRa9jH2gj/AIGK9G12TbZBc/eauTY+lHKhKTMUw62TzeH/AL+Gqk1lqy3CyiUyMRt3CQ5H510LZpjUcqHzMxWstSP/AC8lv+BmoHsr7+OR/wACTW+KWjkQ+ZmZo+hy6rfratdGMEEltucY/GuoHw7j/i1N/wAIR/jVjwvAp1GaYKAVjxn6n/61ddRyoHJnhmvaY+larNaNn5G4YjG4djXq/g+0Fn4YsV+bc8YkbJJ5bn8OteceMZWu/Fl0q84YRr+AAr120hFvaQwjpGgUfgKYk3y6nP33+k+OLGLqII9xH4E/1FdRXK6bi58b6hP1EMfl/jwP6GuqoEthaKSloAWk5oooAXdS0lGPSgB1FN5pc0ALS02loAWikooGLRSUtAgrjPFWLnxXoNp1xIHI/wCBD+imuzrirj/SvijbL1Fvb5/8dP8A8VQB2tFJRQMWiikoAWjrRRQAcjvRn1oooAXNFJgUfjQAtFJk0mfY0AOopNwqNJlkb926Ovcq2cGgCWikooAWikopALSUZB6UUAFFFGaACiikoAWikooAWikopAFFFJTAWkoppdQu4kAeppAOpKrPqFnG4RrmIOxwFDgn8qQ39r5gjEwZyMhFBY4+goAs1QvNZ0+wuY7a6uRFLL9wMrYPOOuMdamNzJvAS0mdT1b5Vx+BIP6VzPjPS7vV9N3xWpV7YGRWMgyfUYGf59qBo67NGa5fwrqtxruhrm7Ec8P7uQrHlvY5JI5HtW6LWXdlr64cYxg7B+PCigRaqNriFc7po1x6sBWFcjyvEdnahneKVS7rIxfnnpnOOnarumXdvcXF5BDapD9mk2kqB83J54HtQMti/tndkjk8xl6iNS+PyBpDczeYAtnKUI+8WUfpnNT+Yu7YXG49FzzS0CKzvfFkCQwKpPzMZCSPwwM/nSGG6dm33QVSMDyotpH4kn+VWqiknhi/1kqJ/vMBQBx9xbDzXDzSSfOeWbk8+2KpS2cQYkbgT/tnH5Hipp9RtOX85CNxGQc5NYx1RhfTKqSOrPjG05x7U0Nl3ylVvuLkdwKcagNzcMzbbYjjgs1RFZ3bLMwyOUBAH9TVCLXanZAHPaqkVqysWMjZPox/xp62cQYuxdyf77k0gCW4hAI8wEjspyRUa3sIYKN7E9MRt/hT3hhiy22ME98CkWaPBPO0dzwP1pgd015ctbqLfTpZCQAfNZUXH6n9K898R6Jd+G9Qi1WzxFGz5Hlknym9OnSvQrfUN8IO6DAAwVcuce4A/rUV1HFq1q8UsjyW0ilWQWzAfXnnNQNFfw9qH9u6UlwL+bzQNkqqqAqfyNacenRiHy5prifPUyTN/QivLdl34N11d5mNs7Z4JTzE/wARXpcExu4YZ7eMSwSruD/am6fTFAE4s9PtiGFvArAcMUG4/j1rH1zxBFZWbpErxv33LtwPpU+oXP8AZcDNFNbxOORHsLk/U5BxXmt5c3eu6mYUkV9z45O0Ek/Wl5DStqyTT7G58S6sD8/kq/zYUnA9fT9a9UjsfJt0gineJEAAEYUDA+oNZml6G2m6aLWB5IyRlmDqMn1+6T+taC2DmMLLcOxxgkO/P/j1UTe7uywYEA+Z3I75c1GJbG0UoJIIRnJG4CoIdIt4s5LOPRgD+uM/rUh0qw3iQ2cJcdGKAmgBJdXs4gD5vmAnGY1L4/LNN/te3ZiseXI9Co/mRVwIi/dUD6Cl6dKAOevPEU0V1bQRWhV5HwVlI5HttJp2naxf6hNcqtuqrFJsO3kj8yvpUmtQvLqOmbf+ep6/n/IGqWhM8E2tNtPySkjI4JG40AzWlWTIllkuwVH3I1AB/LP86Vra2uIx5lnLKp7SnP6MamhvN2mpdyDGYvMYL9M1HBqlvcX0lom/zEQOcjjBx/jTENEUCyBRpO3jhtkeP51L5TgZS3t1x05/+tVmikBXT7WyAyPEjdwqlgPxyP5Uiwz7mL3TFSflCoox/OrBpKAOS14uNVgiM0uwMhx5hHUn0+ldQsMaHKoN3r1P51zut27P4gsc/wCqkIB9eD/9erGpa3cWMSOIky1yYvmzyvrQN7nN/ETStrQ6nEv+xIR+hrl21V57AI7s0x+XJPOK9L8W7JPDl4hIJCZxnmvN/CmnLqGsx+YQIYv3jk+gotcd7K56T4U0saZosSsMSyfO/wBa3arLeWu0bJ42HYKwP8qQ3sayBNk3PfyWx+eKZCRZoqtJf28aFnkwBycg1Emr2Dru+0ogIyDJ8n88UDLtFUxqtgQSt5A2P7sgNMfVrVV3biV9QR/U0AXqKz/7YtMqCZBnvsOBSrqkDy+WiyN6ELxQBeoqv50pHyW7A/7bAD9M/wAqYhvGB3+REc9Bl/8ACgCyaQ1SlDiVTJflR/cRVGfzyaD9lP8ArBK4PXzFcj9eKBFzVNLN1tubZvLvIuUb+97GqlvrQuk+x3KeTeKcMjd/cVaGsIb2G3iCziUE742yFx61Q8TQ2bwrczyNA8QysqD5ge38qYbHC+Im/tDxg0CnIMixD9BXrsShIlQdFAArxXQriM+Kbae4dnUS7i2Mkn1/OvaYpUljV43DKRkEHINNsaVoklGKaTgE+lUotWtZoY5QzBZJPLTK9TSET3Nja3i7bm3imH+2gJ/OuP8AFHhrTLLTWuraJ4pNwUKr5X8jXcZrm/FJ86bTbMf8tZwSPbI/+vQhNGGvhDWbKNZrC+BYjJUMYz/hTv7c8T6QQL22aWMdWdOP++hxXergKB6UvHpSKuzk7Tx7Zvxd28kJ7lfmFb1prmm3uBBeRMx/hJwfyNMvNB0u+yZ7OIsf4lG0/mK46TwnFc67dWllcNDHBGrZcbvmPagL9zovEMwZ44wegzxXPtjdis26s9Y0uZolmE6occHP6GoBrMkT4urYqfbj+dFwSRrmmHkH2qtFqtpNjEuwns4xVjcGTchDL6qcincLDVzS85FA4FKBQB1HhZMQ3EmOrhfyH/166AuFUsegGTWT4cj2aSp/vsx/XH9Kk8QX39naJcz+W7nYVGwZwSMZPtSBnllkDqXjKEnnzboMfpuz/IV7PkAc1494KeI+K7cytzltoxnLYOK9ZvpRBp9xL02xsf0pdRvSJg+EwJrrVLvvJNtz64yf610xcL1I+lcZo882n+F0uozEPNuDvL9dpOMjkc8VBqutSm304ozrMzeY/wA+zIzgAke1MDvM8UtYq67aw+XG5d3Yop2gcFhkVrM+1M47gfmaAJKWm0UCHUtNpaAFpabmjNAC8Uc+tGaKBlaW/hhvobN2PnTAlAB2HWplnjeVoldWkT7yhuV+tZL27y+LY5jjy4bX17sT/gaZowZtX1iYgjMwQZHoDQI3N2BzVK51e2s7qG3ud8bzEiP5dwP5Zx+NXTgjB5Fc5fAS+NNOjAGIomc8fX/61AHSZrhtPu4Y/HOs6hcvsihXyt2CeSQo/wDQa7QzIJvKz823fj2rzXTxLeT3iKC73F9Fux2XLn/P0oDqenggjI70Ug4FGaQxaKhS4SS1W4XOxk3jI7dah02/TUbGO7RGRXzgN14JH9KYF2im0tAC0UlFAC0UmaoXOsWVnqNvYXEhSe5/1QKnDe2emaQGhRSZozQBjeI7qe3gs0t5WjkmuVTKnnHP/wBasUyY+JDBFXLKEY98BAf6Vv6pEk+o6UrrnbO0n/fKE/z21haXGLnx7qE+f9Ru/PG3/GgZ2OT3pc0mazbF1SfUZXmUA3Bwd3AAVRQI1KSs5tRjEzyCdXt1iBzGN/zZPPGewrL8La22oWMgneaWdJCT+6PCnoM4x60DMayvZ/t8fkyun2nVGDbTjco28H8Grvq4yyjE9zpcsdpIWEt3Oo3KoYb+O/uorqWmuvL3Jajd/daXB/QGgC1SZrPuWvmntdiwoglJfErHI2sMY2j1z+FZutNfnVNJhhuTGrzEuY0I4GOvPPegCfxL4h/4R20huWtxPG8mxgJNpHGcjg56Vr29xFdW0VxCweKVQ6MO4PSud1qzGsrLoM08rSNB5yzFUADA4HGP61g+AbseZcaDqG8XVoxMSmVgMZwy4zg4Pt3oA9Alnihx5kiruOFDHGTUM99brExWdMggHawJHI7CpUggRspFGrHuFGTVXU7lLSGElGIkuYkO0DjLA5PtxSET/bFKK0ccsgbptQj+eKcZZiwC2xwepdwMflmoxqFmdwW5iYocMFcHFZOq+LdP0yEOG85iM7RkcfiKLjSbNnF0XzvhRccDaWP55H8qPIkLFjcy8j7qhQB+mf1rN0/xDbahpcd9DHIwfgxrgspzgjtnFXJLyYRkw2U0jdlJC5/HNAiQWcWGDPM4brvmYj8s4qM2Nom3NrCyLjG5AduPrSPLqBK+XaxAd98n+FIy6k0gKzWyJ3Uxkn+dAFzgJgfdA4AoDZUE96pG1vWYltQwpPKrCPyBNMXSwJd5vb0/7Pnnb+VAGhmoJbu2ibZLPErEZwzgHFVv7IszL5jIzt33OTn6jvWRc6zpGnX0kJsJDNESu4Rg/kSfpQM5eDULbwx44l8iZX066PzbOQuef0P6Gu9OqZUmGxvZSOg8kpn/AL6xXFeLtWsdd0gxJbXC3ER3xMyjA9R17ipPD/j2IaTFDdwyPcQrsZww+YDofrQBuztczeJbO4WxlVlt2PlyOgx26gn+9+lZtnfX2lnVLh7SNTJclTmX7rcnjjn7wqN/GlodTW6WCVtsRi2AjuQc/pXMa/4g+0tKIQ8bTSFhG38OcD+lJspLuTafeahq3iq3S3m/eJIXaRRwPUn27V6JNBNbRK73kzgyKpGTk7mA6gjpmvN/D895pBEscGHYMC4KhiDjg5B449K228RanK5LodvGFEmBwc9sU7CerOhhSGTXZ9NLXBWJBLn7Q3JOOMenNaS6ZYwowW3Xk7znJyfWvPoJnivpbto5pHkGPmuGyPx6/rVttR3DnTkYgYy9xI382oAuSS2yLgyRLjqMgYrBe4g/tR2UtJ85b92pbjA9PfNPZljIcWVqm3ueKaLmXcZFRGyc/Lk+np9KAJ/tMrFttrKPTcVH9ahkubsGICKJfMPdicfpSi4unGREgz/eyKaz3eMkQjb04JxTuInZJmXablUY9NqjP61I1tvj2vPKfoQP5AVUAlZw7y8gcbVxipcjduYueMY3cflTuIbJb2yKBIS7DoZHJP604G1QglY/qFFObymHCKD64qRAM0Ad9DMTbR7IZGGwdsdvfFOR7iRQ3lLFns7ZI/Lj9adbc20R/wBgfyqSpAwfEHh465YSRSzqZl+aAhNu0+h65BrivDGutoN7LpeqeakO4gDcf3b/AIdjXqRNef8AxG0uEQw6lGhExby3I6Eds0DRj+I9Ya9uzDbqAW+UbfT0rsPCPhxdJsxcTqDdyjJyPuD0rnfBWhwrjVr4rgf6lD1PvivQRdRsm5FkYEZ4jP8AhQlYTd2WKSoBOzDIt5fodo/rTVlnJbdbYGeMODQBYZgoLE4AGSapnVtPHW9t/wDv6KjvDdtFJtVEj8ts5bnOPpXA/Z2MhO5Quem3/wCvQB3x1rTR/wAv0H4ODTDr2mDreR/rXCm1yOGA/wCA0htjt6rn3SmB1N/runPdWTrchlikLOQp4G0j0qK313TUk1DzJ/lml3L8h+YbQPT1Brm1t+PmYZ9VUCkFud2fNJX02igZ08PiPS002OBpG3CIKy7D1xzWVp+tW1vrd1eTs2yRNqhV7cY/QVnG1jbBJbj/AGiKcIYwchB+PNAjpf8AhM9Mx8qzt9FH+NMPjOy3YW1u299gx/OufVFGcKBn2pcCgDZm8Ytg+RYMfTe+P5Coj4suGXH2YK2Ow6Vl45pMUAS3OsXF1PbSPHKxhO7qBnp6DjpUF7ffbFRTaTDbJ5nzTlh9OacRScUAUNUuy0V7ObGIecm3kZKe4NZvhfUprC4m8qCKUsBkSLnFampLnTpv92sHQMG7kBODt4oDoeh2niooAl1bgD1jGAPwP+Nbdtq9ndKPKmBY9EPBNcKx20kRaOVZo2KOpypFAHoMgJQlup4ApN22LyvvHpg/1qpZagL60jdgFfOGA6ZqynN7JwfujB7UxCJbm1JePLk/eB6/gf6U952aPMPLHjnjH1p08ywxM57Vy03jHSIXLLNJvBw42cNQNI6NrKJ4GRwXYjJZjk59R6UsG2a3CyqrEDDAjINc3J8QNJA/dpO591A/rWa/xAijOYbMk4wdz9aVw5Ttjb+XzAxj/wBnqp/Dt+FVraV57iaMgoyHD4Oc/SuN/wCFizHObOPHbBNVo/Gl0k0kyRRFWOQpOCv40XHynpKoqDCqB6+9Ka5nRPGVrqsq280Zt7huAN25W+hrpc0yDgrPSWuL+eO1muLIQjkyAtz9V6Cq2u2upIird3ouIicKyS7gce1VobsrvDSyhiezmoJ5IpELBtzk8nOTRcdmP0SWz03Uo7q6SSRUBwFbHJ4rtIdd0TyGOn3DWdxjgOMKT/tDpXCxRpIhDN07E8U/yImH8OPVT1ouM9Pt9Vnl0qSaeOKQBW+aCQEEeuKrRrCJNKt45AjRZdkcYJ6Z6/U15yiNE58i5eI/j/MU97q6YDzRHcqDySP/ANVHMFkeu3t79kijZVDs8ioBn171gz3EWo+LbExuGjhiL57d/wD61eetqFvzvSWJuwVsj8jSQ6rmRmFwPmXZgkjj0oTFbU9mWb96+XTZgAYPfvUEF+Zr+6hO0Rw7QrZ5JIya8sFznhgeVwSDnirsOoi2VwTEQ+M+bHnNFx2PTY7y3lLhJVJRtrc9DWLocqPe6reO6jfPtGT2Uf8A165GLWoYt+YrZw53HKEEk1NZavpthpLCQB7iQ7SFj9Se/oKLisaF1cJPdSlXDEHnB6VUYK3BAK+hGaoF7RJgFCiR/m4XJIoMlunDgDceF296LhYdLptpL/yz2H1Q4qm2lSQndbXRU54zx+oq0JrdWYMRvI4+U1HNcQIrSD5io5Cr1o0GZ5u9SjvdrDzDF97jIIPv3q/HrkXSaFkP+yc/oaRJrRWQfKJHxjC81NLJb7tkiglyBtIzzSGddo3inRxZw27XHlOq4PmKQM/Wm+L9YtT4clS3uYpGmZVARgcjOT/KsOTT9CuJXiW1mjdUyCjBS34E4rntcsI9NEYglmZZFJKygcfkTQJ2Zu/D1oIbm8uZ3RCwVEJ7k5Jx+Qrr9d1GB9BvPJlDkAIcdiTXmmi3esabp/2izgL27MSxC5wRxn1FT6j4xkvbI2skaxh2DMV56UA1c7yzt9Pk0Cws73JIjWbaA3fJ7fU1n3f2O58S2UcTxi3toh8pQsOO2OvpVSy8aadMsaKsitHGAN+BkgD36U7TbvzdYnuzb3DB0CqUTO0Y9c+wouFtTahhtI9be+N4GgOcRMhwrHHtgdK0bnVrNTEvmnLSAHCnjvz+VZh1IqAGs7kFn+bCDA5+tUbnVVa6SRra42wliCydcDGetFwOpGp2mAfOXB6HnmornXdOtVUy3AG5wgABPJrNTVlKR4hmIbknA+XjtzUEWtxubiS4s5444W6uBlwB159+eM0AdB/alnt3eeu09+1L/aVqHCb23HoNjZP6Vhw6zG9tFIkMsiyAEfd4H0z6VI+rqCqC3uC54D/Lx7k59BQBrjU7UvtDuW9BExP8qZcavbW0TO6zfKM48lh/MCsmPV189oxaXG8AHO0fn19qr6xqLyabJH9nlQFcM7rjJyP8KALEnjbTkKjybkljjhB/jSnxpY44guP++R/jXCi7Co8ksUiBCeMZyKlEysAyhmDDOcUrjsdXF4stUvri4aCYrIqKoA5AGev50W3i23gWbNtMxeVn49CeP0rk/NByoR/l56daRJ1dcrG/PB68fpSuFjsj41h7WUp/4EKyl8SR/wDCRy6j9mdsQ+WI93Tpzn/PWsRpQvBQ4HOQf/rVXjuY97sACWPI3HI/Si47HXTeMslymnsGdNu4yDgc+3vXN6LdPYXkd2qNIEYkpvwCcEfpk1h3WtNmSLyCmOAc84pYbhr7TZLSIuJiCc44I9M0xHoJ8aXOONPTHqZf/rVKnjTPD2RBP92TP9K860jU3ZPsUwJmjyASccVqjzTg5Rfbr/hTA7J/Fls9q0H2SYbkKcMPTFRRa3ZQ+G2sYvMScQsigr1Y98j3NcqBLj/WDI77aXDZyZWA9ABTEd/pesadFpttC95GHSJVbcSOcc9a1obmG4j8yGVJE/vKcivK9gwAWc477sfypINQjs78RxTbZ2GdpO4H6g8Uhnqhu4A+wSqz/wB1Tk/kKYLiRmUi2mweudox9cmub03xfZjZDeKkLAYVohlfyHSttNZtprZ57dZ5lVtvyQtyfyoCxbaS5ydsMeMcFpD1/I1xnxC05pdKi1TfHHeWrDbszkjPY+x56UviHW9QXUTbwNLDEqKWC/KckevBrnHeeX5pAzFzhvMf/OaLhYtab4p1q/tPN/tMhh8rARJwfyqS81/XLe0eUapIWXH/ACzTnn6VyeBo+seUW/0acdecD9e1amohTaRxmVW3Oowvf9TQAja7q2oXkJmu5iQ20EOVwD16VZtWlNxcSR3VwjFsMySsC3J64PNZlrBarcrmYqwOQMgYNWUkhtrWaaaR1Ac87iCaT0Grs0HuHtyHkvZFZiFyznk9qlWS4iJKXcyZOSVbGT+FcpCW1i88yacRW6H5VZ+T9K29+nICrzxOM5AZgcUK4MvNqUvzbtVnyOuZz/jVZZVjH7ma4w5/5Zg8/XFNW/tFQ+W0S46AsFpwv4iBtlgz3/eUCFAIZVVZyB0I4A/Ol2ytndG3HTMlMOowZyLqADvzSf2jb5ybuHHYY/8Ar0wHRPdRAlAqNntIf8KnGoasHVxdksn3CXbjPWqP2iIkp9qJcnooyf5U/cGOwrM3foV/woC5pR6xq8V39pFxG0xXYXKZ+Xr3/CsTW7u8g1aHWllVboEB2iG3JHf8Rwatkhl/492PoHx/jTLi3+02rRmCMFlx97kfpQFzsdF1vSNYMb3MrrcEfKJpiy/hngH8K0Lu301b+yMDxiY3Q3sHBK4R275x0FeUaTLLa3cunu6qQ2Vyuc/56111pq93b3NmJbiSWCFmKoAuVypHBIPr0pMe52GoalbabZyStdtMxJ2jeBz/AMBxwK8zWK88Wam4gP8AoluN8kksm0Y/3jnn0pNXvLvxDrX2Wy82Te21goyB+Qr0bSPD9ho9gkUFgLiXA3ySoMse/wB7p9KS7g3ZWLunyWGn6Vbxwr5MKqAF3ByPqVJH45q0+p2caFnmwB/sn/CmGBVQLFYW4A42thRj8AalxPkAJCE7jJP9KZI2XUIYkDFJ2zwNsDn+nH40jXVx5m1LKUjH32dQP55/SpALks2TEF7fKT/UUgW5y26WLGeMRnp/31QBG0t/5oVba38s/wARnOR+Gz+tZGp61Np915TypnbkIkJPX1JYfyraVLkbt86NknGI8YH51wviJXOtziSZn27QOMYGAccfWgaHzeINSkmLR3UkY7DavT34rJmV7i7eeeeWSRx8x3Y/limCNQSctz6sapXcj20p8pUcEZO/Jx+tLqMvGCBX3NknGPmcn+ZrnGaPS9b3rhoHPIx0z1p/9tzpu2QwLzzhTz+tU9Q1Oa+h2SpH8pyCo5qhHTXN0lvbvK67VAyORz+VYmmW81/ffbZVxGD1P9KynvLi7gjgYlkiHYfzrQh1W5hSOGPYqgYHy0kuo29LHTGNiQfOcAdQAOf0p3lIcbtxx0+Y1zJ1u8JwGX/vmpRql4beSTzQChAA2jmnYk6IxIwwSw+jEUGFGUq24g/7Rrl/7ZvtoPndf9kUn9sXxUnzz/3yKLAdUI0UYCqPwpwwOlctHf38iGRp2WMdTgfpS3d5dxiErPJh03cGgDqailI281yf22+bpNMf+BGnwT3ks6I80u1jg5aiwHT8Cms6r1IFYMdxcws+5fOh3EfvDn9av215asu2LarDnB/zzQBcW4icZRg30p8U7j/lkwHuRVaO480AqDg9CVNSs7ou7bu9cHmgD0LS7uW60+GRIUUbQOZPT6CrW25MhLSxhMfdCZP55/pXBaZq01jJugbKN95D0P8A9eu2s5ob+ATRzO4PUbsbT6HFJoCZ7ZZE2yTSsD6Nt/liuS+IMccOhRBEUZlAJA5PFdRcQQYUOHIJ/vt/jXHePYp4dGhzKzQmbhJDll49e9IaOj8OyRR+HrHLIpMI7gVoteW6/enjGfVgKyfDk1vH4bs2LImIQWJ4/Gkm8S6XHKV+2xFicZGWAH4U7iSZtedGU3h1KHowPFM+0Kfuq7fRTXHzeLNFtrndAk7N/E8aBcn1weP0pw+IVkoIeGVsdOgJoHZnT3VyRA48iY5U9FB7fWuDjnRt3zAckYJwR9a2h440W7i+eWeBscbkOQfwzWW1naeIri6dZ4VuZNpjZWwOnPHccUIOhXa6gQ4Mq59M0z7bAWwrg/RhWFq2jXWlXTQTbWO3cGQ5BHr7VV08H7WFYdVYc/SmI6M6lahtrShfc9KU6lZjrcR/ga525yqoQRygyDVHzjjGFP4UDsdadVsv+e6/kaBqloRkS5H+6a5JZnVsrgfhSvcyuQWcnHvSCx1n9qWwGd5x/umozrNoP4m/74Ncm0jY5NMErAYDHHpmgLHWjWrUnG5h9RRLrMEQDNHLtPRgvB+hrloTuLfQ1agZrMbmY/N/yyPIb6imI3V1dJOVhkwemcVB/b8H/POTPfpWfFOJbkSH5SRyvYfSs4r+8bnvRYDautbimtpIxE+WXGcisrS7jyLvOM7hgc1CYyc8j8abbZhuY3IGA2etGg+h0yX3nTLEy7W7jParua5adi10ZEkzk5BB6VrWGprcLslIWQfk1MR0WmXgglaJ2Ijl4JH8J7GuptJme6bdwSgB47ivPpLuCPh5UH1NaFp4vsLSziMjyyXCNgiNOq+5NAWZ20370yZ+6in868Vvxtvp144kPT613Q+IOngMv2O4IYnJ+Uf1rg76SKa7lkhJEbMSAw5FIroV80maTHq36UFB/fP5UCF3DFJ5nYGm7B/fP5UoiTPLsPwpAamhnOsWnzlf3g5HavXxM5byT98Dlvb1rxWCZbSZJIWbehBDHsa0pvFesNIGF4yFTkbAB/TmmhW1uNTUVjb7mwnruWg3STP8rr+AxUxhWRsE8N0JHBqhNbKtyVCZUdxxTA0hJJDE2+Feem4HnNWFeQRxgbRnoAvAqoLZMRhrqdUxjAbdj8DTvLuhKvkXMNyqjIOMYoA0leTerMEbbzjbinTq8y+aiLsJ5XAyp9KoLd3UY/e2bHHeNs0ia1HCzthlOMFHU4agCO7iRztYHjrgdKiisbdhlRIxHqABUpu47ve8Y2jP3c5qzariHp1OaAFi8y3X9wiRkDrkk1EZZ1LNJhiR1bnFWsVFMM7V9TSsFwW7tJYiksDIcffQZBP6U5LiHCpCZM9BuYKKYqjywAOpoaKIHLKMd6LBctgXTtgSQhgOCgycfWgyGB0HlgHOSQ2S2PXNVY7RN5khumDdsHpTs3Qm+8JmVcfN70AWxqykhjaseOGyKU6kz/6u3Gf9pqom7Q26pPbsg/vL/wDX/wAalie3b7k4Hs4x/wDWouMnL3FyfnkCD/YGP1p0MklpdweSVBVt/I6ketSQRttyMMPVTkVGvzXrnH3VAoEb/wDwk+qZzug3Yxnyuf51ynijVbnUbtPtMgZo12jAwOea1OO9crqLmbUJAD/FgUwOv0rV7+z0OK1hkQRBD8pQHOcn+tcnfw4vG3KFLnovTmukAEduq+gArGuSrXuD2P8AKkHUu6Za2CbIruA7TyZ0chl/DBBFX9MsbiRGlstWS3lDkLG7lSR+H+FZ3mAJwrHj0pkPmMp+6OfrQB1X9seJ9LVjcRrcQp1cYbH4jp+NRaV44tIrlI9QWYyLGVL4BBy2T/SufleQWzRmZ9h/g3cflWdd2QnUyISJVxyT1xQO/c9O0fxRaz38tq9whhOWgkPy/L/dOe4roRe28kY2yCRWGQFBbI+gry7wha2Grx3CTzfZb6HBTDYDe+D/AEq2Uv4NRMNlfi3mGRsMuI29welGoOx6Qs6gBUjkAHAAjIFc34i8RnSb+2kaOXy41Zmj3AbieB61jv4j8RaWqrfRRvGR/rFxz/wIZH6Vzd3rEPiDxJHJqBddPRvmVecgdvpQFj0CTXJr7R7fVrCHZjlo5GwzDoVH86n1G8i1Dw/LcBoWj8veo3nIanWXiHTZo44bN4ioUhY1OOB2xisHWDJphmEVtImn3Y3FCF+VhycDNAmhZPBv9o2WI9W2rIg4ChhnvyMcVxESX9hqMukyu4khJCqMcgcnk+3NdFPqsUjrs01bcsuQ8B2E/iv+Fcxqoa7/ANIV5GmiyGLHJPPrimGzLrR3zW81zFOfKjxuJYZ9On40Wki3MTW7nbK3Ak3H73bPselVrLUWmtI4/NACHLKV75z+I6VJszNuLor9yoxS6DIbgTQXvk7mDKApolef7QEgZlJHRTireIrqTMk375eFcgDI9/8AGsu6uyJPJtHYyE4aXPH+felcLDrlQXKvIZJkHzndnHtTDJJCQI3ZeOcHFSfZIraMDzDJK4+Zh0qytrayW+/dJv6YHQ0dQMqSOYl7yNjuQgs2efrV211m5KjLK+OoYUBVaBo0RjubkkY/Cs4+Zp8+7aNjdjyKoRvw6sJBtk3gnugHFWI72Ob7kzZ6bXIH9KxYmMgLRqqkqeR3qKZ/saj5s3DfdX+77mkNGrqV8tp+6jZpJ2GANx+XPrzTNOsVVftFyTLK3bqB9T61mQxOF+0SZMjHOTWjBqG0KrwKwHTFFguaoZFAw0YVe5OSKvWep3dkxNtdyqG7IuV/EYIrLj1KD7qqVPoRirSyswBXYQe+6gCW8vZ767a4kM5kbAIwMcADv9Kq3HnPHIGXK4yuQKsZlIPKD070nlvI21pPlIIIApAcvfQtIg+VQR0x3qLTT5twiltpU5zn0FbjQQCVlaIuA2ANxrN1S3j0vU4poxiKQcqO3Y0wL8+neVG09xOhWNhl1cHPyg4x17jn61i3V3JfScZWBThVq1dXc+vX3dIM5PGM1ehgjjjCIoG3t6//AF6SV9WN6bGfYxKZFyuVG44z7VX25VjjgGt3KiOQj+6e1RIVWLLHGKoky4YGmRm4AU8sTwKsW5Q3EaRx5jBJJI5birWTKck4QdBVp44IIJJFCmTBIDHrQBgunzdqaoJIXrk1tRi3aSPzEj2t1IHTrTbuK2hkVo1UgsMYNFwsU7yNnvH8sgMMfJnkcCli1C9t2CMxPtIM0t0ivKz+aFYnv/jUStMCEZsr65yKALc2qOzqrFkKt823oRWjbz2s3Kzszf7TEH8uK5+VCZ5GHI3HkHNOCgRMCDnPTFAF3W7Tyyl9DnerfNzn6Gm3OsIbONLRQJ5Rhto5WqUlxPHbvFvYowwVPIpNKVbd1upE39l56Umhp2Og0SzfS9lyrFbrrvHVfavS/D+rzanDIs8ah4sZdejZz27dK82hv1m4VD0yOQa6/wALh3srhxFI+XHyxzbc4HqCPWhgdnmisp1u0GbVyFU/NvlLj36qT+tSSxXgA3mGZScEEHP4DOD+lIRe8+Lds8xN3puGafms5k3qyFoCpGBH5GGB/Okis5ZEDtOUDAECNQpH40AX3kSNSzuqqOpY4Fee67NHJrd0VdSNwGQf9kV2Ys5I3ZhcvIR03hcj/gQFeeaxsbVrkPK5HmMpZ2AP5jFIaGmQZx1+lZN9My7sMcbyM8cDAqybrToR5byRcjHrTLe4t2aXbLEQWOBvGcUIbRitbPgZjcbhkfL1Fan9jWb+GGvTMIruPeShYkuBjHGOPrmqon1AxuVaU/MAML9far2qk/2Imc7ti7s9c45zVakmBp0b7GkjJ+X7wHce/tV17QNKJYhhRyy56fT2qPTJNumzL03NgEfyrRgZRIrHHHODTAzVsH+87KMc4Bqy1ti0lXA+dwRz0q0WVyT3PUf4VE7/ALoR5zhxzQBAunfIokIAGSByc01LZI1Kyj7xyBzk1p3U6qyqmC20YHp9aqmMMCztlz39KAKzq8jKrBePuqoOBU91BJsjCwk4QL7AVes3ynzH5S2Kr65FNuWWMMI1X5ipx3pAZZilzgjAHvTrdRDcxyFhhTk4OaqeaaQzPjg4qbsqyNC6uIZlKs7IASVCdPxFUPMQrtDHIPUjFQknrmo93NUhGzaX1xboBkSRjgAn+RrYhvo5sKSFfrtPBrlbdyJAvqavvHJJHwCWAwB+NMR0K43kfjXReFnZLubqy+Xk4+orj7a01qGLzTZTyQhdxJU9Ouc11Pg+b7VNLIoZY9mGJHfI4pMDrY386439UVfl/wAa5v4hEDw5zjPmriti51C00+48yW4ijRwAQzAZP+Ncv48v7a+0iOK1u4JSHDEJIDUlJM4ia5leGFG3qqoMKScfXBqPexGQcfjVjUEhjtLR4nDF4gHAPKtVAZ29QPqaAHPKVGTVYyFmzT2AY4Z+PYU3ZHtPzNn6U0AB8iuh0O5gazktXjPn7w8cwOGTGc4Nc6hVGztz7Gp4rqSBy8OEPtTEdeNbNvqG69ljunEXklZI/vLnPPY1lSJZXN48tl+7A+YRYJA+hNYk17LM+92yx6nHNR+Y/wDeP50h2NSSBrgfeA2gjJrJ2sCcKTjvilEjqwIYg+tK88rn5nJ/GgBNjD7wx9aCOPvCk3Emg+1AhdoI5fH0FJtjzgs2PWkpjHnmgZbS5S3XEI3HuWFRm8kJO7Bz61B2pp4GcZoETG4k3ZDEfSm+Y+chj+dMpaBiszM3zEk+pptHIHOKO1AATxUe45yMgipD0qNqYh5d25Y5ozx0qME4p4IOKQDhSd6dgDk8ZpDQMaeO9HNKVBPHBpMds0AHam5oK/WgehFAg696O3IpD19KRSc4BoA1J7ZRHhY2Vj3JqG3Qs6o+Tj0OK1JmukRiZgyqMcmqllKI5d5cqQOoXNUIsLbRTNsEbLnuDmi30xEWRJJC3PG04q5FdSk7heRgn1QA1Vj1SbzZFDAtuzygOfelcLE66TBt4L/99GqF3YRRxqRvyzd2zxWuLi4Ee7z4wcfd2CqF9PJLIokdW2jjaoH8qGwKaD7N9xT83XNbFuXaFSWI46HtWY8jTSoGxkAAALircNzcxSGMeWcc5KZ/pQBeyR2qInM/0Heqs2r3lvOokSDy24B8oVLDfTv5jpDC2/1Xp9KLgSbgkm09uRRMVdcbuvtWSJ7p5MbQWz1xV6FpGyJkZV/vBMgfrRewD1tYsZ8w02OdUuDEsxD9s96kZolPlpKrOBu5bHFU7qxkMSyqoR1G4MT972pXuMtmU5WORgecg4qZFtmXDbST6A1n286zpuCqJOgA7VoRTsu0KgcgcFASB9aAHi1gzmOSVGHop/wqKOe7jZ3iJkBPO5c5x9amNzOQxSEEYO7JxiqEV1c3UqW1oANh+eTqKALU1/NPayRvbMm4Eb0JGP51gWZH2xEkbaA3JNdDdtcxI4kKKpGFxyTXOSROZGcEBkGTz1oA6h7q1MG4S7uPulufyrJSbfdq4QgFugFJELee2R1IDEYI3cg/SktxPg+UXwDjANFwZpvI21ht/WovPEKoHdF3HABPWqEuoSQLtcBpD0U9fxos2hErTX8Ukshxtw2AtFwsaMrkhRnILemKECgHc+7ntzR5li8qtsJQZyvmYJ/MVZSW12hksbhhjqHyP5UXCxcs9Aubmy/tjTVdL23kLDOCHAA4x3PWuj0u/tPFWnFbqG2SWM4kiVtrIfUcZ/Wsiw8Uy6darbx2cgRWJ69c+pxXPavq0kGp/wBpabG9lJKpWVVOQ+ep/Gne4WL+oy3t7fjQNOuWuFc4zn7qj1bGcCug8MeHlGjywzQ2rqZGXzHi3nI44IIwK53wzqf9hwXFxJZPLdzg5lb+FfStzTPGD2NhHb/YHcrklgepPNK4WNNvAlhKxdLp4yRgCMcA/iT/ADrnda0zVNGkMa3LzW5zsDjPGOeOfzrZbx0WPOmPn1zzVG78VG5uYZvsk8bwhgo3HHIxz3ov3Cz7nLC/uYZPlO3JyU28U2Obar8kk54zW9qOvC9hTzbUEKcOTtyR7cZB/Gs24k018mG0miJYcF8gDuB70egamFNG2nXCTIQYn6gGtSGSKQBsKVAzuPTFNuIrKRWHkXYTHUkHn8hWLG9zND9mDt5CnpRcC7PctdsbazX5P43xy3+Aq1ZwLbJtR4sseSw5qskyW8IQQqhAwSOrVNFIkm3BIb3FAElzdK8qgFBtGDt6VeFxD5GxZgoA6ZrIJDTFFBYZ4wOTVwWTeSZFBXn5Q/U/SkA4oiKAJAc5J5qtd2azAASJjHHNTCBndRscZGOBnmkkimiBTZLgZ6p3p3AyIbuSyMkW3e44Q54U+tWLe32Hz5pAZG55GcVHYx+dfTF42JAP3exrUhtFmOCJEAPLHgD8aYCKkbRgSSAemAeT+VWBbW8KR+YsyyMMgsMA89elRtbhXCCGR1/hPc/pVuGxczQRGGVGlI27iAPrRcLG3HoWhPZx3KtfyeYcDGzk5x06inLpWh20aNPBqsMzAYjYgEn0HAzWtdXmq2xhgRrWaRnyVU9RjGSeAOvX2qKT7bIlxPeCze5+aONS+7CY7Dtn35ouFjm2uo1yAkhwcDAB/rTDfeWxxEx9M8ZpVUqdoC+YDhsdB/8AXpJIpXQDYpwSRg9QKm47Fb7YYpGLwg5OT83IrK125+1NEegzgDFbAimlLvDZM4OB0JB+lYeoq73lsn2UxsTwnPPPamgL8KwRRxpHIU2rz0oLoAQZH/DNVbsXEEgLWxiUjC7lIz+dSWKyncz27SRKMEqcbT9aNhEhnizhs5PfmkDQMxYtyBwNtSmC1lRgkzI5PPmj+ooFjMd2xfM2/wASfN+eKd0FiHeiD5sMvptxVgarGEKiJWX3FAtJWU4iORVCO0mWOTML7jgDI96BXL/9opGkbrGBvLfdUDpj/wCvUb3iXMi5ALA5HFV3sm+0RRFX2jrxTorRxc5EMgC5xleKLBcklO9HOATnsPeqiA+cpLNkn1qZrS5Y5iRzgc4FKIroOnmxN1yMrTAjR4Ao3q5k8zduB/hwcj65xVuKGS8D/Z4S2F3FS3OBjJ/Wq4tmZv8AUyIcemanW1nEahUbIOcgYoAkvNPlg8PS3M2mSKr7TFc+ZwMnuPwIrX8DaTY6lFMNQgMkUSKQQxABJPJwfaqur6iieB47GadmunmB8tjyqgnH4dKveCbizjia3vb1IY5lXMRBBlxngt2HPI70rjtobN74c0mW3lmsbUxW8KuxuBIxMhVScLk9OOT+Va/h60jXSrPy9yvNF5jtu+boAfzI/Wotc1Wxj0i5jt7mF1eJ0VEYHaSpAwPSk8MaranSLNp7yBXFsqYLgEYpXCx0RJRDFIBgjCsBx/8AWNLI+LUPyeAePwrNvNasEZY/tUTK4wdsgPf26VE2sWK2CrLf24Mb4YmUchT169wKQWZq+SWHmE4mPQ+nt9KLaTzLRSOCMqR6EcVk3HjDQLcZfU4W/wCueX/9BBrLTx/oEMso8+ZlZt2RCaB8rPP9c13Ub+/nFxcuVVmTYpwuAcdKxWct1Jq/rctnc6tdT2Tn7PI5ddykEZ5PH1rNLIBwxP4YoHdiOeMmot1PLoc5U/nSAoOdmfqaoRp6fqk1pDsXDKTnBqS91SS7tmjdBjGeKojUZRaJbeXBsQkg+UN3/fXWoDcOScYGeuB1oEWLK5EcJjZSctnrWmkzDkRH86wjIx/D0FSLezpjEhx6GgDYM5z/AKo5+tN+0Z52jjkc96yZLyWQ8tjPYUzexHLH86ANgXiYxtXcPVqGvVBwQo/GsXJNLnikBsf2n5abV2Y9jSSazLJCYmcbWGDxWPn8qM0DJC4B65/CjePeo+RzRQA8Fc9G/Og7PQ/nTMig+1AiRH2MGAGRU/2+fgh8EdwKiggM77Aevenz2kltjeOD0PY0XQy1Jr+pyIIWvZTGAAEz8vHTiq7XtxLIXeZyzHk561A0RCq1Ao0C7Hu2WyWJPvRuGKaRzTgoAzSAXzWLbeNuPSo+c01iFenBgaYAfSkI44pQQTTSx3cDNAAOetGOKMbuvFJketAAB6mlxSZH4UAlj8uPxoAcTScUE460zeGYAED3oAeBSkgc1GZQpx1pDIMdP1oAkByMimE844phlGPSk8wZoAeTikzTC27GBSFj6UAS0E4qAuevNG9jQBKCTnmnDGzrmq+WxSBnA4NFgJiaYTzkmo/mPOaMHuetAiQNmnrjOcAfjUG00m0570wLG9e55o3j+8Kr7aNlKwyXzBnO6jzVzzUYUd6dsHYUwDzBz1o8wDkZzSbKTZQAvmc9KTfntS7acFFAjenvEnsgdgBPG4DrSWbxxROWTJPQ1m/NC6pxsbkDNXWuFhtgWcYJ4jxyaBl1HjFsXljUL1yTVRohdoZrWFkMfRs/eqBWaUq10HaL+BVPAq8tzFuCeYVUDueP0oJsPtbqeaAESKxBwVdQcVWeRjcl225z0UcVBcOkF15sLKy/xAdKY8wzshILsMluy0hkskxW4+QgzE8f7NaFrbLECVuPMkfliKpadEu4luW9TV4QpIc4GB1xTAS8tjLEY3yM9CR3qpYOAjwszLInoatva4TK5X9ao3kEsW24Xkp97jtQItIWSXKvgD6ZqK7uCW8uNmlmPTLE7aiN8XiEduuZW5Y44UVPbWlui5MsiynqxXikMijtVEZ8wsZDyWNWYFZOEUfVlB/nSvDngSByTxtNSeW0QAZXH1GKYXKD77O78/C+W7fMpHH5CtbzZgVYKghI+9DyP1NV/JW5QxsSQR+VZlvHcTu1mrhY1bDP7elICzc3j3s/2eOXEQGGkI/wrRtrOO2jQx3OV6kRuAacILe1t1SMKT796kMMBwTG27OMgUBcrapHbJbrNE5dicHcxLH65qhY2yXcpaUhFHGAOtTagiw9BnI4DdqWxtpZYVkCBlY4AzzQBSvYRYXW6HJhfpnsaljurjd5NqxeZxzg5VRS6rbvFagyRsjbsEEj+VWre3sreBQod5jjLE4Aodhq5VhtPKf5086XOSVNXjPBuxJbuMDBzzz+NPike7mNtG2EUbsLVk6fCycb+Bnr0pCM8pDIuUCqe3PNSLZyoAySHPTjirJsYFRBg7yQpBP6017DDoILkxlT+dAEI+0Cbn5z165qrq12ZLNUMYXDg5HFXpLWdJvllVh1Y5wTVHVImSxO+Ig7uGDZFAGmbqGW2+RiCR908frVuIeYgMTqMDoDn86yYEt3jjbzdvyjg/Sp1sy2NkgORkkHpRcdjRUFz90Kw75pWxnEgA9x3qhi6UsoYkLjPNVZZ5N+1jICPRz/AFouI1gqoAXVSvXkdKry24aWOTBGAWPzdBWeszSsUNzIgzwXBxU4t7mR8Jeq2RyQaYFuZBHbSSuq/KhK5+lZ/h+Nms3KnDM559Kk1C2vYdPleS63IBgr61Ho9jdPp6yRXPlqxPHvTEN1aPN1HF8oJIzgetWIIhGibrfeAcMQKp3EUv8AaCxvLmQH/WGrMkVzGnzXyhcZIoApW4EmphUHy7+h9K2pLe984yRSoSBjDCsKyU/ag3nCI/3ia25L2GNubtMkc85pWQ9SL7RdIx8+3yueSnSpTqwMLK8bM4+6TwT9arnWbYAjzXOfRapXWqwzggIcjoSOtA9SXw+WNzdOItzM4Ay3A6mt/wAnzF3znOCSFxgCuRs7kWsDgMdxbd06fjVyPXp40A8wsB/C/NK4WOjCZIJJDAjv0qF5UjuWR2yobIJ/hP8AhWM/iJiysIcMOuG4NU5dXleQyAYJ655zTFax0cTy/aZT9nVwOAQ9TASzSMTtiCjHydfzrl4dcuYUZI9oUnPIyacPEF4Pu7PfK0DOoiVQpVQBzRMgkRkyVKLkEdq5ZdbvFkZzIMntjioW1W8diTcPzwcHFAWOptZI541QKEkIyy+v0rH1Rt2t2cagZj5PHvn+lY/2mXdnzW496a88rkOzsWHGSeaEwsjrNWKfYcDGSQRUNpfWdrafPIC2SSo5Nc2ZGbgsTTQwJPPSlcdkdTLe6dKocshPoRg0xY7MhnhulQ7v7wrmS3vSBuTSDQ6J9Ua1k4uY58nByCf8/nT4detR/romB7FOR+RrmCxOcGkGaaQaHSS67BIcrDIMYOTilPiKHBH2dvY5Fc7uHSkZs0C0OiHiKFeBbtt7ndSNr0UzJi3ZQrBtxI4rnCSRTGYjuaYaHRv4lhC8QMWB9eKim8TyMq+TCqH+LdzXP+9KOtFgL95qD6hs85FLIMAjio47qeJlMchDKMA+gqBPvGpER5JMKpY+1K6QEr310xy08h+rUg1G5VQFlYY6YNQzo0ZG5cfWosU1Zhqiw15cSHLTOx9zTTMzAZ7VFSge9Aajt2TS5qPJB60/I9aADPvTSKVio4ppcY7ZoGIaBSFuO1N3cUCHMRmgDPSo+p6UEcd6AJjgcUw0gY7eFpvOOlADhTt3Y1GN1LtYmgRJ0oyPWmmNz3ppRgeTQMeGHTNOY8Z4pgjz3puw8kmgBd56Zp3mYHUUioOtGxfSgBC/PXigv9TS7ABSqoxQA+G6eB9y1ZN3LdHswAyR6VU2jNSKXjDeWxXcMHHcUmrjTHPctMQpGAOlKq5qEDBqdWwoo2QhOhwadmmHk5pSaAIJuG4pvJFLMcmgUwG4OOCaArdc1IKdtoAh+cDOab83rVry/l6c1CV+agCPk96ADUuyl20AQEelOVM9ak2UoHNMRGYxzTSlTbfmNOwMUhlfyxShanKimgAUXAaFwKaR81SHJpCo65pAQstNxUjEZpKoQm3ik207OOgpcn0pAMxSkdKdgntS4I7UAMxSYp/PpS4b0oAZtoxT9rUmxjQMaRxQOlSeUaPLoAZxSZFP8s56U3GGoATikqTaKaQKLiHzIF5Dg/Sm7j95m3E9zVrZB5mZASPRSKljjgeTCICPRh0p3DoVDOW2g44qZrtGhVFjZWHDNnOasy2sAmUFQAOWINEv9mxRkxxsX7Zzik2FigzAuxHSpCy4UBVQegqJnbqqgZPYVK8T7VBx+BpgWLUAzHnCheoNX4RtwQA3P8R4rGW3lVdxQ49QaIllfPlu4A6nPSgDXmnka4EZIx6AVHcvttJDk8jHSmwJIjkzOGOOOaZfSD7N5YznNAiSySOOzVlB3MPmPrT/ALSSNpdh/KmrmK32hTwO9NhQyjJG0+h4o0AcMF+STSOH2EK7AHtmmBCjtuYDjjng1IJE8rLOM56UXQWZLbRyhCxcqMZyO9S6Da3ElvPNDLGvz9GIycemartfQLDsG4nH4ZqrazRRRAPuyDkhT1pDRvSm6adSZiSi/wBwcU93vHbdvXcoyMxrWYmtmNcKhx02k5obXXYnEAGf7ppBZkOsSyvdASsrMAM7RgUsV5NHbLCGIUdhxVFpRM5ZizNnkk1ZfVHbaqwxgKMD5aAK+oSu/loWJGc4rVW/H2ZIGtovlXG7ByfxzWNJK0svmSBSR0wKk+0yNxn9KdkGpfieOL94Ad3Yg9Kni1CZFbbIxBOSDzWULiRVK8c+1KlzKoIGOfakM2Bfzz3Knyg2304qwstwZlzEq5PZ8/yrnftMvZiMelILqcfdlYfjQBt3WppDc7GUll+8On4VBfapFeWDQJCQW5yWGB+FY6ku5Ykk+ppwxzmgDWt72D7Okc8ZcqAMjFDXlruJWJ1I+7hu9ZQlCjgfSjeT1pWGaB1S4i5V8k/3uaifUbl1UZRQMYwv+NUi3rTi4AApgTvdyyHLEZznIGKQTSE/eP4VArrk80qyrzzQKxLJLI5Xc7N9Tml82WPhJHXPoahaVODuFNadSeo4oAleZzyWJ+pqIuT1NMaVcYByaaXTGMmgZICxPtSlX64PHXFRCXaMDOc0onk5AJAbg+9AhTTO/WnjrUb8LTQEozj2ox14qEFiM4pcuKAJfakOPWoyHPel2v60AOFL05pmxvXFGH24zRcLD80UzymIyWo2EHG40AOHBzQX4wSM0woe5NAj470gH7iDnNODfQVEY6QpQMlLA9TTd4zwaYVoCCmIeXX1o8xVQ80zaM8Uu0HrQA/zE4PPA6Ypnm5pdgxxRs4pDHKTwD+dLI642KQR6461CVOeaQLzmi2oX0H44pR1o7Uq9aYhfM8sZxnNSm9JUbBtx/dGKhmxsxikRcrUuKe402h0kry/eFMw2OtP5HanEe3FNKwXuQBnJp4BPenBc5x1qULgc0xEATnqaCmSetWAuRxUa5Dn0oAYEHcUpjU84qUqCOKABilcZDtGQKf5YA6U4DMntUjAYoAhCAc00gEGn4O7npTSM5oEIo4oIoX0p3FAxgFL0IpVYA0nU0AOOc0hUmlyOpoLZHAoAaFPWmgVJz6UDgHii4DRiilPr0o59KAE7GmqKfhqTFMQ/GT1p4+7zUOSKcASKQwbBbFPxio1+/UpORTELgUFcimbqXdx1pAQTdQKQUk33hzQp44p9AJEz3p+Wz2pF6c9aA3z0gHbm6Uzad3NSYz1owKAGY4ppXvmpiBTX+7QMjCk96UjHeng4TioyaYgz9aXbx0oGDSg0AIFz2pwTPanqM9KFJGfrSATy+Ka0fpipFOaXtQBX8o5oKYFS9frSn7lAECqCKfsFNTqakNACBVFMcZ6ZGKfigjigBq9OaViAQfekVSKGXJBz3oAcy5NITjpTjx1NJtzTQCA80NkkYFNc9hSANnOaNAJMHvUD8P7VPu9agfrmgA7cUlO6DmmfSgCZFBck9anAwOOKpLIynpTzcP6UATuxB+9+dQ+Y5PWmeYzcevWlbgZFAD9zU9Wb1NVg7Y6UvmOOwoAtGR8Y3GkDsowDjPWq25yc5pdznuKALHmt/eNKJXd9xcnA7mquXo+fPWgC0XY9SacSfWqmXyOaA8nrSAnZqX+HFQfPjGetSoCF5OaAGsQp5OKTcvXcKZJ88mPSl2D0pgO8wetBk44NM2UuwelACq4C4zTxIgHXmo9vtQVHpQA/wA1eeab5mT0oIx2pVHFACmUAUomAXvTWXuaNvFIBPNHpQHJbAFGOaciYOc0wJcYB7cVAWbnFTM3yGoox8uaSAbufjn6U4lyPvfpTscg0vXtTAh+bHJOKXaSOpqTaPSnD6UAQ7PrSbR0qfaeeKTYTQBFtHpShRninhDT9hFAERUZ6UuzPSn7SeM07ZjnNK4EWzFPYAIPWlApXGFoAZTJegFSDpUUvamA9fuDFLjNCLlaeBxSGIBk+wFPCim9+BTttADZFFM5zjPFSHApBg9qAFJyuKawGc+lKWx2phfPagA/Gnjbs5PNIBz707bzg0gGnaTnNNIGRUjpjmk2HvTAZgYpcDpTgBkDFGMMR6UANAFGBmlOKDyOKADAxScA0vKjnmkB55oADjPSmnA6VIe1NYUCG9qcg5pD0pRwKYDJ6WJsLjFNm7UqDijoBJyR0pDuxS5PApwxSGRjIpd7etOI5BppFADwGIzml2e9O6DmnDntQBCyFe/FAjJHtUr/AHT9KEIKD2FIBm3HAFN2sf8A69SnrxRnA5oAjVDtzxSbeaerZX8aTvTAbsPJwOKbjacetSZ25zUTZZ844xSATn04p3QU0An6Uu04pgJu7VJGCw56VHipYTxg0AOKAYFIU46VK1N4pAQOMcUtJJzQM4pgPppFJkilJ4oAaaeOFzUZ5p+RjBoEMQ/Oam4xUC8P+NTkjGKAGUlBo49aAIJAc5NKnTNEpOaRRTAsDpQOXpgHHenbGxn+tICQHHejIqLbk85/OnFVAoAfkUxjxikKr703Ax0NAEmML/SozS7R6GgRgHNAAtLj3oHNOGaAHI4XuKblTnDdaNv0oUYPJFAACFHvRuJ7GnDBbGaQj5eTQA3dg/dNIWJHQ04KM8k0bPc4oAjAZQcDrTsv/dpwXtk/jSlMd6AI/n9BRlu+KeDlyMdqjYknmgAOfWkOe7UoPGKa1MB2ccbs0de5pop68kUgG8Cg+tOON7UygBMHrQTkYozSZp2C4EEjrSEYXrS1G3SgLkuz2pMVMSPWm9TQBGq880kvC4qXoeKhk5YUAAHFOCfjTl6U8fKOtADOPSgfSkOSc0/AxQIAPbmkxxT1GBSsOM0DIiO1AAz1o5z0pMHNAh/fpS5wKP4R6mkIPNIYwfNKTT8DtUUJ5Oam4x3pgJgd6NoLYpeM0DqeOtIA24pON3Slzx34pAOc0AOUA546U4qAuaaCRketLkkAY6GgAYCmkDcR6UrHnNIM5oAQkA9KXtSn6Uowe1ADHPyU+IYiFMlGFp6k7MUAOHIFB6j6UDOMccUd89TRcAAzSj74pM44pMnOaBkpweTTFxtpOemaUDA60hWBwAF9Saack0p579KO9O4AvLEkVKcdqYMYpD1pXAeoXy8nrTJSCgxSHjikNMLCDpUMn3qm9qhfmShAyaLiOnZHSkQDFO+lIY3A9acPrScZo6HpTuFhGHNAXHNOAG6nFVHrRcRFgbaaFHepdvFNJxQAoxvpxIz1qNTml6tikMex+WlJB603ANIAO9AaCjAfNJnLMfU0HiimGwhFIRxgUpb5sUhbFLUegrU1cE0oO6lGMdKYrDjjjp1pkmNwpcCkIGeKEAjUnOKD1pQPWgRHIuME96eoG2mTMeF9KcnSgB4x60uRnrQB3o4xQMDQFz1NAHPJp2aQCiTHBFL5hB4FRucD3pVz1PekMVmJ4pAxXtS96U9KYhN7GkJJ680iN8gFGaAFA44FNLNu7VICBTDgyfhQAhBJzQxOOtPb2ptACKDjrRtZhx0p7j93QnCUAR7T60YI6Zp5zn2opgNyc4JP50n0oftzThwKAEI96QDJ6mnNQBzQIaQFxRjNEnVRThjGTQMaU75pcZpe3Wk78dKBDDwacWyBSP1pMcUALmkPSgZxTscc0AVpOtKholxQg4piLMZ4zTl+8QSfao1IA607zBnNIYuOeaH4Ucd6bvBPWnyMhVRkdaAEpuKCVH8VIXXPBoAd05FITxSCQdKQsCKAHR5JIp+OaiT5Wp4kFMCUYNBAqLzFHSneaKQCk46dab/yy68g0jSZPFAI24Pr1oAATT8mozJtPTNIZf8AZNADuWfqRUh+7UPmf7JpTKSpG2gAU/vPwoZe9Ih2nJGeKQuecLx7mgBKaeeadls8Ck+b0pgIKcp5puT6Cjn1xQBJgmRs01lKnnpRuIOeM0ocnhsUgG5GOlNyKeduelJxQA3I9KaQTnjinnOOBSBiewpgSY9aXAC5xTe2TQSemaBBj0qM8y/SpsYHNQLzITmgZJ3pwFNA5xTslaAFwBSqB1NIPmXNAz2NAhfpSZNKFP40hBB5oGKOvNNznPFL3pR0xQAi4z0olfbGR69aVcqeKjuDxil1AbEPSpTx0qJOFqTihgGaM4FLx2pMetAB1HNLilx6dqMfrQAY4p+3GKZ7ZpcE85NADWHzGgcGlPvSD0oAQEmnxnHJpp4p6425oYIZMwJUD1p46VC3Mg4xipRgkDNACrnJpaUrhc56UmMD60hiYy9HtTgtAHzYxQAmMUhpWBHNJjPNADee1PTmmY5xTgRnFMBx6UEc9aQEHNLnNIBp6ikPWnbeeaRsM+QAPYUAFVz/AKyrGOKrj/WU0DLSgbaAKbjipVUYB5pAMKjANIBTyBnFNxxmgAHBpzEetJjimdiT60xDgwxTDzxQD7U4GgZHtIPFPXrk0tLigAzSMflpevajbxSuAHkL7CkxSHqAKeE9TQAzHzU0g1IVxnmmj1ouAgGBk0/bxxSZ4oJwOtA7C9qZ0Jp3PU5pDycUCGnrS/w4oP3qQ+9MRDJnIqWPpzUD/fqwn3c0MCTjHWmNwPqaRSST7U49aQw9qdjjrTRnrS55680DEfpTx0xjpTGHPOaB170AOyoFKWXFRt97HNIaYgX7g604YB6UzP5UuSBnNGoEhHfpTMjefpSFs9KTFICTIpuVoBFCkZoAczBlwKVSAuDRx6UYFMA3Dng03PtQ4AWk9KQAee1LnA5FIfagGgAJPpSbz6Ur8YplMAOSc07JAx1phNJmgRIGOMUZPoKZUg6UDGHJOad2pvDdqARQIUU48Cm5pDjuaQyCUjFLGeKSXpSR8CqQicH2pQQWxxTVyeBzQoAc8c0gJCtG3Hajd3pSc9KAEwDSMvGBTh1pGOTx0oAYoJHJp/AHSmpwnSigAzzS5700n2o7UwFPqaeV4zUR+7UucqKQDSDSHOaXNJQAHrR5bbd3alpS/GO1ACBscetNYg96RvvD6UcUAJml5pvfrQelMB3U0OOM00dacTwQaAAdBRQAcA4yKDQAmSKQUUCgQuKYgw/WpO1Nj6kmgCbORim47YpwIPSmlsGgYpxSBcsKUjjrR/FnPSgBZTtGKrx+uKklY7abHjYPWgCRThs4pHIbpTeTml5P4UCHKcDFOAApBxTGJoGTBhTWPNRg4FOXk57UAHelo4xmkyM0CHr61BOfmAqYDjNV5DmXFIbHgDFPB5puMAU7rTAXtQaSlB7UgD+tLkcUmeDSg9qAEOPelU4GKDjNGRigAamjGetL25oPYUAJt4zUgxspmecU8A7SQOlJgQ9ZDUiDEm6moAXJzUnamA5iCp55pp7U/AyTQo3E+1IAVgOtCEbmJ/ClYLtPHIqM0APYgg80meOtM7U7HFAxDjPXtSAc0HFSMuORQBGgODnpmjODT8cgCkPWgBcjFNH3qXtmkU5GcUADkhTVePliamkPyGoohmmthdSckbamVlCgZqDGKWkMkdhg801j8oxTgoxk0YoAbmm9qXr+FJkUBoNxThRgU7HfFACHOKd/DmlxxTc8UAOB+WjNR7x7UbucUAO48wfSpM1COvWn9qGCFc5Q4qMDAFOznIpvNACd8UN1Ao6HnFKeTmgB1R9zUhPFR/xGmKw4D5s0j43cU0sRxS84oGQyH56lBwMetQSf62pgelAhycA+5o/io3UH60DHqaVed1R475NKCRk7qQx56UgzmkLdyaTdzwaBWHNy2fQUw9aOhz60c5oAOvFNfgYp1J1pgA6UZopKAHUIPmJpvPrSigCbtRURbr1pNxx1NIB8h+SlH3RmoicilzxQBJSd6YW45Jo5x1oAWTJIFNIo6nJNJ+NMBO9GOaXAzyaOO1AhDUmfeo+9FAxc4NKcU3qaXtQIVfmoYFRzSp1pDkjHWl1GV5DkYoTiiU0LVCJQadHjJyaaOlAxSAlxk9RQfSo6AcnmgCTk9KeduzAqPGKT2oAegwmKa2e4pV54pC/OKAG0dulHU80oAoATGR6U4sAB0pNoo2jFACbhSb6Md8cU4qvpQAzfzS7gaaeDRzQA4sCRj0pCcUoPY0hOe9ACZpN49DS80Dk0AIH/ANmlyTkkUGkDe9MCWNgF6GmtnPFNDUobnJpAIQ3bFADdeKUHk8cUoYFfegA5PelU7SenNHAppxTsA8gYzimEnPak3EDFJnmgLljFNbgUAHFKfSgCCbsKco+XkUyQ5kp4ORQA7jFIp5xR2pB14oAdS7eMminDkUgIyQTilzgYpDjNHJNMBy570h6+tGMd6byaAHhvlqDrJU+3auTUCcsSaQEwIxS5AFNAqUhdvrQAwHNO296avDHinZ+WgA4NGOeKbgg0q4BJzQAY9TScAdaViNpxTOcUAP60d800ZzRk5JoAUDmpXJ8vIpijpT5hiIYPWk9x9CCInHSpM561Eo6VJg5piHhwBinK5HQVFjBqVcUrDAvlcYqMk/hTj3oGSKBCZ5pdwJ6UZyacoHNAxp7cGneYD2PFNPT600jgUwHBzvyRxS02lBG/FJgg6DFNXgipGximDpmgBsvCHmo4ulPm+7TYulNbCJc8UvYCm96UdaQyXoOtGc96b3peMUAN7de9M9ak70h64FACZ6Zp2R60mKQ9RQA/cKiPSnY7Zowc0ANC5OTS45pwGelOMZGCehouBEKcGxxS7SBSEUwDsMUUUZNK4CNwv40maceccU3BpgLu4pO+aCOeaB1oAQjvSkZpGOelJk4zQBA3+sqXtTMbnJJ71LtouKwwGn9wPWlAAPaj+IGgCTGKSgsTzSBvagYj8gCjPNB5IpeM0gDr2pD0zTueopp+6aAG54oHWlyMA0ucjpTAQnnimg8mloFAC9qbnIpR9aTHPegQrD5aQdBS/wAOOaNp20DG96U0c0GgQ0mnk8U3GcYp3HegBoNHU0p47UnSgBDyRT8cU3uKfkYoAbQRQTxwM0Z45FADc4b6Uuc0h5oA9KAJVIC00kk8YpMAnHSlA296QyvJ0oSiTHNCngVXQRKBxQKQNS5pALSJ1NOBUCkGOSOKAH5pO+TTd3GcUbsjofyoAdjccCkx85oXijqxzQMUg4oXNB3enFJux6UCHcmjtTN/ril3Aj71ACocpzSZpFIC4NIWA7UABPzigmm7uc0uR60wAmkzijI9aQ9aBDvekH3jSkgjimgYOSRQAppuD2pxI9abnB4NABzRk0cd6KAF70q/d6UAA9TilXAUigYvUUlIGHTml3DFACfjSUnJ7Uq4zzwKAJw3HNKAXGag7VZg+42fTihgioRmU09V44pm794TU68pkUMEMOcUq8DmmZpwNADqMnbjNAPGRRxQFhmDTs0vHamigQ4fdpUBL4HWkFSRNtYnvikMRw3lk1WUc1ZmceWV9aiUZxQgZInennkVHnAoD5GKADPPWgsdoFBAzQRQA0MaeQKbil5oAaSBTl5IppGacvy0AKRzTe1Lu9qQDIxQA9exouJcqBUiLgYNQXKgOB60dQBRwM1Jgnp2pq+lPTGTmgYwgjk07nb1pWxinDFAhvNN3EHFOPWmnrmkMTd3NPBOKjPSpBnbTAb3pSckY7UH71LxmkAUqnBJoNJQAMc9qQ56UclsDrTuenegCCUELiiPgU2cnIoQnFMROB+tIc5pO1L2FAEi5zmlJGKYGPSlpdRiik4zSjBFJkdKAFpD1FHBOKO/BoAcaaT70lHBGaASHx42/jUjNmNR6VCGKilLALz1pMdgY9PSmnB6GlIzjNMI54piF74qQCosc1JkCgB3XrTX45p27jNNc5XFFwGMTnrUeacRzSBevtTABTiB5dNwKc4/d0AV1zuqwKigVDJ85OB6Crf7soxQHIpN2BIhUfO2ac2MdKco3MSRgGh1APDA0XCwwDIxQBhz9KXgDrQOpNACZGaRuKMfNmjANMA5yPSnjZg5zntUfQ9aXrSEBIxjFNOVHpzTJFZT1yOuakK7oQ2efTNACE+lGG29KeF34AIH1pGZkGM/Lnmi4DOlKO/tSoAzc013RQQvVuPei4CtJuUKAAB3pN1NA4zTlUtnkCnZIBGYhc5p3JFNcfLipVIEXTmkFxmRSbgaTnJ4pu3aaYEn8QBp5+7UX/LQCpCR3pMZGaMnNL1OaQ0xC7iGA9aGpp+8KeeaBjKcMUmAacF5oEBAzkijjPSl5z0pDSGV5O/FKlE1KnSqEKaUdMmg0Y+UUgHCg/SgcUAEnA70AGOKQsykd6XBFIT8y0APBOaD9MUp9aTPFFgGninLjPPemmlFABjg/WmHrSqc7qQ0AANL1FMNKvApiHYpGwCKXqKRsblpDDb3pcYpe3FNIpgL26GjGaTnFAoAa/y80vFJIcClA+WgBcD0oIAbFC9eaD98UAGKUqMcUoHPWgZ6UAMAwcU4ig5zSnNAEbEgUZJHWkk6U4EheDQA8IQfmH4VMT5fO3IqxKoinIKlifWpVSIxd2P90is3IpIzDGq5ODyeDSgnGBWldQA2UTIM4zniqPlY46GmpXQrWGNEQMnFNKnFWGilQcqcVGV+TOPrTTCxGg4x1owcmnBSBnBx607gHnimIj57ilxgdKcNm7ufpUmAycDpRcdiJRkGnY/CnqDnI6CmOct0xSuFkRy4Ix3pykCNR7c00nLgVIcBaLhYYxDDAFCrjtScUDOaYh9IeKUc9exprjBzSW4WEyaC3FA5NPMfvTAiyaN3GKeVI4ppU5oAUdKkT9aj7U+M4BJPNAE6uq9aq3BzOOeKeTk1D96X6UkBOqgnmhxtIAoUkDpQxDetMY3k96coJGc0Y45pVIHHSkA1mxgUZ3CnuAGJHbio1piAZzTsnp3oUc5zR/EaVh3Ew2eKdnBp3IGaifrQA/d2oLEdqYKd3pgS27BpeeKfPEEBcHnNQpw270p0jl2x2pAVJMs1L93iiT/Wcdqf3zVCANnjFPyMD1po60bgCc0gHd6cOBUZfGAPWnFsmkMd260Y5ppNCHjNADiDupegpMnbmm4zyCaLhYc/3cCkQcDIphzuxmpYyqupcHbnnHXFDYIeIwQSadbwGefB4QDLHHSrEgjiACMWV8kZ9KbHmFCwOFc8H1FRzFWKzLhjzkCmMOuKt4U5IXAzzz1qKRlYYjGMdQepoUgsR7QBgdaj3dqsFAlvvOQz8LTI4VZgC2ST2FVdCsxDkOFzwBTDnPNWJYdkjHeCMdTULBSMDOfWhNAMNOAIIX19aVIjncfurSAbuTTbEKIzuwe3WnzoBCDnGafuAjJAB561Xu8yRqcnNJPUCGM84AAqzA2xyMZDDBqonBq3AjOcIpY4zxVNAh4i2qXJ74AqJlOeasSkBFAI55NVicnFQhibTjIPApvNOJ7ClG3PSqEMoBx3pQBlqUYB5BI9qLgNyetOyfWnKuRnHFNbhhQIUZbILYqLynBPoKHbsDUZckBQTk0WAsbwVAwB7+tV2kJDZBpdvHJOVPSh1PAJwGoSsIAx2bgMA98VJjzJNwwT06VIkTxx7eMHoM0m3Zye1F0MaVI60qcEHGRTjJvGMAkd/WnoxKbBgjqRSb0AR/L+9hfm7A9KidsHApr9eeBSoVZcMTuHTihAIAafsIXJ4p+E3ZwduPWnO5ZACfl7YovqBAq/vAadIF3cZIpsjqrHaTxTt4YAgfWmA36EUuD3ppxmlY5pjDHNIT9abmjdQIM89KlHTrTF5qwqfKaTGRkYGe9OYfIOOfWkbIOc0fw8mgCrL1oUiklPNKnSqEOzzzTww6YphNO7UmgE3HNO3d6TvTc/N7UAP3+tN43DtQelIKYEhOO4NJu7GmmkPSgCT5fWj5ezCkVeAaacCkA5MKTk9aRtvY0gIPFGKAG5o/Glf24pyr3JpiGjmkb7wxUm0djRtxQMbkYo3qaXbmkEZJwKQgyPWjI9aChX7wph4HSncYSnIAFPHA60yg/jQA9CB16UHk5FR8+tKoJbGaAJA2B0pN/fFDLt/izTQSemaAH7z3FBYGkwe+ab+dACuMrx1poPHNOzQee1Aj//2Q==" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="240" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEASABIAAD/4RuQRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgACwEOAAIAAAAgAAAIngEPAAIAAAAFAAAIvgEQAAIAAAAIAAAIxAESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEyAAIAAAAUAAAIzAITAAMAAAABAAIAAIdpAAQAAAABAAAI4JybAAEAAABAAAAa7JyfAAEAAABAAAAbLMSlAAcAAAAcAAAbbOocAAcAAAgMAAAAkgAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAAU09OWQAARFNDLVczNQAyMDExOjAzOjMxIDEwOjUyOjIxAAAigpoABQAAAAEAABKKgp0ABQAAAAEAABKSiCIAAwAAAAEAAgAAiCcAAwAAAAEAZAAAkAAABwAAAAQwMjIxkAMAAgAAABQAABKakAQAAgAAABQAABKukQEABwAAAAQBAgMAkQIABQAAAAEAABLCkgQABQAAAAEAABLKkgUABQAAAAEAABLSkgcAAwAAAAEABQAAkggAAwAAAAEAAAAAkgkAAwAAAAEAGAAAkgoABQAAAAEAABLaknwABwAAB/QAABLikpEAAgAAAAMwMAAAkpIAAgAAAAMwMAAAoAAABwAAAAQwMTAwoAEAAwAAAAEAAQAAoAIABAAAAAEAAAwAoAMABAAAAAEAAAkAoAUABAAAAAEAABrWowAABwAAAAEDAAAAowEABwAAAAEBAAAApAEAAwAAAAEAAAAApAIAAwAAAAEAAAAApAMAAwAAAAEAAAAApAYAAwAAAAEAAAAApAgAAwAAAAEAAAAApAkAAwAAAAEAAAAApAoAAwAAAAEAAAAA6hwABwAACAwAAAp+6h0ACQAAAAEAABBsAAAAABzqAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgAAE4gAAABHAAAACjIwMTE6MDM6MzEgMTA6NTI6MjEAMjAxMTowMzozMSAxMDo1MjoyMQAAAAAEAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAKAAAAMAAAABAAAAA/AAAAClNPTlkgRFNDIAAAACIAACAHAAEAAAAAAAAAILACAAkAAABsBAAAQLADAAEAAAAAAAAAQbADAAEAAAAGAAAAQrADAAEAAAABAAAAQ7ADAAEAAAAAAAAARLADAAEAAAABAAAARbADAAEAAAAAAAAARrADAAEAAAAAAAAAR7ADAAEAAAABAAAASLAIAAEAAAAAAAAASbADAAEAAAAAAAAASrADAAEAAAAAAAAAS7ADAAEAAAAAAAAATLAFAAEAAAB8BAAATbADAAEAAAAAAAAATrADAAEAAAAAAAAAAZAHAJQAAACEBAAAApAHAMgAAAAYBQAAA5AHAMgAAADgBQAABJAHAIAAAACoBgAABZAHAHoAAAAoBwAABpAHAPwAAACiBwAAB5AHAMgAAACeCAAACJAHAMgAAABmCQAAAKAEAAEAAAADAACAAaABAAEAAAAoAAAAAqABAAEAAAATAAAAAKEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAaEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKIHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKMHACAAAAAuCgAAAaMHABwAAABOCgAAAKQHAFAAAABqCgAAU3RhbmRhcmQAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAKAAAACAAgCQABAOgATgAAAF79AHAAAAAABSQAAAAAiAAAAAAAAACIAOquAxsBANgAAGAYxaEAxSNJiqSIpADDAIf/3gA0gf0w5nAAgfUw5nAAcHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAbAAAAQABip4AAACHcECKNYo1ipmKmQCHiO2KNwAAAAAAAAAAcCKKewAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABpAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcAHmAH0AzWwAAH0IDgAAAACg7J4AAAiVxCQAAAAAQNzcvQDcALEAPABtACsA4wAYAHMBPgEAAR4BAAEAAQABAJ3RDzRU4+7Evb29vQAADOtWppIM6kiKuYiBBfIgw//XAawAdEXrPkVb9dgF675CAJ4AAgBUAJLF1EwVTHNMc0wVGsCMjP8AjxpzGnNMGBqDGoMzEOA44DhMcwEATHMAAAFw2AiITgAHvTEkAVaVzSRATBhd03W6UQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAC9vb29vb29vQAAAAAA3Ny8XxAIARs/G2gbaBtoGz8bPxs/Gz91AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACVADkArAB6AJUAOQCsAHoAAAAbP6sAG2jMABtovwAbaGsAGz+rABtozAAbaL8AG2hr////bP///6z///+m////EQAAAAAAAADuAAAAAAgBAAEAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA2AAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAQAIAAAAAAABAAEAAAAAAEAAQABAAAAAAKA7oJW+1w7nOD//VgAAxZa2AAAA6v//AP8AAAAAPwAAAH8AAABP/wAAzT//AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAOAsAAG5LAADQgQAAW2AAAHT1AADCVgAAdeoAAM/sAABToQAAbskAAFM1AAB/2AAATroAACOuAABOFQAAS0YAAFs8AAA4LgAAlnwAANwhAAAzpwAAxGQAAHRNAABSUAAA7nIAACMqAAAz+gAAjpUAALctAAAzGAAAllkAAI6fAAAkLwAA7+wAABqhAAC+4AAAkn4AAJLLAAC7VwAAMLAAAGnrAACKNAAABMEAAOrnAABW6QAAVlgAAAQKAAAEUAAABAMMoNPT06AMDKDT09OgDKDTxe/F06DTxY6TjsXT0++TSpPv09PFjpOOxdOg08XvxdOgAAAACACKPIpQBf/NreooAKOK+XDnil8FKOpPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABW9+rSBIQOoti5AKPqGuprBJsO315wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgM6AzoDOgM6AzAKOKe4oXcAdwVXAiAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAFWYHQCWmL4Ak2N6AEmyAAAAwGIAhzHKAL7iCwCSFekAxZ+vAABzJQCHMcoAvuILAJIV6QDFn68AAHMlAAAIAABgAAAAADm/B1/FX8XlTBjFv8XoB3sHX8Xlh9RMGIflh7/FX8XlxRWH1Ewxh9SHe8UVxdSHGEyDGhhMMYflTBhMc0y8GhDwvPDb8IN5gwIQrIOsc2CDkXuO6EfUuoORMctfkV+OvyPzAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABVS9Riinb41c7FHKlo2NzKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzgkFzGWGKKdvjVzsUcqc2pqMpR9Pi2une0PjR0sERcxlhiinb41c7FHKnNqajKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzg58iF5Mt3gqAwk3E4VySJ4Fc5FeB4NqQQ5hXQfKQga0jqc55k1R/MZJKCk+yeP2j4AAAEAAgAHAAAABDAxMDAAAAAAAAAAACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAAAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgAAAAUHJpbnRJTQAwMzAwAAACAAIAAQAAAAEBAQAAAP/hC8VodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0n77u/JyBpZD0nVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkJz8+DQo8eDp4bXBtZXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIj48cmRmOlJERiB4bWxuczpyZGY9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPjxyZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24gcmRmOmFib3V0PSJ1dWlkOmZhZjViZGQ1LWJhM2QtMTFkYS1hZDMxLWQzM2Q3NTE4MmYxYiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvIj48eG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+MjAxMS0wMy0zMVQxMDo1MjoyMTwveG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+PC9yZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9InV1aWQ6ZmFmNWJkZDUtYmEzZC0xMWRhLWFkMzEtZDMzZDc1MTgyZjFiIiB4bWxuczpkYz0iaHR0cDovL3B1cmwub3JnL2RjL2VsZW1lbnRzLzEuMS8iLz48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+PGRjOnRpdGxlPjxyZGY6QWx0IHhtbG5zOnJkZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS8wMi8yMi1yZGYtc3ludGF4LW5zIyI+PHJkZjpsaSB4bWw6bGFuZz0ieC1kZWZhdWx0Ij4NCgkJCQkJPC9yZGY6bGk+PC9yZGY6QWx0Pg0KCQkJPC9kYzp0aXRsZT48ZGM6ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpBbHQgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj48cmRmOmxpIHhtbDpsYW5nPSJ4LWRlZmF1bHQiPg0KCQkJCQk8L3JkZjpsaT48L3JkZjpBbHQ+DQoJCQk8L2RjOmRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOlJERj48L3g6eG1wbWV0YT4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPD94cGFja2V0IGVuZD0ndyc/Pv/bAEMACAYGBwYFCAcHBwkJCAoMFA0MCwsMGRITDxQdGh8eHRocHCAkLicgIiwjHBwoNyksMDE0NDQfJzk9ODI8LjM0Mv/bAEMBCQkJDAsMGA0NGDIhHCEyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMv/AABEIAwAEAAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAfAAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EAACAQMDAgQDBQUEBAAAAX0BAgMABBEFEiExQQYTUWEHInEUMoGRoQgjQrHBFVLR8CQzYnKCCQoWFxgZGiUmJygpKjQ1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWpzdHV2d3h5eoOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4eLj5OXm5+jp6vHy8/T19vf4+fr/xAAfAQADAQEBAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EQACAQIEBAMEBwUEBAABAncAAQIDEQQFITEGEkFRB2FxEyIygQgUQpGhscEJIzNS8BVictEKFiQ04SXxFxgZGiYnKCkqNTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqCg4SFhoeIiYqSk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2dri4+Tl5ufo6ery8/T19vf4+fr/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AO1xS4paK7DmDFGKWigBMUtFLQAmKMUtFIAxRilooATFLilopAJilpaKAExRilpaAEoxS0UAJilopaAExS4opaAExRilooABTgKSnCkMULTwtC1IKlspIAvFOxSilqSgxSUtBpAJSUUUwCk70tJQAUtJS0AFJS0lACYoxS0UANopaKBDTTadRTAZSYp+KQ0xWG4ptPpMUxDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRTAbSYp1JQITFGKWigBKKWigYlJilooATFJinUlAhKMUtFACUmKdSUAJijFLRQMbRS0lADTSYp9JQIZijFOpKYDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRQA3FJinUUANxRin4oxSuFhuKMU7FFFxjcUhFPpMUARkUlPxTTQIZSYp1JTENxRilooAZijFOpKYCYpKWigBuKSnUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUlMBuKTFOooAbikxTqSgBuKTFOooAbikxTqTFADcUmKfSUAMxRinYpKAG4pMU6igBuKbin0lADaTFOpKQhuKTFPxTTQB0dLRRTGFLSUUgFooooAKWkpaACiiikAtAopaACiiigYtFJS0gClpKWgAooooAKKKWgAoopaAFpR1opQKQx61IBTFFTAVDZaQopcUlOqRjDSU403pTAKKTNIaYhc0ZpuaKAFzS5puaWgBaSiigApaSigBaSkozQAtIaM0UAJSUtJTEJikpaKdwsJSU6kouIbRS0UwG0UtJQISlpKKACiiigApKWigBKSlooASilpKACkpaKAEooooASiikoAKSlpKYCUUtJQAUlLRQA2inUlACUoWkqVRSbBIZtpQtS4zRgVNyrEZWmEVPim7c0XCxFikqwIc0x4iO1HMg5WQGmmnkGmmqRIykpxptMQlJS0UwG0UtJQAlFFFACUlLSUAJSUtFAhtFLSUwEpKdSUAJSUtJQMSkpaSgQlFLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAIaSnU2gBKSnUlACUlLSGgBKaadTTQB0dLSUtABRS0UAFFFFABS0UUgCiiigYtFFFIQtFFFAwpaKKACiiloAKKKKACloooAKWkpaAHU4GmCnikMlSpKhWpM1my0PzxRmm5pDSGOPNNJxRmkNACZooNFUIKSjNJQIUUtNpc0DHUUlLQAppKKSgBKKKSgQUtJRQAtFFFAxKSlNJTEFFFFADaKdSUCG0UtIaYCUlLRincQlFFFABRRRQMSilpKQBSUtFMQlJS0lABSUtJQAUlLRQAlFFFABSUtJQAUUUUAJSUtFACqualC01c4qSobLQUlBzUiAYpDGYzT1jqUIBTsVLY0hgGKG5FP28UBaQyk8XzVE64rQaPJqF4cmqUhOJnmm1ckhwtVCMVonczasNpKdSVRI2kp1JQAlJS0lMBKSlooAbRSmkoASkp1JQAlJS0lAhKSlooGNopaSgBKSlopiEpKWkoASilpKAEpKWkpAFJS0lACUlLSUwEpKWigBtJTqQ0gG0hp1NNMDoqWkpaACilopAFFFFAC0UUUAFFFLSAKKKWgAooooGLRRSUCFoopaBhRRRQAtFFFABS0lLSAWng0zvTxSY0PBp2aaBRUlDxRmm0Uhi5pc0zNGaYXHZpuaTNJmmIdmkpM0tABS5ptFAh+aXNMFOpDFoopKBhSGlooEJRRRQAUUUtAxKSlpKBBRRRQAUUUUAJSU6m0xCUlONJQAlFLSUwEooooAKSlooASiiigApKWkNACUUUlABRS0lACUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAY9KeqGkQVYUZFJsaQwLTtvNOxShSTUXLsNxmpUXbSqlO6VLY0gpRSUqjmkMePTFLinqKdjmlcCPZmo2SrJGBUTmkmBSmwBWe45NaFzyOKostbQIkRUlOIpDWlzOw2kp1JQA2kNLRTENpKdikNADaQ06koASkpaSmAlJS0lACUUtJQAlJTqbQAUlL2pKAEopaSgQlJTqSgYlJS0lAhKKKKBjaKWkoEIaSlpKAEpKdSUAN7Uhp1JQB0NFFFMBaKKKQBS0lLQMKKKKQBS0UUAFLSUtABRRRQAUtJS0AFLSUtIAooopgLRSUtIApaSnCgBQKctNFSCpZSHUUmaKQxaKSkoADSUtNNMQGkoopgLRSUUALS0lLSAcKWm0tIYtFJmigBaSiigYUUUlAhaKSloAKKKKACkoooGFFFFAhKKWkoAKSlpKYCUlOpKAEpKWkoEFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUwEopaSgBKKWkoASiiigApKWigAoopyjmgByLmplFNUYp9ZtloeBTgtC06oKHU3GaWlFAxAuakUAUlANJgSgUtNBpc1IxTULc1ITxUTnAoQFaZeKpPVyZ/lNUjya1iRIYRTDUlNNaXIZHQaWkpiENJTqSncQlJinUlADcU00+kxQAykp2KTFMQ2kpxFNoASilpKAEpKWkpgJRS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAlJTqSgBKSlpKACm06koASkpaSgBKSlooENpKdSUAdBRRS0DCiiigQtFFFAwooopAFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKBi0UUUgCloopgFFFFIBaKKKAFFOplLQA8DvS0gpakocKUUgp1JlBSUtNzSAQ00mlJppqkSFFFFMQtLSUtABS0UUhhS5pKKBi0UlLQAUUUUgCiiigAopKWgAooooAKKKSgBaKKKACkpaKAEopaSgBKKKKAEpKdSUwEpKWkoAKSlooEJRRRQAlJS0UAJRTgOaCtFxjKKcRRigQylpcc07bRcdhlSotNxzUiVLY0hwFLS0Y5qSiRKfTFqSpKEpyim09aADFAFOoAqQF7UmaWmmkAE1E5oLVTF/aSymKO6haQHG0OM00gCZqrmrDjNQMMVrEhjKaadRVCGYptSYpMU7isR4op5FJii4rDaSnYoxRcLDKMU6kNMBlJTjSUCG00in0mKYEeKDT8UhHFFwI6KcabTEJSU6koASkpcUUwG0UtJQAlJTqSkAnakpaSmAlJS0UANopaSkAlJS0lACUhpaQ0xHQClpKWgYUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0CCiiikMKWiigAoopaQBRRRQAUtFFABRRS0AFFFFABS0lKOtAD1FPxTVqSoZaFxxSGlzTSaQxDSUtJTEIabTjTapCCiiigQUtFFAC0tNpaQxaKKKACiiloGFFJS0gCiikoAKWkooAWiikoAKKWigAoopaQwoopKACkpaSmIKSiigAooooASkpaSmAlGKWkoEJRRRQAUoFJSigY7AopKWpGFJRSigBAKdRS0hiAU8CgCpFWk2MTFGOak20YqShoFOPSiigAWpFpgp4NADqM0maKkBSa5XxF4judNvPIg8tVCglmGSc1r61qg0rT2mxukY7Y1PdsHr+VeUaneXF3dPNcSGSV+pNCHY67/hNrebTZ47lWFwQVXy14P68VyP29RNuBYDOaodM5ppNUKx6vaeItJviFhvEDnosgKn9auvXjeSBnsa6jwxr1yl3Fp8reZDIdqFzyn0qkS0zuKKWiquSJSUtFACYppFPpKYDMUlPxSEUXFYZSUuKSmA002nmm0CEoxS0lMBKbTjSUANxTSKcaQ0xDaSlpKYhKSnUlADaKWkoASkp1JQA2kp1JTAbRS0lIBKSlpKYCUUtJSASkpaSmBv0tJS0AFLSUtABRRRQAtFFFIApaSloAKKKKQC0UlLQAUtJRQAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUtABRRQOtAyVacKRadUMpCUhpTTTSQxM0maKSqJFzSUUUwCiiloEJS0UUAFLSUtAwpaSikA6ikFFIYtJRS0AJRS0lAC0UlLQAUUUUDCiiikAUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUxBRRRQAlJS0lABSUtJTASilpKAClpKWgAFKKKKQxaWkpakYCnCm80ooAeKlWoxUi9KllIdSUuKMUhiUUuKTFABS0lLQAuadmm0UgOY8avssbY8/wCtOB+Fec3GGJIB/GvR/GpH2K2GM/OePwrzy5CkcnLZ7dqEV0KZzUbdqlY89KifkVQhM8VZsJXivoZIl3SK4KL6nPAqrjirWl8anbH0lX+YoB7HpmlXF/cwu1/bCBw2FAGMj8zV+n4pKozG0UtJQISkpaSmAUhoNJQA00h60ppKYhKbS0lMQlJS0UANopTSUwENNp2abQIaaKWkpgJSU6m0AIaSnUlMQ2kp1JQA2kp1JQA2kp1JQAlJS0lACUUUUANpDS0GgDepaKKYBS0lLQAUUUtIAooooAKWiigAooooAKWkpaQBS0lLQAUUUUALRRRQAtFFFABS0nenoMmkND1FPpQKRhWdzQYabTjTTVIliU3vTqb3qhBS0lLQIKWkpaBhRRRQAUtFFABRRRSAKWkooGLRRRSAWkoooAKWiigAooooGLRRRSAKSlooASiiigBKKWkoAKSlpKYBRRRQAUlLSUCEpKWimAlJS0UAJS0UtIApaSlxSGLSgUmKdSGFA60UoFIZIKetMFPFSMdRRQaBhRSUUAFFJRQA7NLTRS5pAcf42u42EFtHIpljYmRO4BAx+dcDMpB5713njO0hWSG4RMTS7t7DknAUCuIuBhhxihFrYpnNRvnFTN9aikOBVEkfIq1YnbeQn0cH9aqnpU0DHzFbuDQDPZO5pppc96SqMxtFKabmgApKKKYhDSUtIaAENNNONNNMQlJ3paSmAhpKWkoEJmkNLTTQAlJS0UxCUlLSUAJSUtJTASkpaKAG0lOpKAG0hp1JQAlJS0hpiEpDTqSgBtFLSUhiGmmnUhpiN6lpKWmAUUUUAFLRRSAKKKWgAooooAKKKKQBS0UUAFFFFAC0UUUAFLSUtABS0lLSGFSJ1pg61Mg70mxpEg4FIaKaTWZY1qZTmNMq0SwpKU0lMQUtJS0wAUtFFABRRRSAKWkpaACiiigAooopDFopKWgAooooAWiiikMKKKKAClpKKAFpKKKACikooAKKKKAEooooAKKKKACkoopiCkpaKBiUUtFACUuKSnCkAUtGKKQxRS0gpaQwxThSUtIBc08GoxTxSGPopKWgYlFBNJmgBaSkNFAC5oPKkZpKGYKpY9AMmgDz/VdHTRPLRZzM0wONy4xj8feuYuiofczfnWr4u1xdUv1S1yVgBUyds57VzgtHk5fJJ7saVirjmniA++M+3NQPcpnr+lW008YyT+QqQaYrt94jj0qtBGcJlPcVYhYbh70S6Y6j5SD+lVCslu/II9jRuLU9ujO6NT6gGlrC8K6o2o6ShllDzKSGAGCB2H5Y/OtzNVYgQ02nU2mIKSiigBKTNLSGgBKSlpKYgpKWg0AMpDTqQ0wGmkpTSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAlFFFAhKTFLSUwEpKdTaAEpKdSUAJSGlpKAEpKWkoASkpaKAG0hpxppoEb1LSUVQC0UUUgCloooAKKKWgAooopAFFFFABS0UUAFLSUUALRRRQAUtJS0DCloooAegyan4AqunWpxWci4iZprGnkVGaSBjTSUUdqskSiiimAUtJS0gCiiigBaKKKACiiigBaKSloGFFFFABRRRSAWlpKWgYUUUUgFpKKKACkpaSgAooooAKSiigApaSigAooooAKSlpKACilpKYBRRRQAUuKSlzSAMUuKKKQwopKKAHZpaZnmnDpSYxwpabmlzSAcKdmm0Uhj80uaZmlzQMU02lpKAEpaSkoAfVXVI5JdIvI4cmV4HVAPUqcVYzTs0gPF9Otw4ZmXkNjFWJF2lsDpXT6/YRQatNJAgRXAdwO7Hqa5yb/WGgbG27eZFkjrUqcPRFgR9hzSBvn680xA6jrUFxbrNCVI+hqdzleaXAzQBd8A2sy3N5OQRCB5fsWzn9MfrXd1U023it9OgSFAiFA3Hcnkn86tVZAU2lpCaYBSUUhoEFJS0lACUUUUAJSUGimAlJTqSgQw0lONNpiEpKWkoASkpaSmAUlFFACUlLSUCCkpaSgBKSlpDQAlJS0UwG0hpaQ0AJRRRQAlNNOppoA3qWkpaYgooooAWiiigApaSloAKKKKQBRRRQAtFFFABS0UUDCiiigBaKSloAKWkopASR9al3VElPJqHuWtgZqYTQabTSEwoooqhBRRRQAtFFFIAooooAWikpaACiiigApaSlpDCiiigAooooAKWkooGOopKKQC0UlFABRRSUwCiiigAooooAKKKKQBRRSUwFpKKKACiiigApKKKAFopKKQDqKSikAtJRRQMKcKbS5oAdS02lzSGOo3U3PFJmlYZJmlzUeaM0BckzRmmZpc0gFpM0lJQA7NLmm1n63fjTNIuLvGfLAwPUkgD+dAzC8SXcMN3I0kiqoCrkn27etcPPqKtMxhjeQE8E8Cns8+rTm5u5DJIT8o7KPpU4tkBwRzxmlsMrRz3MhKiJFwP4jmoDcXavkogOOAK1ljG8kD2qNogSOKdxGaL2eNR5kPHUlTVq3v4ZDtDYb0PBqZ4FKdO2KoXNmpyVGGAzkUXCx6DoGkCxDXS3JkE8YJQrjaevXNbhrjvBGsTXfm2M7FmiTcrH0BAx+tdjVkCUlFFACUlOptMApKWkoEJSUppKACkoopgFJRSUCENNpxpKAG0lLSUxCUlLSUwEooooASkpaSgApKWkoASkpaSgQlJS0UDG0UtJTENopTSUAJSGlNIaAN0UtJS0xBRRRQMWiiigQUtFFABRRRSAKKKKBi0UUUCClpKWkMKKKKAFooooAKKKKAJU6UGhfu0majqWIaSjNJVIlhRRRTAKWiigBaKSlpAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFIYUUUUALRRRQAlLSUUALRRRQAUUUUDFpKKKQBRRRTAKKKKACiiikAUUUUAJRS0lABRRRTASiiigAooooASiiikAtFJS0ALRSUtIYUUUlAC0tNpRQAtLSUUhi0UUlAC5ozSUUgFopM0lIY+qGs2H9q6Rc2W4K0i/KT0DAgj9QKvCqmoajb6Zbie5YqhYJkDPJz/hQNHnNjZtBBiVCjg8qwwaZLIEc9BkgCtnVLiK5kkuYCWWVsqcEZHHascxjdzyaQxEkOOTTGlIpeNuMH8KYcHBHSgQjT7VJbpQCsse4dCKZJHuBB5B7VIQwQbOo7UwOn8H6C+nxy31xxLcD5F/upnPPueK6g1FY/8g+2/wCuSfyFSmqJG0lLSUxAaSlNJQAlJS0GmA2kpaKBDTSUtFMBKSlooENpKdTTQMSkpaMUxDaSnEU0igQhpKWkpgJRRRQAlJS0lACUlLRQAlJS0lACUhpTSUAJSGlpDTEJSGlppoA3qWkpaYBRRRQAtFFFAgpaKKQwooooAKWkooAWiiikAtFJS0AFFFFAC0UlFAC0d6KMgdaBkn8NJUc1xDBF5kkiqgOMk8U2G5huU3wypIo4JU5xUjJKKKKYgooopgLRRRQAUtJRSAWiiigApaSikMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAWikpaBhRRRSAKKKKYBRRRSAKKKSmAUUUUgCiiigAoopKYBRRRQAUUlLQAlFFFIApaSigBaWkopDFpKKKACiiigB1FJRSGLRSUtABSGikpAFLSUtAxahurWC7i8u4hSVM52uuRmpaQ9KQzhNTmhspHhhCjY7AIP4Rk4rmJ7uZnJ3lfZeK0dbjxqc06sTvdi3p1rGk+8alGqRE7MTySfqaYGKngkfSg9ab3plWJo7uZCMOT7NzWla3iTMFcbG/Q1jipEJBGDzmmTOKsex2P8AyDrX/rin8hU1Zfh83p0mM333zjy+n3MDHStSqMBKSlooAbSUpopiG0U7FGKAGUmKfikoAbikp1GKAGUU7FGKLgMpMVJikIp3CxGRSU8ikxRcQykNPxSYouAzFJinUUxEZFJin0Yp3AZSGnYpMUXAZRTiKaaYhKSlpKAEpDS0hoASkpaSgQlIaWkpgbtLSUtMAo7UUUALRRRSAWiiigAooooAKWkpaQBRRS0AFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAVyms+IXZ5LWBB5Y+VmbvXR3zyx2UzwlRIq5BPSvOZ3LyMT3NJsqKuxReSqGUN8pOSOxq3Y6zNYhzEAHfGT1457Vlk89KQHmoNLHoeh6o+pW0jSbN6Nj5eOPpWtXnGjSyw6pbmFiGaRVOO4J5FejiqTIkrBS0lLTJCiiigApaSloAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAFopKKAFooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGLRSUUALRRRSAKKKKACiiigBKKKKACkpaSmAtJRRQAUUUUAFFFJSAKKKKACjNFFAC0UlFIYUUUUAFKKbS0ALS0lFIYUtJRQAUUUUgEopaQ0ALmkzTTSE4BPpQM811Nt3PqT/AFrBkOM1tXjZiQ+1YsnOahHR0K5ORTe9ONJTFfUKkj61EKkTrTQ6mx7FYf8AIPtv+uKf+girNVbA/wDEutf+uKf+girNUcwtJRRQAhpKU0lAC0UmaWgBMUhp1IaAG0UuKXFADcUU6kNADaKWkoAQim4p9NoAbSGnUlMQwikp5ppoENxSYpaKYDTTacaSmA0000803FMQ002nmmkUCG0lOpKYCU3vS0lAhDSGnGmmgDdpaSlpgFFFFAC0UUUALRRRQAUtJS0gCiiigApaSloAKKKKACiiigYUUUUgM7XJvJ0qY55b5RXn0rc113i2cpbwQj+Ilj/T+tca5zUy3LgNzzS5plOFIs2fDcRm1mAgcJlj+AP9cV6AK47wfDm7nl/uoF/M/wD1q7KqRnIKWkpaZIUtJRQAUtJS9qBhRRRQAUUUUgCiiigAooooAKKKKAFopKKAClpKWgAooooGFFFFAC0UUlIBaKKKACiikoAKKKKACiikoAKKKKYBRRRQAUlFFABRRRSAKKKDQMSiiikAtGKKKACiiikMWikooAWiiigAo70lLSAKQ0tJQMSobltttK3ojH9Klqvf8afc/wDXJv5GgFueb3fyDHouMViuea2r7ADY54rEas0dJCabnpTzTCOaonqFOXrTKkj+8KEVU2PTPDUWqR2xN/LvhaNDByDgY/wxW8Kq6cc6ZaH/AKYp/wCgirQqzkFopKKBiUUUUAFFLSUALRSU6kAYoxRS0DENNNOptADaSnUhpiG0UGkoASiiigQ00004000wENJSmkpiEpKcaSgBhFJinmm0BYYRSU80w0xDaSlNJVCG0lOpKBCU006m0wN2lpKWgAooooAWiiigApaKKAClpKWkAUUUUAFLSUtABRRRQAUUUUhhRRWL4lv7jT9PR7cfM8m0sRnHBpgYPie583UmQHIjAWueY5NTPFdXMhlkYlmOSSajNlNjI5/Gs3Y0johnfrSio2jljPzqfypUfnB4oKudf4RuVR5LfypC0h3bwPlAA6V14rJ8OxeVoluP74Ln8TmtaqRnLcKWkpaZIUUUUALRRRQMKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUtJS0AFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBS0lFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFMApKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJRRQAUCiigBabS9qKBiUUUUAFLSUUgCloopAJS0lFAxaKSigBaKKWkAlJS0lACVna1crbaZKzAnzP3Ywf73FaFc9reuWiNcaY8cvnEABto28gH1z0PpSY1ucfenMbfSsZ+RXSTWLzRk/cTAwT1NVhpUCj5yzEe+BUpHQ5RSOfP1pvFdH9gtlH+qU/Xmo3sLZusSj6cVViOZHP4JOKegIfB7VrPpURyY2ZT27iqcljLA244Zf7woQ5STPVNM50mzP/TBP/QRVuqWknOkWX/XBP8A0EVcqznFpe1NozSGLRSUUALRSUUAOopKKQC5ozTaKAHZpKKbQMWkopKBBTTTqaaYCUhpabQAhpKU0lMQhpKWkoAKSikNMQU006kpANNNNONNNUA002nHrSUyRppKU0lMBKaadSGgRuUtJRTAWiiigBaKSloAWikpaQBRRRQAtFFFIYUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVn6zs/suUOobOAMjvmtCud8QXjK6xFk8nG4c855oewGFgYpMDoKiN1HnG9fzpUmVm61maAQrMUyCcdKqXVmuNyDBAyRVxVXzCw6mrdnAtzfwwuoZWYbge46mgDa8JXM1zpP73/lm2xT6gD/I/CugqOGKOCNY4kVEUYCqMAVJVkMKKKWmIKKKKBhS0lLSAKKKKACiiigAooooAWkoooAKKKKBhS0lFIBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKSlooASilpKBhRRRQIKKKKBiUUUUAFFFLQAlJS0UAJRS0UgEooooAWiiikAlFFFAwooooAWiikNIApKKXtQA2s3VLO1kgaZ7eIy5X5yg3dR361pGs3W/N/suQQcSkjb+dDGtzDu8bTj1rNfhenepY3ne1P2gEShyDxjNQOc460hjCeOaYxp7cAmo8g0wEzgHJpvBIB5B7U4gEGopJBEu8gkD0oA7zTVCaZaqOixKB+Qq3mszQrxb3SonVCoT93gnrgVpVRAtFJS0AGaKKKQwooooAWkoooAKBSUUAOpKKKQCUlLSUAFNp1NpgJTTTqaaBCUUUlMANJRQTQAlJRmkJpiCikzRmgBDTTS5pDTQDaSnU00xCU2lpKBCGmmnUhpiNyikpaYC0UlLQAUtJS0AFLSUUgFooopDFopKKAFooooAWikpaACiiigCO48z7PJ5QzJsO0e+OK84kt3uJWeYOGBIIdicGvSj0riby6jutQnZWz85qXsOO5lfYowfuj8qY1kBypKn1U4q+SN1Nc8cVNyygGuISDneAO/Bre8MypPqW4nlEJx7nis0pkc0abaXL6tCbUSDDguy/dC55z+FNahY9GFLTRTqogKKKKYhaKKKQwpaSigBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAClpKKAFopKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiigAoopKBhRRRQIKKKKACiikoGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUgCiikoAKWkopALSUUUDCiiigApKWkoAWkpM0ZpAFGaSkzTAdmqWon/AEceu7/GrdUNVcLbrn+9SY1uc7e8P9ayjN++KEH644rSuSz8kY5NZMpdbzb/AAYyKQyYnctM5ycCnbQQD7UwLjuetMAJyDTAocKGGR70rg4puWwgUgNx2oA7vTlC6dbhQAPLXoParVVtP5062/65L/KrNUQFFFFABRRRSAKKSigBaKM0maACikpc0DCikzRmgAzRmm5pKBDs0UzNLniiwATTTQTSE0wEozRTaYhc0maKSgANJRmkoAKSiimIKSikoAQ0lLSUwEpDS0lAhtIaWg0xG1S0lLQMWikpaAClpKKAFooooAWiiikAUUUUALRSUtABS0lFAC0UlFIBkz+XC7n+FSa4Tyx9pkkAA3egrrtanFvpcrE43YWuIbUI1BAVjUyKiiYpmTdn8KdIuV461Ri1BVXEgYn1FWVvYXPDfmKksQlwORnJwfYV03heaD7NJCJF87eWKd8cDNc8SGXjvXV6FYwQWMU4iUTSLlnA5IJzTW4nsa9LSUtWQFFFFAC0UlLQAUUUUALRRRQMKKKSgQtFFFAwooopAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAlFFFABS0lLQAUlLRQMSiiikAUUUUwEopaSkAUUUUAFFJRQAtFJS0AFFLRSGNopaKAEpaKKACkNLRQAlJS0lACUlLSUAJRSUlAh1ZurcpGPcmtCs/U+TGPr/Skyo7mBdDgVnOn73J9MVo3f3h9KoOeQcUDGtjGKj7n2NE0hWMkDJFRxSb4wxGCeaAHP8wIpoA4PpTs5HpQAMCgDrtI1G0uLeK2inVpo4xvTBBGMA/rWnWTpGk2lqsd5CjLNLEN/wAxIOcE8fWtaqICiiigApKKKACiiikAUlFFMAoopKACiikpAFNpaDTAbRRTaYgoopKACm0tJTAKSlpKBCUUUlAwoNFJQISig0UANoopKYCUUtJQIbSdqdTaANulpKWmAUtJS0AFFFFAC0UlLSAKWkooAWiiikAUtJRQAtFFFAwoopDQI5vxfPttYIQfvMWI+n/664ljW74h1FNQuVaIOqIu3DDvk1gMeal7msFoNzS0hoFIotQXLx8Zyvoa9M06aCawha3fdGFCg4x04rzXT4vPv7eLGd8iqfpnmvUIIIreMRwxrGg6KowBTREtiWiigVRAtFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQMKKKKQC0lLSUAFFFFABRRRQAlFFFABSUtFACUUUUAFLSUCgB1FFFIYlFLRQAUUUUhiUlOoxQA2kNOIpDQA2kNLTTTEFNp1JQAhrN1Jtskf0NaVczr11Nb3MgPQgGPp0wM/rmlJlRV2U7tlDAk4AHU1lT30Ea/61T16c/wAqy7+Z5JPmcsfc1nyMelSmbeysrs2m1S2z1Y/8BpE1O1Y4LkHPdTWEaYDhqdxciOoS4ikHyupOPWpgeOK5Usc1atL+WGQBmLITyDQmKdPlPV7D/kH23/XJf5VYqtYHOn2xHQxL/IVZqzAKQ0UlAC0UlFAC0lFFIBaSiigBKKKSmAUUUUAFJS0lADTSU4000ANopabTEFFFFACUlLSUAJSGlpKYgpKWkoASiiigBKSiigBKSlpDTASkNLSHpQI2qWk7UUwFpaSigBaKKKQBS0lLQAUUUUALRSUtIYUUUUALRRRQAVDPcwWqB55UiUnAZzgZqaqOqwW81hKbmMOsalxk4wQPagDgtZuRdancSqcqWOCD27Vlt1qWU/MagPWoNlsLSim0CgDc8NRebrlvxwuW/IGvRhXDeDYt2pSyf3IsfmR/ga7mqREhaKSlpkC0UUUDCiiigApaSikAtFJS0wCiiikAtFJS0AFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFAC0tJS1IwooooGFFFFIAoopM0AFIaDTTTAQ0lFJTEFFFFABXI+KG/00D0iH8zXW1xvids6jIB2jUfpUSNKe5x9z/rKqMeatXP+sP9apv1pI6ZPQaT703PNL2po60zNbj/AK06P79Mp0fWhFVD2HTRjS7P/rgn/oIqzUFkNthbr6RKP0FT1ocYUlLRQAlFFFABRRRQAUlFFIAooooASiiloAbRS0lACUhpTSUwG0lKaSmISiiigBKSlpKAEpKU0lMApKKKBCUlLSUAJRS0lACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaYjapaQUtAwooooELRRRQAUUUUhi0UUUAFLSUtABRRRQAtFJRSAWsjxJN5OizDPMhCD+f9K1qwfErgpBERnktigEcCQfrUZ9xW67BBknAFMIDDoD9ak1uYgpw9K1GtoWH+rA+nFQNZAjMbc+hoC51PgqLFtdTf3nC/kM/1rq65nwnZXVva+fJP+4kBKw46HOM/pXTVSIluFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKACiiigBaKSloAKKKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiikMKKKKYBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASiiigAooooAKKKSkMKKKKACiiigBaKSikMdRTaWgBaKSkpALmmmikoAWm0UUwENJS0lAgpKWkoAK4nxFzqdz7BQf8AvkV21cJr77tSusn+IDH4AVMjWnucxckeccVUbGasz/61qqt1pI2Yw9aaMZpTTR1pkrcdTo+tN+tKnWhDqHs1uMW0Q9EA/SpaZH/q1+gp9aHIFFFFABSUtJSAKSlpKYBRRRSAKKKKBhSZpe9JQIKSlpKBiUlLSUCG0lONNpgJSUtFMQlJS0lACUlOpKAG0lOpDQAlJS0lMQlFFFACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaANqiiimAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUUgFopKWkAUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVymvzb9RK5GEUD+tdXXA6iWur9pc8by1A1uROgkUhulN4AwKVw2PlOPWo2YAEntUlDj0oUcVHvJ6ZxUsIaYogGGc7QD69KAO806PydOt48dIxmrdUtMF4tmov9nnAkfJ0x2q7VEsKWkooAWiiigBaKKKACiiigAooooAWiiigAooopALRRRQMKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKBhRRRQISiiigYUUUUAFFFFABRRSUgFpKKKACiiigAooooAKKKSkAtFJRQMWkzRSUAFJS0lABSUZooEFJRRQAlFFJQAVwWrsDe3Z9ZWH613tefakwM87Z6ysf1qZmtPc524P7w1VYGrM5zITVZqRsyP1pozmnGkGaZK3Cnxj5qZUkI+cUIdQ9nT7i/SnU1PuL9KdVnIFFFJTAKKKSkAUUUUwCikpaQBRRRQMSiiigBKKKKAENJS0lAhtJTqSmAlJS0lACUlLSUCCkpTTaYBSUtJQAlJS0lACUlLSUAFJS0lMQlIaWkNAG1RSUtMApaSigBaWkopALRRRQAUtJRSGLRSUtAgpaSigYtFFFAFHVklaxYwzmEodzEdSPSuNY/Mec10GsahdpLLbNaEWzAbZs9enFc6R3pMcRjMelRkZBHr1pHPPFLzikUIABwK0NHTzdVtlx0fd+XNZrOqjc3AHU1t+GkEup+YOQkZI/lQB2Ip1JS1RAUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0hhRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRSAKKKKACiiigYlFFFABRRRQAUUUlAC0UlFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAopKKACiiigYUlFFABRRSUAFFFJQAUlLSUAFJS0lABSUUUCErz+eCS4kIjXO5jlieK79uFNco6/KnoOgqWrlxdjnH0f5z5k312imjS7YkjLn8a1X5ZuaqxqsbPtBGTk07DcmUjplsDgqT+JpjaTBgYLqT3BrSJ+bpTc8gHNMXMzIl0hwMxSBvZhiqn2eWGYLIpU5roAPemSrG4CPyCcUrDc29z0ZfuilpB0paozCkoooEFFFFABSUtJQAUUUUDEooooAKKKKAEoopKQBSUtJTAQ0lLSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAUhopKACm06m0xBSUtJQAlJS0UANooooASkNKaSmI2aWkooAWiiigYUtJS0AFLSUUgFooooAKKKKQC0UlLQAUUUUAc34pvEh8mFmIJBbArlX1KIcBX/Kr3iyfzdXdQeIwFrnGNJsuK0ND7fETk7h+FSrdQvwHGffisbNA60FWNwhZBg4IrpvCkWDcSY4AVR+tcFFI6HKsRXonhHJ0cysOXkJ+uOP6UCasdBRRS0yAooooELRSUUALRRRQMKWkooAWikpaACiiigBaKSloAKKKKQBRRRQAUtJRQMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASlpKKACiiigBKKWkoAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUlAC0lFFAwooooASiiigAoopKQBRRSUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFACUUUnamAyU4ic/7Jrl5eAMc4FdNcnbbSn0Q/wAq5WR+cdDSGtim55IPrVdcfN7mpC2S2OarbiHbCGmA7I3elJ361GS3PyEc96Od3TpQBIMkCmbcTKe1BYjHOKk43CgD0EUdqB0opkhRRRQIKKKKBhSUtFACUUUUAJRRSUAFFFFIApKWkoASiikpgJRRSGgQUlFFMBKSikoEFJRRTAKbS0lAwpKWkoEJSUtJQAlFFJQAUhpaaaANmlpKWmAUtJRQAtFFFIBaKSigBaWkopALRRRQAUUUUAFIxABJ6Dk0tUtWm+z6VcyZwdhA/HigDzjU7g3F9NKf4nJrPYmppTlj71XJqTZKyG5pc8UnGKKAJUr1Hw/D5GhWiHqU3fnz/WvL4gWZVHUnAr1+3jEVvHGOiKF/IU0TLYmpaSimQLRRRQAtFFJQAtFFFABS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRSAWikooAWiiigYUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUlLQAUUUlAC0UUlIAooooAKKKKBhSUtJQIKKKKBhRRSUALSUUUAFFFFABSUtJSAKKKKACkpaSgApKKKACkoooAKKKSgApKWigBKSiigCve/8AHlNj+4a5po1Xnqcda6PUDiwl9xj9a52U4X8KOo1sUGJ+Y1XP3mqV261Fk5PHFMCHJyM+lKD+VO2jcDxS4HtQAx8FRkU1Vwwx69Ke4BIpFBDfjQB6GKWkHSloJEooooAWiikoAKKKSgAooooASkpaSgApKKSgBaSiimAlFFJSAKSlpppiCkopKYBSUppKAEoopKBBSUtJQMKSlpKAEpKWkoEJRRRQAlNNLSGmBs0UlLTAWikooAWlpKKQC0UUUALRSUUgFpaSigYUtJRSELXP+Lp/K0lY88yP+g/yK6CuL8a3GZ4YM/dXJ/GgZyTnmoD1qR+lRUjYPrSikNKtAGjpEPn6pax9d0q/zr1gdK838Iw+brsRPSNWf9Mf1r0imiJC0tJS0EC0UlLQAUUUUALRSUtABRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQMKKKKACiiigBaKSlpAFFJS0AFFFHegAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGFFJRSAKKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKSloAKKSigAooooGFJSmkoAKKKSgAooooEFJRRQMKSiigApKKKBCUUUUAU9S/48Xx1JH865+dcDk9q39SP+i49WArAuTxj2o6jMxsEsc9TUeae2APxqB2Cqx96YC/xUvambhupS3HWgBe2aB96mtnbwaFPIHegD0MdKWkHQUtAgooopAFFFBoASkoopgFJS0lAgpKKSgApKWkoASiiigBKSlNJTEFJRSUABpKKKYCUlLSUAFJS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAUlFFACUlLSUCEpDS0lAGxS02lpgLRRRQAtFJRQAtLSUUgFooooGFLSUUgFopKKAFrz7xKGudXkO75d20Y9uK792CIzHoBk1wFwRJdMxGeSaAW5mPpwAz5v6VEdNOP9b/AOO1ptgjBFM4xQVdmW2nyc4dTURtpUPKk+4rVIDU3YNysc8dOaB3NnwPDm7upiPuoFH4n/61dxXO+FIgtpPLjl5MfXA/+vXQ0Ckx1FJmloJFopKWgYUtJRQIWiiigBaSiigBaKSikMWiijtTAKWkooAWiiikAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDCiiikAUUUUwFpKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJS0lABRRSUAFFFFAwooooAKKSigAooooASiiigAopKKACikooAKKKSgAoopKACkoooAoas+y2Uj+9/Q1yd7qMCZ+YuR2Wt3xRIUsIwD95+fyrhronb2FTfU0hFPckk1XK/LH+Zqm+pSkEbV/I1WY1CTTuaqES6dTmznCflUseqN/HGPwNZme1ApXYckTbTU4X4bcvuRVuF0l5VgwJ6iua7VZtZXjmUo3fpVXMpwS2PYF6CnUg4paDIKKWigYlJS0UCEpKDRQAlJS0hoAKSikoAKSlpKYgzRRSUAFIaWkoASkoopiEpKWkoAKQ0UUAFJS02gAoopKACkpaSmAlJS0lIApKWkpgJSUtIaBGvRRRTAWiiigBaKYsqPna6nHHBzTs+hpDFpaSigBaWkopALRSUtABRRRQBU1OXydPmbplcfnXEnrn1rqPEUu2ySMfxt/KuVJoBDTTGPFDPTTyKChoo7UCl7igDuPD0Xl6PF6tlv1rVqrYR+VYW8f92MZ/KrNITOdufENxa+JF0pbVLgPghkbYy5GehyDx7iuhjcSIG5GexGD+VcXpmL7x9dz9VhDYP5L/jXbYzQHQdRTckdaWgBaWkooAXtS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUALRSUUDFopKWgAopKWkAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUlAxaSiigQUUUlABRRRQMKKKSgAooooAKKSigAooooAKKKSgAoopKACiikoAKKKSgAoopKACkpaSgDm/FpPk26j/bP8q4u5GBzXYeLG/wCPdf8AZc/yrjLn1zUdTaGxSeoqkaos0zVbCGikJpR0oAVulTW/+sX61AelSw/eFNGVTc9oopq9BTqZiFFFFABRRRQAU2lpKBBSUtNoAKSikoASilptMQUUUUAFNpaSgApppaSgApKDRTASiiigBKSlpKBBSUppKAEoopKACkoooASkpaT6UAFNNLSGmI16WkooGLRRUVxIIreSQ/wIW/SgTOT0qFL7xjqFxgjywcMvHOcD+Rrr0UooG4t7nqa5fwWm+O9uT1eXb+XP9a6uh7j6IAaWk4NJyPekA6lpoINLQAtLSUUALRSZpM0gOc8Ry5njj7Kufzrn2OK0tZm8zUZeeAcflWW5pjRF/FQTxRQeSKQwqWBPMuY4x/EwH5moyMVe0aPzdXt19G3fkM0Ad4owoHoKSaQRQSSHoilj+Ap1ZviGf7PoN4+eSm0fjx/WhCZgeB4/Mm1G8PV3C5/Mn+Yrs65zwVB5Ph9XI5lkZ/1x/SujoGxaTHcUUUCFz+FLSdaTkdKAHUtNBzS0ALRSUtABRRRQAtFJS0AFFFFAC0lFFABS0lFAC0UlLSGFFJS0xBRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAUUUUDCiikoAKKKKACiiigAoopKACiiigApKKKACiiigAoopKACiiikAlFFFABSUUUAFJRRQAUlFFACUUUlAHJ+K2Juo1HaL+prjp667xUf8ATV4/5ZD+ZrkZunPrU9TaOxTeozUjVGelBrFaDSKBS0Ux2EPSpYetRnpUkQ+bFNGNTc9mjOY1PqBT6ZFxEn+6KfQYhRRRQAUlFFABQaKSgBKSlpKYCUlLSUCEpKKKACkozRQISkpe9JTASiikoAKSlpKACkoooASiiigBKSlpKBBSUtIaYxKSlpKBBSUUUABpppaQ0Aa1LSUUwFrL8Qz+Rod03qu0fjWnXM+Nbjy9LiiHWST+X/66EJ7F3wrD5WgwHHMmXP4k/wBK26q2EItrCCEfwRqv5CrNBT3FpaSikIXGetHI75oooAN1LmkNJj0NIBaZI4jiZz0UEmlzjqKoa1OINIuHzgldo/GgDgrzVHa5dhGOT3NVTqbd4x+dVZny2agY5o1NUlYv/wBpn/nn+tOGpKTkofwNZg6UtAWRsrfwueSV+orovC6rLqLSqQQkZ6e+K4Zetd14FiIiu5j3ZVH4DP8AWgTR2Ncz44n8vRFizgySj8h/kV0tcZ40JudS02yU/ePI/wB5gP6UEHTaLAbbRbOIjBWJc/XGTV+moAqBR0Ap1A2LRSUtAgpaSloAODRyPeiikMMilpOKMH1oAWikye4pc570ALRRSUxC0tJRSGLRSUUALRSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDFpKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKKSgBaKSigAooooAKKKKACkoooAKKKSkAUUUUAFJRRQAUlFFABSUtJQAUlLSUAFJS0lAHHeKG/0/GOiL/WuRmJIzXW+JWJ1GQDsq/yrkZhjIqTeOxUbOeKaaeaYaDWOwlJS0lAwNSx8EVFUsf3hVIxnuezR/6tfoKfTI/9Wv0FOoMBaKSigAopKKACiikNACUlLSUAFNpTSUwEpKU0lAgpKKSgApKKKBBSUUhoAKK43xL4k1TQ9TSNFtzauMqSh3e4znH6V1Nldx3tnFcxnKyKGFMbLFJSM6r94gZ9aGZVHzMB9TQIWkqu2oWattN1AG9PMFRyanbxkD96+ehSFmH5gYoAt0VV+3Rk4WK5J/693H6kAUxb+RpGT+z7sY7nywD9PmoAuUhqpLJfsU8m2iUE/N50uCB/wEH+dDRXkgO+4hT0CxE/qW5/KgC0GBGQeKKrR29wq4e8Zj6rGo/xpr2krOrfbpwB1XCc/wDjtAFqkzUP2VD1eY/9t3H8jUa6dZozN9nQs3JL/Nn880ATSTxQgmSVEA6lmAqL7dakZW5ib/dcGn/ZrcLtEEQB7BBTwAi7VGAOwpiNelpvP1ozTAdXIeJT9q8QaZZdRuBI/HJ/QV12a5CM/bPHrHqtupP5DH9aEHVHXjpTqSikA6ikooAWlzSUUhhRRSUALXOeMJhHpqR55ds/l/8ArrojXE+NJ83UUOfupk/jQHU5BzzUbGntyaYRSNhKWmmlFAEida9J8HReXoSv/wA9JGb+n9K83SvVdAiMGh2iEf8ALMMfx5/rQS9jUrirr/TviJCnVYMf+Orn+ddnuHeuL8Nf6Z4r1G8P8IbH4t/gKCFudsKWmhhnGRS0AOopKKAFpaSloAKKKKAFopKWgBaTrRS0AJj3o59jS0UAJn2NLuHrRRQAZpGZVBLEAepNGB6VmeIZmtNEurqKV4pYU3IynoegyOh/EUAaisGUMpBU8gjvS1jeGrq9vdEt7q8kSRpVLZC7T1IHA46VsdaAFopKWgAooooAM0UUUALRSUUDFopKKAFopKKAFopKKAFpKKKACkoooAKKKKQBRRSUALSUUUwCiiikAUUlFABRRRQAUlFFABSUUUAFFFJQAUUUlABRRSUgCkpaQ0wOJ8SsTqkyjJ4X+QrnXs7hxnYfxrr9W2fb52Iy2Rz/AMBFZkp+XGKSRfM0c8dMuCM5QfjSHSp8feT8zWyxwCaaW7YqrIPaSMQ6bcdgp+hph0+6H/LIn6EGt0GnqeKLDVSRzDxvGcMpU+4qSL71dBIoZcEA5qqbKF2yo2n2pWE533PTo/uL9BT6Yh+RfpTqRAtFJRQAUUUlAC02jNNLADJOAKAHGm1E11ABkzRge7iof7Rt2copkZh/dicj88YpgWqSqsl1Nx5dlK+T1LKoH5nP6UjyX2P3dvBn/amP/wATQBapKqv9q8otJPDDgckITj8Sf6VEigRDzNSdyec5Rc/kKYi9RWdGlg8r/wClvJIv3s3LcfgCKdPbaeU/fEbScZaVhn8c0AXHkSNCzuqr6k4qsmoQzg/Z90+Dg+WOPzOB+tMhj023AEX2dSOhyCfz61Kt9auzBJ43ZfvBWyR+VADTcXJYBLJgD1aSRRj8iabLHfyD5LiCL/tkW/XcP5U+S9hjA3lwCcD923+FBukxkK5HqRt/nigDnfGGjS3+ivJ5rSTQDeqhQAfX3/WsnwBdpcQTWMss2+M7kUTMBj2ANdXJqsbTtbNGAGXgtIMH1Hy5rzOaWbw14qaWJdqh8qGUgFT9QKA3R6m+l2MvMtukp9ZMt/PNSLZWi/dtYB9IxVWG8uZ4UkiQuGXI/c7R/wCPMKjK61LMD51rbxjsYi5P1+YY/A0wJrye20yM3HkoGPHygAmqmmeIbfUr2S1CbJUG4AtnIrnvEl/c+a0clzEREOscRXJ+hY1S8G6TPf3UupPPJCoJVWjwCT+IIqU22VJJRPRqTIzjNZw0aNzm4u7y4IOVLTbcf98YqV9KspAPNh83HTzXZ/8A0ImqIJ3uoI1ZnmjUL1JYDFVDrenbdyXSSegTnNPXStNiYOlhaqw/iESg/nirYwq/LgD2oAzhrVuyArDduT/CluzH8wMfrSSalckr5Gl3T5PO/amB+Jq81zAGwZ4wR1BcVFLe2qIWa4iAx13CgCuLzUXYqulFOPvSXCY/TNNQ60VbelgrdiGc4/QVaS8t2QFJA2f7oz/Kmtf26sql2JY4GEJ/pxQBWMOsOmDe2kR9Utmb+b/0pyWl/k+ZqjnPTbAgx+hqyby3HWVR9TiohqVmxYfaYwVOCGOP59aA1OgoqgNWtiFKiYhjhcQPyfypDq8IVm8m4IU7TiPHP40wL7EKpY9AMmuT8KA3Op6jeHqWCj8yf8K1L7V1+x3aiCZCkJJZguB27E81W8GxbNGMp6yyM35cf0p9BLc6Pn1o5oopDDn0pGkC9QTxnAFOopAUf7YtFvhZSM8dwRuCMh6euRkfrV8EEZFcxYD7T41v585WGIRj2PT+hrpsY6cUMFsOpKTPrS5oATtXm/iacz6tMR/C20fhXo0jhI2f+6Ca8svXMtxI+CdxJpDW5RbAFRMeamKSE8Ix+gqNoZAQDG+5jwNpyfwouaIjoBqyLC8PS2m/74NPGmXh/wCXWX8VNK6AiiUyMFHc4FexW8YigjjHRVA/KvMNN024XULYzRFIxIpZmIGBmvR/7TsQObqL/vqjmQmmS3032ewuJj/BGzfpXM+Boc2d5cEcyShfwAz/AFpPEPinTJdGuoLS5SWYsIioyMdyeeo47Vd8F7T4ahZerO5P13EUyEmR+M8x6PlCqyNIArKuGHB71vWMLW9pFGZHchACXbJ6evWuf8Vfv7zSrQH/AFk4JHtkD/GuoHSmCFBpab1o5+tIB1LTQaWgBaWkooAWikpaAClpKKAFooooAKWkooAWua8dT+T4WnGeZHRP1z/SukrjfiE2/T7G0H3prjp+GP60IDo9Eh+z6FYQkcpboD9cCtDFMRQiKo6KMCnUDDJHvSg5pKTFADqKbkj3pQQaAFooooAKWkooAWikooAWikooAWikooAKKKKACiikpALSUUUAFFFFABRSUUALRSUUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFABSUUUgCkoooAKKSigAopKKACkNLSGgDldUO68uMf3sfyrMmB3fjWjfuBczZ/56H+dZsr+lNDZA4JwMd6CvSo5ZlVwC6gnsTTDdIGChixPTaM1QiXFKO9QNOwAIhdsntj/GjzJ9wCwjaepLf4UASN3poO16ZKshGfMVfXC5/rQIi3/LZwcdRgUAaukeNd+vyadeSK0DNshmMewg+jD9K7SSaOJN8jhR6k1wPjLwuHsRqdijGVADOMklxj731FXfAmvQX1oLGVI0vIV4YKAZF9fr61Azq01GzlXMdzE/srAn8hSfbWaXYlpcMMZ3lQq/+PEVNn979RzT6BFUzXjShVtUVD/G0nI/AD+tDQXTSKxvAqjqqRDn8yamkuIYhmSVEHX5mAqk2sWeMwu1xzjFupk/lQMkuYF8lmmu7gIvJwwX9QAf1rNtr3SNRvGtRLJLKF3COWRiCPoTisLxR4pCx/Z4opVU8HeuMmsjwvo13d3Y1R7d5Y9xx+98vJ+vUihasbSSPRI47SzTbbwICBwsajNSrJNIoIi8vI6SHkfln+dQxRTRxhI1ggQfwgFv8KjEboXE9/I5J4VFVcD8ATTJLCxz877kHnI2xgEfzqOWG3DpJPI25fus0m3+WKrwwxKzgDUH5/jkkA/DJp3lQJOjrpzs/wDz0IXI/EnNACS3WmxjLNG+fQeZ/LNTLcQqn7qCUjsFhK/zApzNc7f3MMYP+2+P5A0u647xRf8Afw//ABNMQwTzSDmylH+8yf41Bsu2lBW0to07l2y36D+tWA10XbKQhO3znP8AKmubsEEG3Cj7wbP8+1AAyXhQgXEKccERE4/8epiW9z5ZWW5VmIwXSPaf5mnu85Qj91Fno+/dj8MCoY5baRTuvFlK8MfMAGfoKAHiGCMCOSdnYD+OUgn8Af6VH/xL4AzRRRMc5IiQMx/Lmka406LMgERPcxpuP6Ampvte5cxQTP8A8B2f+hYoABcIwBEcp9AYmGPzFcZ49sjd2aXaW0yvbn5mKjBU/Q118c95Kp/0ZITnpJJk/kAR+tV7q3uZreaK5u7XyZBtw0BGB9d9A0YPgvWpbvSBaiMyTQfLkuANvb3roL66mt7OSV0iGB2lP/xNeW6W6aJ4n8m4ffCH2M0bkZB6Hg113iOe1ZUijQ4A3MX3Z/Xmk3ZDjHWxymrzG4mWFAXklfnHJNd7o8D6Vo8Ntd3UFm2PlwVDH67sjP4VxPhm0W+8QeabRpoUz8oX5Qe2c16LBakOSNNtIiv3HyCf0XiiK0FN3Y8TxbR/ps0h9VQHP5LUKzW0k7HGo5UYIKTBT+lXJPtgQmPyC3ZWLAfnz/KlAuiOWhU+wJx/KmIqym1aMiS0uJlP8LxO+fwNMjeFotyaTJgHG0xIpH5kVaRLwZ3XEB54xCR/7NSsLsL8rQOfQqV/qaYFaDzElITTTEuODlAP0NSyzXqgbLWN8nB/fYx/47Ug+1FRnyQe45P60z/TTKQfIWPHXljn6cUCEVbvbjfBH7bS/wDUUiW91g+bek88eXGq/wA91SFLnH+uh/78n/4qo447sDEtxE3PBSIjj8WNADZbEy4D3d1t77JNmfxUCnpZW6DiJWI/if5j+Z5oe2kdcfa51912f/E0C2XaA0szH1MhGfyxQBnLqsZ8pFQkEcjzEHP50yfVnhtGlW1MjKcuqseR7cY/WtjSNVe5Z7W6XyruI4ZfUeorQus/ZpNpG4jAz78UAzyzUvFaz6e0JhkSZ255yAvNX9G8ctYafFbNbI6oMBgcH8a5/wAU2MlpqzCRIk8wbwsZ4ANdroXgfTW0WF7xJHuJVDlw5G3PYDpQ7ji1a5A3xGbtZrn/AHqP+E+vHHyWCn6ZqS6+H+1i9hfAEdFlXp+I/wAKreV4u0QAIJJol/u/vBj+dKzHzIm/4TXV3Pyadx7IxoPizxCy5XTH+vktx+lSWvj6aJvLv7IgjqUOD+RrWbxdpl3YTeTOVmMbBUcYJOOnpSsF3bQ5ew1nWzJcXGn6axaZv3jpEzZP+TV/+1fGL9LCUf8AbDFdD4UiEOhRA4DOzOw9CSa3aLBdnAfafGsg4tpR/wABA/rR5fjZ8/JIvp86D+td/RRYOZnnVzaeMUgLzSsqDr+9WskRa9jH2gj/AIGK9G12TbZBc/eauTY+lHKhKTMUw62TzeH/AL+Gqk1lqy3CyiUyMRt3CQ5H510LZpjUcqHzMxWstSP/AC8lv+BmoHsr7+OR/wACTW+KWjkQ+ZmZo+hy6rfratdGMEEltucY/GuoHw7j/i1N/wAIR/jVjwvAp1GaYKAVjxn6n/61ddRyoHJnhmvaY+larNaNn5G4YjG4djXq/g+0Fn4YsV+bc8YkbJJ5bn8OteceMZWu/Fl0q84YRr+AAr120hFvaQwjpGgUfgKYk3y6nP33+k+OLGLqII9xH4E/1FdRXK6bi58b6hP1EMfl/jwP6GuqoEthaKSloAWk5oooAXdS0lGPSgB1FN5pc0ALS02loAWikooGLRSUtAgrjPFWLnxXoNp1xIHI/wCBD+imuzrirj/SvijbL1Fvb5/8dP8A8VQB2tFJRQMWiikoAWjrRRQAcjvRn1oooAXNFJgUfjQAtFJk0mfY0AOopNwqNJlkb926Ovcq2cGgCWikooAWikopALSUZB6UUAFFFGaACiikoAWikooAWikopAFFFJTAWkoppdQu4kAeppAOpKrPqFnG4RrmIOxwFDgn8qQ39r5gjEwZyMhFBY4+goAs1QvNZ0+wuY7a6uRFLL9wMrYPOOuMdamNzJvAS0mdT1b5Vx+BIP6VzPjPS7vV9N3xWpV7YGRWMgyfUYGf59qBo67NGa5fwrqtxruhrm7Ec8P7uQrHlvY5JI5HtW6LWXdlr64cYxg7B+PCigRaqNriFc7po1x6sBWFcjyvEdnahneKVS7rIxfnnpnOOnarumXdvcXF5BDapD9mk2kqB83J54HtQMti/tndkjk8xl6iNS+PyBpDczeYAtnKUI+8WUfpnNT+Yu7YXG49FzzS0CKzvfFkCQwKpPzMZCSPwwM/nSGG6dm33QVSMDyotpH4kn+VWqiknhi/1kqJ/vMBQBx9xbDzXDzSSfOeWbk8+2KpS2cQYkbgT/tnH5Hipp9RtOX85CNxGQc5NYx1RhfTKqSOrPjG05x7U0Nl3ylVvuLkdwKcagNzcMzbbYjjgs1RFZ3bLMwyOUBAH9TVCLXanZAHPaqkVqysWMjZPox/xp62cQYuxdyf77k0gCW4hAI8wEjspyRUa3sIYKN7E9MRt/hT3hhiy22ME98CkWaPBPO0dzwP1pgd015ctbqLfTpZCQAfNZUXH6n9K898R6Jd+G9Qi1WzxFGz5Hlknym9OnSvQrfUN8IO6DAAwVcuce4A/rUV1HFq1q8UsjyW0ilWQWzAfXnnNQNFfw9qH9u6UlwL+bzQNkqqqAqfyNacenRiHy5prifPUyTN/QivLdl34N11d5mNs7Z4JTzE/wARXpcExu4YZ7eMSwSruD/am6fTFAE4s9PtiGFvArAcMUG4/j1rH1zxBFZWbpErxv33LtwPpU+oXP8AZcDNFNbxOORHsLk/U5BxXmt5c3eu6mYUkV9z45O0Ek/Wl5DStqyTT7G58S6sD8/kq/zYUnA9fT9a9UjsfJt0gineJEAAEYUDA+oNZml6G2m6aLWB5IyRlmDqMn1+6T+taC2DmMLLcOxxgkO/P/j1UTe7uywYEA+Z3I75c1GJbG0UoJIIRnJG4CoIdIt4s5LOPRgD+uM/rUh0qw3iQ2cJcdGKAmgBJdXs4gD5vmAnGY1L4/LNN/te3ZiseXI9Co/mRVwIi/dUD6Cl6dKAOevPEU0V1bQRWhV5HwVlI5HttJp2naxf6hNcqtuqrFJsO3kj8yvpUmtQvLqOmbf+ep6/n/IGqWhM8E2tNtPySkjI4JG40AzWlWTIllkuwVH3I1AB/LP86Vra2uIx5lnLKp7SnP6MamhvN2mpdyDGYvMYL9M1HBqlvcX0lom/zEQOcjjBx/jTENEUCyBRpO3jhtkeP51L5TgZS3t1x05/+tVmikBXT7WyAyPEjdwqlgPxyP5Uiwz7mL3TFSflCoox/OrBpKAOS14uNVgiM0uwMhx5hHUn0+ldQsMaHKoN3r1P51zut27P4gsc/wCqkIB9eD/9erGpa3cWMSOIky1yYvmzyvrQN7nN/ETStrQ6nEv+xIR+hrl21V57AI7s0x+XJPOK9L8W7JPDl4hIJCZxnmvN/CmnLqGsx+YQIYv3jk+gotcd7K56T4U0saZosSsMSyfO/wBa3arLeWu0bJ42HYKwP8qQ3sayBNk3PfyWx+eKZCRZoqtJf28aFnkwBycg1Emr2Dru+0ogIyDJ8n88UDLtFUxqtgQSt5A2P7sgNMfVrVV3biV9QR/U0AXqKz/7YtMqCZBnvsOBSrqkDy+WiyN6ELxQBeoqv50pHyW7A/7bAD9M/wAqYhvGB3+REc9Bl/8ACgCyaQ1SlDiVTJflR/cRVGfzyaD9lP8ArBK4PXzFcj9eKBFzVNLN1tubZvLvIuUb+97GqlvrQuk+x3KeTeKcMjd/cVaGsIb2G3iCziUE742yFx61Q8TQ2bwrczyNA8QysqD5ge38qYbHC+Im/tDxg0CnIMixD9BXrsShIlQdFAArxXQriM+Kbae4dnUS7i2Mkn1/OvaYpUljV43DKRkEHINNsaVoklGKaTgE+lUotWtZoY5QzBZJPLTK9TSET3Nja3i7bm3imH+2gJ/OuP8AFHhrTLLTWuraJ4pNwUKr5X8jXcZrm/FJ86bTbMf8tZwSPbI/+vQhNGGvhDWbKNZrC+BYjJUMYz/hTv7c8T6QQL22aWMdWdOP++hxXergKB6UvHpSKuzk7Tx7Zvxd28kJ7lfmFb1prmm3uBBeRMx/hJwfyNMvNB0u+yZ7OIsf4lG0/mK46TwnFc67dWllcNDHBGrZcbvmPagL9zovEMwZ44wegzxXPtjdis26s9Y0uZolmE6occHP6GoBrMkT4urYqfbj+dFwSRrmmHkH2qtFqtpNjEuwns4xVjcGTchDL6qcincLDVzS85FA4FKBQB1HhZMQ3EmOrhfyH/166AuFUsegGTWT4cj2aSp/vsx/XH9Kk8QX39naJcz+W7nYVGwZwSMZPtSBnllkDqXjKEnnzboMfpuz/IV7PkAc1494KeI+K7cytzltoxnLYOK9ZvpRBp9xL02xsf0pdRvSJg+EwJrrVLvvJNtz64yf610xcL1I+lcZo882n+F0uozEPNuDvL9dpOMjkc8VBqutSm304ozrMzeY/wA+zIzgAke1MDvM8UtYq67aw+XG5d3Yop2gcFhkVrM+1M47gfmaAJKWm0UCHUtNpaAFpabmjNAC8Uc+tGaKBlaW/hhvobN2PnTAlAB2HWplnjeVoldWkT7yhuV+tZL27y+LY5jjy4bX17sT/gaZowZtX1iYgjMwQZHoDQI3N2BzVK51e2s7qG3ud8bzEiP5dwP5Zx+NXTgjB5Fc5fAS+NNOjAGIomc8fX/61AHSZrhtPu4Y/HOs6hcvsihXyt2CeSQo/wDQa7QzIJvKz823fj2rzXTxLeT3iKC73F9Fux2XLn/P0oDqenggjI70Ug4FGaQxaKhS4SS1W4XOxk3jI7dah02/TUbGO7RGRXzgN14JH9KYF2im0tAC0UlFAC0UmaoXOsWVnqNvYXEhSe5/1QKnDe2emaQGhRSZozQBjeI7qe3gs0t5WjkmuVTKnnHP/wBasUyY+JDBFXLKEY98BAf6Vv6pEk+o6UrrnbO0n/fKE/z21haXGLnx7qE+f9Ru/PG3/GgZ2OT3pc0mazbF1SfUZXmUA3Bwd3AAVRQI1KSs5tRjEzyCdXt1iBzGN/zZPPGewrL8La22oWMgneaWdJCT+6PCnoM4x60DMayvZ/t8fkyun2nVGDbTjco28H8Grvq4yyjE9zpcsdpIWEt3Oo3KoYb+O/uorqWmuvL3Jajd/daXB/QGgC1SZrPuWvmntdiwoglJfErHI2sMY2j1z+FZutNfnVNJhhuTGrzEuY0I4GOvPPegCfxL4h/4R20huWtxPG8mxgJNpHGcjg56Vr29xFdW0VxCweKVQ6MO4PSud1qzGsrLoM08rSNB5yzFUADA4HGP61g+AbseZcaDqG8XVoxMSmVgMZwy4zg4Pt3oA9Alnihx5kiruOFDHGTUM99brExWdMggHawJHI7CpUggRspFGrHuFGTVXU7lLSGElGIkuYkO0DjLA5PtxSET/bFKK0ccsgbptQj+eKcZZiwC2xwepdwMflmoxqFmdwW5iYocMFcHFZOq+LdP0yEOG85iM7RkcfiKLjSbNnF0XzvhRccDaWP55H8qPIkLFjcy8j7qhQB+mf1rN0/xDbahpcd9DHIwfgxrgspzgjtnFXJLyYRkw2U0jdlJC5/HNAiQWcWGDPM4brvmYj8s4qM2Nom3NrCyLjG5AduPrSPLqBK+XaxAd98n+FIy6k0gKzWyJ3Uxkn+dAFzgJgfdA4AoDZUE96pG1vWYltQwpPKrCPyBNMXSwJd5vb0/7Pnnb+VAGhmoJbu2ibZLPErEZwzgHFVv7IszL5jIzt33OTn6jvWRc6zpGnX0kJsJDNESu4Rg/kSfpQM5eDULbwx44l8iZX066PzbOQuef0P6Gu9OqZUmGxvZSOg8kpn/AL6xXFeLtWsdd0gxJbXC3ER3xMyjA9R17ipPD/j2IaTFDdwyPcQrsZww+YDofrQBuztczeJbO4WxlVlt2PlyOgx26gn+9+lZtnfX2lnVLh7SNTJclTmX7rcnjjn7wqN/GlodTW6WCVtsRi2AjuQc/pXMa/4g+0tKIQ8bTSFhG38OcD+lJspLuTafeahq3iq3S3m/eJIXaRRwPUn27V6JNBNbRK73kzgyKpGTk7mA6gjpmvN/D895pBEscGHYMC4KhiDjg5B449K228RanK5LodvGFEmBwc9sU7CerOhhSGTXZ9NLXBWJBLn7Q3JOOMenNaS6ZYwowW3Xk7znJyfWvPoJnivpbto5pHkGPmuGyPx6/rVttR3DnTkYgYy9xI382oAuSS2yLgyRLjqMgYrBe4g/tR2UtJ85b92pbjA9PfNPZljIcWVqm3ueKaLmXcZFRGyc/Lk+np9KAJ/tMrFttrKPTcVH9ahkubsGICKJfMPdicfpSi4unGREgz/eyKaz3eMkQjb04JxTuInZJmXablUY9NqjP61I1tvj2vPKfoQP5AVUAlZw7y8gcbVxipcjduYueMY3cflTuIbJb2yKBIS7DoZHJP604G1QglY/qFFObymHCKD64qRAM0Ad9DMTbR7IZGGwdsdvfFOR7iRQ3lLFns7ZI/Lj9adbc20R/wBgfyqSpAwfEHh465YSRSzqZl+aAhNu0+h65BrivDGutoN7LpeqeakO4gDcf3b/AIdjXqRNef8AxG0uEQw6lGhExby3I6Eds0DRj+I9Ya9uzDbqAW+UbfT0rsPCPhxdJsxcTqDdyjJyPuD0rnfBWhwrjVr4rgf6lD1PvivQRdRsm5FkYEZ4jP8AhQlYTd2WKSoBOzDIt5fodo/rTVlnJbdbYGeMODQBYZgoLE4AGSapnVtPHW9t/wDv6KjvDdtFJtVEj8ts5bnOPpXA/Z2MhO5Quem3/wCvQB3x1rTR/wAv0H4ODTDr2mDreR/rXCm1yOGA/wCA0htjt6rn3SmB1N/runPdWTrchlikLOQp4G0j0qK313TUk1DzJ/lml3L8h+YbQPT1Brm1t+PmYZ9VUCkFud2fNJX02igZ08PiPS002OBpG3CIKy7D1xzWVp+tW1vrd1eTs2yRNqhV7cY/QVnG1jbBJbj/AGiKcIYwchB+PNAjpf8AhM9Mx8qzt9FH+NMPjOy3YW1u299gx/OufVFGcKBn2pcCgDZm8Ytg+RYMfTe+P5Coj4suGXH2YK2Ow6Vl45pMUAS3OsXF1PbSPHKxhO7qBnp6DjpUF7ffbFRTaTDbJ5nzTlh9OacRScUAUNUuy0V7ObGIecm3kZKe4NZvhfUprC4m8qCKUsBkSLnFampLnTpv92sHQMG7kBODt4oDoeh2niooAl1bgD1jGAPwP+Nbdtq9ndKPKmBY9EPBNcKx20kRaOVZo2KOpypFAHoMgJQlup4ApN22LyvvHpg/1qpZagL60jdgFfOGA6ZqynN7JwfujB7UxCJbm1JePLk/eB6/gf6U952aPMPLHjnjH1p08ywxM57Vy03jHSIXLLNJvBw42cNQNI6NrKJ4GRwXYjJZjk59R6UsG2a3CyqrEDDAjINc3J8QNJA/dpO591A/rWa/xAijOYbMk4wdz9aVw5Ttjb+XzAxj/wBnqp/Dt+FVraV57iaMgoyHD4Oc/SuN/wCFizHObOPHbBNVo/Gl0k0kyRRFWOQpOCv40XHynpKoqDCqB6+9Ka5nRPGVrqsq280Zt7huAN25W+hrpc0yDgrPSWuL+eO1muLIQjkyAtz9V6Cq2u2upIird3ouIicKyS7gce1VobsrvDSyhiezmoJ5IpELBtzk8nOTRcdmP0SWz03Uo7q6SSRUBwFbHJ4rtIdd0TyGOn3DWdxjgOMKT/tDpXCxRpIhDN07E8U/yImH8OPVT1ouM9Pt9Vnl0qSaeOKQBW+aCQEEeuKrRrCJNKt45AjRZdkcYJ6Z6/U15yiNE58i5eI/j/MU97q6YDzRHcqDySP/ANVHMFkeu3t79kijZVDs8ioBn171gz3EWo+LbExuGjhiL57d/wD61eetqFvzvSWJuwVsj8jSQ6rmRmFwPmXZgkjj0oTFbU9mWb96+XTZgAYPfvUEF+Zr+6hO0Rw7QrZ5JIya8sFznhgeVwSDnirsOoi2VwTEQ+M+bHnNFx2PTY7y3lLhJVJRtrc9DWLocqPe6reO6jfPtGT2Uf8A165GLWoYt+YrZw53HKEEk1NZavpthpLCQB7iQ7SFj9Se/oKLisaF1cJPdSlXDEHnB6VUYK3BAK+hGaoF7RJgFCiR/m4XJIoMlunDgDceF296LhYdLptpL/yz2H1Q4qm2lSQndbXRU54zx+oq0JrdWYMRvI4+U1HNcQIrSD5io5Cr1o0GZ5u9SjvdrDzDF97jIIPv3q/HrkXSaFkP+yc/oaRJrRWQfKJHxjC81NLJb7tkiglyBtIzzSGddo3inRxZw27XHlOq4PmKQM/Wm+L9YtT4clS3uYpGmZVARgcjOT/KsOTT9CuJXiW1mjdUyCjBS34E4rntcsI9NEYglmZZFJKygcfkTQJ2Zu/D1oIbm8uZ3RCwVEJ7k5Jx+Qrr9d1GB9BvPJlDkAIcdiTXmmi3esabp/2izgL27MSxC5wRxn1FT6j4xkvbI2skaxh2DMV56UA1c7yzt9Pk0Cws73JIjWbaA3fJ7fU1n3f2O58S2UcTxi3toh8pQsOO2OvpVSy8aadMsaKsitHGAN+BkgD36U7TbvzdYnuzb3DB0CqUTO0Y9c+wouFtTahhtI9be+N4GgOcRMhwrHHtgdK0bnVrNTEvmnLSAHCnjvz+VZh1IqAGs7kFn+bCDA5+tUbnVVa6SRra42wliCydcDGetFwOpGp2mAfOXB6HnmornXdOtVUy3AG5wgABPJrNTVlKR4hmIbknA+XjtzUEWtxubiS4s5444W6uBlwB159+eM0AdB/alnt3eeu09+1L/aVqHCb23HoNjZP6Vhw6zG9tFIkMsiyAEfd4H0z6VI+rqCqC3uC54D/Lx7k59BQBrjU7UvtDuW9BExP8qZcavbW0TO6zfKM48lh/MCsmPV189oxaXG8AHO0fn19qr6xqLyabJH9nlQFcM7rjJyP8KALEnjbTkKjybkljjhB/jSnxpY44guP++R/jXCi7Co8ksUiBCeMZyKlEysAyhmDDOcUrjsdXF4stUvri4aCYrIqKoA5AGev50W3i23gWbNtMxeVn49CeP0rk/NByoR/l56daRJ1dcrG/PB68fpSuFjsj41h7WUp/4EKyl8SR/wDCRy6j9mdsQ+WI93Tpzn/PWsRpQvBQ4HOQf/rVXjuY97sACWPI3HI/Si47HXTeMslymnsGdNu4yDgc+3vXN6LdPYXkd2qNIEYkpvwCcEfpk1h3WtNmSLyCmOAc84pYbhr7TZLSIuJiCc44I9M0xHoJ8aXOONPTHqZf/rVKnjTPD2RBP92TP9K860jU3ZPsUwJmjyASccVqjzTg5Rfbr/hTA7J/Fls9q0H2SYbkKcMPTFRRa3ZQ+G2sYvMScQsigr1Y98j3NcqBLj/WDI77aXDZyZWA9ABTEd/pesadFpttC95GHSJVbcSOcc9a1obmG4j8yGVJE/vKcivK9gwAWc477sfypINQjs78RxTbZ2GdpO4H6g8Uhnqhu4A+wSqz/wB1Tk/kKYLiRmUi2mweudox9cmub03xfZjZDeKkLAYVohlfyHSttNZtprZ57dZ5lVtvyQtyfyoCxbaS5ydsMeMcFpD1/I1xnxC05pdKi1TfHHeWrDbszkjPY+x56UviHW9QXUTbwNLDEqKWC/KckevBrnHeeX5pAzFzhvMf/OaLhYtab4p1q/tPN/tMhh8rARJwfyqS81/XLe0eUapIWXH/ACzTnn6VyeBo+seUW/0acdecD9e1amohTaRxmVW3Oowvf9TQAja7q2oXkJmu5iQ20EOVwD16VZtWlNxcSR3VwjFsMySsC3J64PNZlrBarcrmYqwOQMgYNWUkhtrWaaaR1Ac87iCaT0Grs0HuHtyHkvZFZiFyznk9qlWS4iJKXcyZOSVbGT+FcpCW1i88yacRW6H5VZ+T9K29+nICrzxOM5AZgcUK4MvNqUvzbtVnyOuZz/jVZZVjH7ma4w5/5Zg8/XFNW/tFQ+W0S46AsFpwv4iBtlgz3/eUCFAIZVVZyB0I4A/Ol2ytndG3HTMlMOowZyLqADvzSf2jb5ybuHHYY/8Ar0wHRPdRAlAqNntIf8KnGoasHVxdksn3CXbjPWqP2iIkp9qJcnooyf5U/cGOwrM3foV/woC5pR6xq8V39pFxG0xXYXKZ+Xr3/CsTW7u8g1aHWllVboEB2iG3JHf8Rwatkhl/492PoHx/jTLi3+02rRmCMFlx97kfpQFzsdF1vSNYMb3MrrcEfKJpiy/hngH8K0Lu301b+yMDxiY3Q3sHBK4R275x0FeUaTLLa3cunu6qQ2Vyuc/56111pq93b3NmJbiSWCFmKoAuVypHBIPr0pMe52GoalbabZyStdtMxJ2jeBz/AMBxwK8zWK88Wam4gP8AoluN8kksm0Y/3jnn0pNXvLvxDrX2Wy82Te21goyB+Qr0bSPD9ho9gkUFgLiXA3ySoMse/wB7p9KS7g3ZWLunyWGn6Vbxwr5MKqAF3ByPqVJH45q0+p2caFnmwB/sn/CmGBVQLFYW4A42thRj8AalxPkAJCE7jJP9KZI2XUIYkDFJ2zwNsDn+nH40jXVx5m1LKUjH32dQP55/SpALks2TEF7fKT/UUgW5y26WLGeMRnp/31QBG0t/5oVba38s/wARnOR+Gz+tZGp61Np915TypnbkIkJPX1JYfyraVLkbt86NknGI8YH51wviJXOtziSZn27QOMYGAccfWgaHzeINSkmLR3UkY7DavT34rJmV7i7eeeeWSRx8x3Y/limCNQSctz6sapXcj20p8pUcEZO/Jx+tLqMvGCBX3NknGPmcn+ZrnGaPS9b3rhoHPIx0z1p/9tzpu2QwLzzhTz+tU9Q1Oa+h2SpH8pyCo5qhHTXN0lvbvK67VAyORz+VYmmW81/ffbZVxGD1P9KynvLi7gjgYlkiHYfzrQh1W5hSOGPYqgYHy0kuo29LHTGNiQfOcAdQAOf0p3lIcbtxx0+Y1zJ1u8JwGX/vmpRql4beSTzQChAA2jmnYk6IxIwwSw+jEUGFGUq24g/7Rrl/7ZvtoPndf9kUn9sXxUnzz/3yKLAdUI0UYCqPwpwwOlctHf38iGRp2WMdTgfpS3d5dxiErPJh03cGgDqailI281yf22+bpNMf+BGnwT3ks6I80u1jg5aiwHT8Cms6r1IFYMdxcws+5fOh3EfvDn9av215asu2LarDnB/zzQBcW4icZRg30p8U7j/lkwHuRVaO480AqDg9CVNSs7ou7bu9cHmgD0LS7uW60+GRIUUbQOZPT6CrW25MhLSxhMfdCZP55/pXBaZq01jJugbKN95D0P8A9eu2s5ob+ATRzO4PUbsbT6HFJoCZ7ZZE2yTSsD6Nt/liuS+IMccOhRBEUZlAJA5PFdRcQQYUOHIJ/vt/jXHePYp4dGhzKzQmbhJDll49e9IaOj8OyRR+HrHLIpMI7gVoteW6/enjGfVgKyfDk1vH4bs2LImIQWJ4/Gkm8S6XHKV+2xFicZGWAH4U7iSZtedGU3h1KHowPFM+0Kfuq7fRTXHzeLNFtrndAk7N/E8aBcn1weP0pw+IVkoIeGVsdOgJoHZnT3VyRA48iY5U9FB7fWuDjnRt3zAckYJwR9a2h440W7i+eWeBscbkOQfwzWW1naeIri6dZ4VuZNpjZWwOnPHccUIOhXa6gQ4Mq59M0z7bAWwrg/RhWFq2jXWlXTQTbWO3cGQ5BHr7VV08H7WFYdVYc/SmI6M6lahtrShfc9KU6lZjrcR/ga525yqoQRygyDVHzjjGFP4UDsdadVsv+e6/kaBqloRkS5H+6a5JZnVsrgfhSvcyuQWcnHvSCx1n9qWwGd5x/umozrNoP4m/74Ncm0jY5NMErAYDHHpmgLHWjWrUnG5h9RRLrMEQDNHLtPRgvB+hrloTuLfQ1agZrMbmY/N/yyPIb6imI3V1dJOVhkwemcVB/b8H/POTPfpWfFOJbkSH5SRyvYfSs4r+8bnvRYDautbimtpIxE+WXGcisrS7jyLvOM7hgc1CYyc8j8abbZhuY3IGA2etGg+h0yX3nTLEy7W7jParua5adi10ZEkzk5BB6VrWGprcLslIWQfk1MR0WmXgglaJ2Ijl4JH8J7GuptJme6bdwSgB47ivPpLuCPh5UH1NaFp4vsLSziMjyyXCNgiNOq+5NAWZ20370yZ+6in868Vvxtvp144kPT613Q+IOngMv2O4IYnJ+Uf1rg76SKa7lkhJEbMSAw5FIroV80maTHq36UFB/fP5UCF3DFJ5nYGm7B/fP5UoiTPLsPwpAamhnOsWnzlf3g5HavXxM5byT98Dlvb1rxWCZbSZJIWbehBDHsa0pvFesNIGF4yFTkbAB/TmmhW1uNTUVjb7mwnruWg3STP8rr+AxUxhWRsE8N0JHBqhNbKtyVCZUdxxTA0hJJDE2+Feem4HnNWFeQRxgbRnoAvAqoLZMRhrqdUxjAbdj8DTvLuhKvkXMNyqjIOMYoA0leTerMEbbzjbinTq8y+aiLsJ5XAyp9KoLd3UY/e2bHHeNs0ia1HCzthlOMFHU4agCO7iRztYHjrgdKiisbdhlRIxHqABUpu47ve8Y2jP3c5qzariHp1OaAFi8y3X9wiRkDrkk1EZZ1LNJhiR1bnFWsVFMM7V9TSsFwW7tJYiksDIcffQZBP6U5LiHCpCZM9BuYKKYqjywAOpoaKIHLKMd6LBctgXTtgSQhgOCgycfWgyGB0HlgHOSQ2S2PXNVY7RN5khumDdsHpTs3Qm+8JmVcfN70AWxqykhjaseOGyKU6kz/6u3Gf9pqom7Q26pPbsg/vL/wDX/wAalie3b7k4Hs4x/wDWouMnL3FyfnkCD/YGP1p0MklpdweSVBVt/I6ketSQRttyMMPVTkVGvzXrnH3VAoEb/wDwk+qZzug3Yxnyuf51ynijVbnUbtPtMgZo12jAwOea1OO9crqLmbUJAD/FgUwOv0rV7+z0OK1hkQRBD8pQHOcn+tcnfw4vG3KFLnovTmukAEduq+gArGuSrXuD2P8AKkHUu6Za2CbIruA7TyZ0chl/DBBFX9MsbiRGlstWS3lDkLG7lSR+H+FZ3mAJwrHj0pkPmMp+6OfrQB1X9seJ9LVjcRrcQp1cYbH4jp+NRaV44tIrlI9QWYyLGVL4BBy2T/SufleQWzRmZ9h/g3cflWdd2QnUyISJVxyT1xQO/c9O0fxRaz38tq9whhOWgkPy/L/dOe4roRe28kY2yCRWGQFBbI+gry7wha2Grx3CTzfZb6HBTDYDe+D/AEq2Uv4NRMNlfi3mGRsMuI29welGoOx6Qs6gBUjkAHAAjIFc34i8RnSb+2kaOXy41Zmj3AbieB61jv4j8RaWqrfRRvGR/rFxz/wIZH6Vzd3rEPiDxJHJqBddPRvmVecgdvpQFj0CTXJr7R7fVrCHZjlo5GwzDoVH86n1G8i1Dw/LcBoWj8veo3nIanWXiHTZo44bN4ioUhY1OOB2xisHWDJphmEVtImn3Y3FCF+VhycDNAmhZPBv9o2WI9W2rIg4ChhnvyMcVxESX9hqMukyu4khJCqMcgcnk+3NdFPqsUjrs01bcsuQ8B2E/iv+Fcxqoa7/ANIV5GmiyGLHJPPrimGzLrR3zW81zFOfKjxuJYZ9On40Wki3MTW7nbK3Ak3H73bPselVrLUWmtI4/NACHLKV75z+I6VJszNuLor9yoxS6DIbgTQXvk7mDKApolef7QEgZlJHRTireIrqTMk375eFcgDI9/8AGsu6uyJPJtHYyE4aXPH+felcLDrlQXKvIZJkHzndnHtTDJJCQI3ZeOcHFSfZIraMDzDJK4+Zh0qytrayW+/dJv6YHQ0dQMqSOYl7yNjuQgs2efrV211m5KjLK+OoYUBVaBo0RjubkkY/Cs4+Zp8+7aNjdjyKoRvw6sJBtk3gnugHFWI72Ob7kzZ6bXIH9KxYmMgLRqqkqeR3qKZ/saj5s3DfdX+77mkNGrqV8tp+6jZpJ2GANx+XPrzTNOsVVftFyTLK3bqB9T61mQxOF+0SZMjHOTWjBqG0KrwKwHTFFguaoZFAw0YVe5OSKvWep3dkxNtdyqG7IuV/EYIrLj1KD7qqVPoRirSyswBXYQe+6gCW8vZ767a4kM5kbAIwMcADv9Kq3HnPHIGXK4yuQKsZlIPKD070nlvI21pPlIIIApAcvfQtIg+VQR0x3qLTT5twiltpU5zn0FbjQQCVlaIuA2ANxrN1S3j0vU4poxiKQcqO3Y0wL8+neVG09xOhWNhl1cHPyg4x17jn61i3V3JfScZWBThVq1dXc+vX3dIM5PGM1ehgjjjCIoG3t6//AF6SV9WN6bGfYxKZFyuVG44z7VX25VjjgGt3KiOQj+6e1RIVWLLHGKoky4YGmRm4AU8sTwKsW5Q3EaRx5jBJJI5birWTKck4QdBVp44IIJJFCmTBIDHrQBgunzdqaoJIXrk1tRi3aSPzEj2t1IHTrTbuK2hkVo1UgsMYNFwsU7yNnvH8sgMMfJnkcCli1C9t2CMxPtIM0t0ivKz+aFYnv/jUStMCEZsr65yKALc2qOzqrFkKt823oRWjbz2s3Kzszf7TEH8uK5+VCZ5GHI3HkHNOCgRMCDnPTFAF3W7Tyyl9DnerfNzn6Gm3OsIbONLRQJ5Rhto5WqUlxPHbvFvYowwVPIpNKVbd1upE39l56Umhp2Og0SzfS9lyrFbrrvHVfavS/D+rzanDIs8ah4sZdejZz27dK82hv1m4VD0yOQa6/wALh3srhxFI+XHyxzbc4HqCPWhgdnmisp1u0GbVyFU/NvlLj36qT+tSSxXgA3mGZScEEHP4DOD+lIRe8+Lds8xN3puGafms5k3qyFoCpGBH5GGB/Okis5ZEDtOUDAECNQpH40AX3kSNSzuqqOpY4Fee67NHJrd0VdSNwGQf9kV2Ys5I3ZhcvIR03hcj/gQFeeaxsbVrkPK5HmMpZ2AP5jFIaGmQZx1+lZN9My7sMcbyM8cDAqybrToR5byRcjHrTLe4t2aXbLEQWOBvGcUIbRitbPgZjcbhkfL1Fan9jWb+GGvTMIruPeShYkuBjHGOPrmqon1AxuVaU/MAML9far2qk/2Imc7ti7s9c45zVakmBp0b7GkjJ+X7wHce/tV17QNKJYhhRyy56fT2qPTJNumzL03NgEfyrRgZRIrHHHODTAzVsH+87KMc4Bqy1ti0lXA+dwRz0q0WVyT3PUf4VE7/ALoR5zhxzQBAunfIokIAGSByc01LZI1Kyj7xyBzk1p3U6qyqmC20YHp9aqmMMCztlz39KAKzq8jKrBePuqoOBU91BJsjCwk4QL7AVes3ynzH5S2Kr65FNuWWMMI1X5ipx3pAZZilzgjAHvTrdRDcxyFhhTk4OaqeaaQzPjg4qbsqyNC6uIZlKs7IASVCdPxFUPMQrtDHIPUjFQknrmo93NUhGzaX1xboBkSRjgAn+RrYhvo5sKSFfrtPBrlbdyJAvqavvHJJHwCWAwB+NMR0K43kfjXReFnZLubqy+Xk4+orj7a01qGLzTZTyQhdxJU9Ouc11Pg+b7VNLIoZY9mGJHfI4pMDrY386439UVfl/wAa5v4hEDw5zjPmriti51C00+48yW4ijRwAQzAZP+Ncv48v7a+0iOK1u4JSHDEJIDUlJM4ia5leGFG3qqoMKScfXBqPexGQcfjVjUEhjtLR4nDF4gHAPKtVAZ29QPqaAHPKVGTVYyFmzT2AY4Z+PYU3ZHtPzNn6U0AB8iuh0O5gazktXjPn7w8cwOGTGc4Nc6hVGztz7Gp4rqSBy8OEPtTEdeNbNvqG69ljunEXklZI/vLnPPY1lSJZXN48tl+7A+YRYJA+hNYk17LM+92yx6nHNR+Y/wDeP50h2NSSBrgfeA2gjJrJ2sCcKTjvilEjqwIYg+tK88rn5nJ/GgBNjD7wx9aCOPvCk3Emg+1AhdoI5fH0FJtjzgs2PWkpjHnmgZbS5S3XEI3HuWFRm8kJO7Bz61B2pp4GcZoETG4k3ZDEfSm+Y+chj+dMpaBiszM3zEk+pptHIHOKO1AATxUe45yMgipD0qNqYh5d25Y5ozx0qME4p4IOKQDhSd6dgDk8ZpDQMaeO9HNKVBPHBpMds0AHam5oK/WgehFAg696O3IpD19KRSc4BoA1J7ZRHhY2Vj3JqG3Qs6o+Tj0OK1JmukRiZgyqMcmqllKI5d5cqQOoXNUIsLbRTNsEbLnuDmi30xEWRJJC3PG04q5FdSk7heRgn1QA1Vj1SbzZFDAtuzygOfelcLE66TBt4L/99GqF3YRRxqRvyzd2zxWuLi4Ee7z4wcfd2CqF9PJLIokdW2jjaoH8qGwKaD7N9xT83XNbFuXaFSWI46HtWY8jTSoGxkAAALircNzcxSGMeWcc5KZ/pQBeyR2qInM/0Heqs2r3lvOokSDy24B8oVLDfTv5jpDC2/1Xp9KLgSbgkm09uRRMVdcbuvtWSJ7p5MbQWz1xV6FpGyJkZV/vBMgfrRewD1tYsZ8w02OdUuDEsxD9s96kZolPlpKrOBu5bHFU7qxkMSyqoR1G4MT972pXuMtmU5WORgecg4qZFtmXDbST6A1n286zpuCqJOgA7VoRTsu0KgcgcFASB9aAHi1gzmOSVGHop/wqKOe7jZ3iJkBPO5c5x9amNzOQxSEEYO7JxiqEV1c3UqW1oANh+eTqKALU1/NPayRvbMm4Eb0JGP51gWZH2xEkbaA3JNdDdtcxI4kKKpGFxyTXOSROZGcEBkGTz1oA6h7q1MG4S7uPulufyrJSbfdq4QgFugFJELee2R1IDEYI3cg/SktxPg+UXwDjANFwZpvI21ht/WovPEKoHdF3HABPWqEuoSQLtcBpD0U9fxos2hErTX8Ukshxtw2AtFwsaMrkhRnILemKECgHc+7ntzR5li8qtsJQZyvmYJ/MVZSW12hksbhhjqHyP5UXCxcs9Aubmy/tjTVdL23kLDOCHAA4x3PWuj0u/tPFWnFbqG2SWM4kiVtrIfUcZ/Wsiw8Uy6darbx2cgRWJ69c+pxXPavq0kGp/wBpabG9lJKpWVVOQ+ep/Gne4WL+oy3t7fjQNOuWuFc4zn7qj1bGcCug8MeHlGjywzQ2rqZGXzHi3nI44IIwK53wzqf9hwXFxJZPLdzg5lb+FfStzTPGD2NhHb/YHcrklgepPNK4WNNvAlhKxdLp4yRgCMcA/iT/ADrnda0zVNGkMa3LzW5zsDjPGOeOfzrZbx0WPOmPn1zzVG78VG5uYZvsk8bwhgo3HHIxz3ov3Cz7nLC/uYZPlO3JyU28U2Obar8kk54zW9qOvC9hTzbUEKcOTtyR7cZB/Gs24k018mG0miJYcF8gDuB70egamFNG2nXCTIQYn6gGtSGSKQBsKVAzuPTFNuIrKRWHkXYTHUkHn8hWLG9zND9mDt5CnpRcC7PctdsbazX5P43xy3+Aq1ZwLbJtR4sseSw5qskyW8IQQqhAwSOrVNFIkm3BIb3FAElzdK8qgFBtGDt6VeFxD5GxZgoA6ZrIJDTFFBYZ4wOTVwWTeSZFBXn5Q/U/SkA4oiKAJAc5J5qtd2azAASJjHHNTCBndRscZGOBnmkkimiBTZLgZ6p3p3AyIbuSyMkW3e44Q54U+tWLe32Hz5pAZG55GcVHYx+dfTF42JAP3exrUhtFmOCJEAPLHgD8aYCKkbRgSSAemAeT+VWBbW8KR+YsyyMMgsMA89elRtbhXCCGR1/hPc/pVuGxczQRGGVGlI27iAPrRcLG3HoWhPZx3KtfyeYcDGzk5x06inLpWh20aNPBqsMzAYjYgEn0HAzWtdXmq2xhgRrWaRnyVU9RjGSeAOvX2qKT7bIlxPeCze5+aONS+7CY7Dtn35ouFjm2uo1yAkhwcDAB/rTDfeWxxEx9M8ZpVUqdoC+YDhsdB/8AXpJIpXQDYpwSRg9QKm47Fb7YYpGLwg5OT83IrK125+1NEegzgDFbAimlLvDZM4OB0JB+lYeoq73lsn2UxsTwnPPPamgL8KwRRxpHIU2rz0oLoAQZH/DNVbsXEEgLWxiUjC7lIz+dSWKyncz27SRKMEqcbT9aNhEhnizhs5PfmkDQMxYtyBwNtSmC1lRgkzI5PPmj+ooFjMd2xfM2/wASfN+eKd0FiHeiD5sMvptxVgarGEKiJWX3FAtJWU4iORVCO0mWOTML7jgDI96BXL/9opGkbrGBvLfdUDpj/wCvUb3iXMi5ALA5HFV3sm+0RRFX2jrxTorRxc5EMgC5xleKLBcklO9HOATnsPeqiA+cpLNkn1qZrS5Y5iRzgc4FKIroOnmxN1yMrTAjR4Ao3q5k8zduB/hwcj65xVuKGS8D/Z4S2F3FS3OBjJ/Wq4tmZv8AUyIcemanW1nEahUbIOcgYoAkvNPlg8PS3M2mSKr7TFc+ZwMnuPwIrX8DaTY6lFMNQgMkUSKQQxABJPJwfaqur6iieB47GadmunmB8tjyqgnH4dKveCbizjia3vb1IY5lXMRBBlxngt2HPI70rjtobN74c0mW3lmsbUxW8KuxuBIxMhVScLk9OOT+Va/h60jXSrPy9yvNF5jtu+boAfzI/Wotc1Wxj0i5jt7mF1eJ0VEYHaSpAwPSk8MaranSLNp7yBXFsqYLgEYpXCx0RJRDFIBgjCsBx/8AWNLI+LUPyeAePwrNvNasEZY/tUTK4wdsgPf26VE2sWK2CrLf24Mb4YmUchT169wKQWZq+SWHmE4mPQ+nt9KLaTzLRSOCMqR6EcVk3HjDQLcZfU4W/wCueX/9BBrLTx/oEMso8+ZlZt2RCaB8rPP9c13Ub+/nFxcuVVmTYpwuAcdKxWct1Jq/rctnc6tdT2Tn7PI5ddykEZ5PH1rNLIBwxP4YoHdiOeMmot1PLoc5U/nSAoOdmfqaoRp6fqk1pDsXDKTnBqS91SS7tmjdBjGeKojUZRaJbeXBsQkg+UN3/fXWoDcOScYGeuB1oEWLK5EcJjZSctnrWmkzDkRH86wjIx/D0FSLezpjEhx6GgDYM5z/AKo5+tN+0Z52jjkc96yZLyWQ8tjPYUzexHLH86ANgXiYxtXcPVqGvVBwQo/GsXJNLnikBsf2n5abV2Y9jSSazLJCYmcbWGDxWPn8qM0DJC4B65/CjePeo+RzRQA8Fc9G/Og7PQ/nTMig+1AiRH2MGAGRU/2+fgh8EdwKiggM77Aevenz2kltjeOD0PY0XQy1Jr+pyIIWvZTGAAEz8vHTiq7XtxLIXeZyzHk561A0RCq1Ao0C7Hu2WyWJPvRuGKaRzTgoAzSAXzWLbeNuPSo+c01iFenBgaYAfSkI44pQQTTSx3cDNAAOetGOKMbuvFJketAAB6mlxSZH4UAlj8uPxoAcTScUE460zeGYAED3oAeBSkgc1GZQpx1pDIMdP1oAkByMimE844phlGPSk8wZoAeTikzTC27GBSFj6UAS0E4qAuevNG9jQBKCTnmnDGzrmq+WxSBnA4NFgJiaYTzkmo/mPOaMHuetAiQNmnrjOcAfjUG00m0570wLG9e55o3j+8Kr7aNlKwyXzBnO6jzVzzUYUd6dsHYUwDzBz1o8wDkZzSbKTZQAvmc9KTfntS7acFFAjenvEnsgdgBPG4DrSWbxxROWTJPQ1m/NC6pxsbkDNXWuFhtgWcYJ4jxyaBl1HjFsXljUL1yTVRohdoZrWFkMfRs/eqBWaUq10HaL+BVPAq8tzFuCeYVUDueP0oJsPtbqeaAESKxBwVdQcVWeRjcl225z0UcVBcOkF15sLKy/xAdKY8wzshILsMluy0hkskxW4+QgzE8f7NaFrbLECVuPMkfliKpadEu4luW9TV4QpIc4GB1xTAS8tjLEY3yM9CR3qpYOAjwszLInoatva4TK5X9ao3kEsW24Xkp97jtQItIWSXKvgD6ZqK7uCW8uNmlmPTLE7aiN8XiEduuZW5Y44UVPbWlui5MsiynqxXikMijtVEZ8wsZDyWNWYFZOEUfVlB/nSvDngSByTxtNSeW0QAZXH1GKYXKD77O78/C+W7fMpHH5CtbzZgVYKghI+9DyP1NV/JW5QxsSQR+VZlvHcTu1mrhY1bDP7elICzc3j3s/2eOXEQGGkI/wrRtrOO2jQx3OV6kRuAacILe1t1SMKT796kMMBwTG27OMgUBcrapHbJbrNE5dicHcxLH65qhY2yXcpaUhFHGAOtTagiw9BnI4DdqWxtpZYVkCBlY4AzzQBSvYRYXW6HJhfpnsaljurjd5NqxeZxzg5VRS6rbvFagyRsjbsEEj+VWre3sreBQod5jjLE4Aodhq5VhtPKf5086XOSVNXjPBuxJbuMDBzzz+NPike7mNtG2EUbsLVk6fCycb+Bnr0pCM8pDIuUCqe3PNSLZyoAySHPTjirJsYFRBg7yQpBP6017DDoILkxlT+dAEI+0Cbn5z165qrq12ZLNUMYXDg5HFXpLWdJvllVh1Y5wTVHVImSxO+Ig7uGDZFAGmbqGW2+RiCR908frVuIeYgMTqMDoDn86yYEt3jjbzdvyjg/Sp1sy2NkgORkkHpRcdjRUFz90Kw75pWxnEgA9x3qhi6UsoYkLjPNVZZ5N+1jICPRz/AFouI1gqoAXVSvXkdKry24aWOTBGAWPzdBWeszSsUNzIgzwXBxU4t7mR8Jeq2RyQaYFuZBHbSSuq/KhK5+lZ/h+Nms3KnDM559Kk1C2vYdPleS63IBgr61Ho9jdPp6yRXPlqxPHvTEN1aPN1HF8oJIzgetWIIhGibrfeAcMQKp3EUv8AaCxvLmQH/WGrMkVzGnzXyhcZIoApW4EmphUHy7+h9K2pLe984yRSoSBjDCsKyU/ag3nCI/3ia25L2GNubtMkc85pWQ9SL7RdIx8+3yueSnSpTqwMLK8bM4+6TwT9arnWbYAjzXOfRapXWqwzggIcjoSOtA9SXw+WNzdOItzM4Ay3A6mt/wAnzF3znOCSFxgCuRs7kWsDgMdxbd06fjVyPXp40A8wsB/C/NK4WOjCZIJJDAjv0qF5UjuWR2yobIJ/hP8AhWM/iJiysIcMOuG4NU5dXleQyAYJ655zTFax0cTy/aZT9nVwOAQ9TASzSMTtiCjHydfzrl4dcuYUZI9oUnPIyacPEF4Pu7PfK0DOoiVQpVQBzRMgkRkyVKLkEdq5ZdbvFkZzIMntjioW1W8diTcPzwcHFAWOptZI541QKEkIyy+v0rH1Rt2t2cagZj5PHvn+lY/2mXdnzW496a88rkOzsWHGSeaEwsjrNWKfYcDGSQRUNpfWdrafPIC2SSo5Nc2ZGbgsTTQwJPPSlcdkdTLe6dKocshPoRg0xY7MhnhulQ7v7wrmS3vSBuTSDQ6J9Ua1k4uY58nByCf8/nT4detR/romB7FOR+RrmCxOcGkGaaQaHSS67BIcrDIMYOTilPiKHBH2dvY5Fc7uHSkZs0C0OiHiKFeBbtt7ndSNr0UzJi3ZQrBtxI4rnCSRTGYjuaYaHRv4lhC8QMWB9eKim8TyMq+TCqH+LdzXP+9KOtFgL95qD6hs85FLIMAjio47qeJlMchDKMA+gqBPvGpER5JMKpY+1K6QEr310xy08h+rUg1G5VQFlYY6YNQzo0ZG5cfWosU1Zhqiw15cSHLTOx9zTTMzAZ7VFSge9Aajt2TS5qPJB60/I9aADPvTSKVio4ppcY7ZoGIaBSFuO1N3cUCHMRmgDPSo+p6UEcd6AJjgcUw0gY7eFpvOOlADhTt3Y1GN1LtYmgRJ0oyPWmmNz3ppRgeTQMeGHTNOY8Z4pgjz3puw8kmgBd56Zp3mYHUUioOtGxfSgBC/PXigv9TS7ABSqoxQA+G6eB9y1ZN3LdHswAyR6VU2jNSKXjDeWxXcMHHcUmrjTHPctMQpGAOlKq5qEDBqdWwoo2QhOhwadmmHk5pSaAIJuG4pvJFLMcmgUwG4OOCaArdc1IKdtoAh+cDOab83rVry/l6c1CV+agCPk96ADUuyl20AQEelOVM9ak2UoHNMRGYxzTSlTbfmNOwMUhlfyxShanKimgAUXAaFwKaR81SHJpCo65pAQstNxUjEZpKoQm3ik207OOgpcn0pAMxSkdKdgntS4I7UAMxSYp/PpS4b0oAZtoxT9rUmxjQMaRxQOlSeUaPLoAZxSZFP8s56U3GGoATikqTaKaQKLiHzIF5Dg/Sm7j95m3E9zVrZB5mZASPRSKljjgeTCICPRh0p3DoVDOW2g44qZrtGhVFjZWHDNnOasy2sAmUFQAOWINEv9mxRkxxsX7Zzik2FigzAuxHSpCy4UBVQegqJnbqqgZPYVK8T7VBx+BpgWLUAzHnCheoNX4RtwQA3P8R4rGW3lVdxQ49QaIllfPlu4A6nPSgDXmnka4EZIx6AVHcvttJDk8jHSmwJIjkzOGOOOaZfSD7N5YznNAiSySOOzVlB3MPmPrT/ALSSNpdh/KmrmK32hTwO9NhQyjJG0+h4o0AcMF+STSOH2EK7AHtmmBCjtuYDjjng1IJE8rLOM56UXQWZLbRyhCxcqMZyO9S6Da3ElvPNDLGvz9GIycemartfQLDsG4nH4ZqrazRRRAPuyDkhT1pDRvSm6adSZiSi/wBwcU93vHbdvXcoyMxrWYmtmNcKhx02k5obXXYnEAGf7ppBZkOsSyvdASsrMAM7RgUsV5NHbLCGIUdhxVFpRM5ZizNnkk1ZfVHbaqwxgKMD5aAK+oSu/loWJGc4rVW/H2ZIGtovlXG7ByfxzWNJK0svmSBSR0wKk+0yNxn9KdkGpfieOL94Ad3Yg9Kni1CZFbbIxBOSDzWULiRVK8c+1KlzKoIGOfakM2Bfzz3Knyg2304qwstwZlzEq5PZ8/yrnftMvZiMelILqcfdlYfjQBt3WppDc7GUll+8On4VBfapFeWDQJCQW5yWGB+FY6ku5Ykk+ppwxzmgDWt72D7Okc8ZcqAMjFDXlruJWJ1I+7hu9ZQlCjgfSjeT1pWGaB1S4i5V8k/3uaifUbl1UZRQMYwv+NUi3rTi4AApgTvdyyHLEZznIGKQTSE/eP4VArrk80qyrzzQKxLJLI5Xc7N9Tml82WPhJHXPoahaVODuFNadSeo4oAleZzyWJ+pqIuT1NMaVcYByaaXTGMmgZICxPtSlX64PHXFRCXaMDOc0onk5AJAbg+9AhTTO/WnjrUb8LTQEozj2ox14qEFiM4pcuKAJfakOPWoyHPel2v60AOFL05pmxvXFGH24zRcLD80UzymIyWo2EHG40AOHBzQX4wSM0woe5NAj470gH7iDnNODfQVEY6QpQMlLA9TTd4zwaYVoCCmIeXX1o8xVQ80zaM8Uu0HrQA/zE4PPA6Ypnm5pdgxxRs4pDHKTwD+dLI642KQR6461CVOeaQLzmi2oX0H44pR1o7Uq9aYhfM8sZxnNSm9JUbBtx/dGKhmxsxikRcrUuKe402h0kry/eFMw2OtP5HanEe3FNKwXuQBnJp4BPenBc5x1qULgc0xEATnqaCmSetWAuRxUa5Dn0oAYEHcUpjU84qUqCOKABilcZDtGQKf5YA6U4DMntUjAYoAhCAc00gEGn4O7npTSM5oEIo4oIoX0p3FAxgFL0IpVYA0nU0AOOc0hUmlyOpoLZHAoAaFPWmgVJz6UDgHii4DRiilPr0o59KAE7GmqKfhqTFMQ/GT1p4+7zUOSKcASKQwbBbFPxio1+/UpORTELgUFcimbqXdx1pAQTdQKQUk33hzQp44p9AJEz3p+Wz2pF6c9aA3z0gHbm6Uzad3NSYz1owKAGY4ppXvmpiBTX+7QMjCk96UjHeng4TioyaYgz9aXbx0oGDSg0AIFz2pwTPanqM9KFJGfrSATy+Ka0fpipFOaXtQBX8o5oKYFS9frSn7lAECqCKfsFNTqakNACBVFMcZ6ZGKfigjigBq9OaViAQfekVSKGXJBz3oAcy5NITjpTjx1NJtzTQCA80NkkYFNc9hSANnOaNAJMHvUD8P7VPu9agfrmgA7cUlO6DmmfSgCZFBck9anAwOOKpLIynpTzcP6UATuxB+9+dQ+Y5PWmeYzcevWlbgZFAD9zU9Wb1NVg7Y6UvmOOwoAtGR8Y3GkDsowDjPWq25yc5pdznuKALHmt/eNKJXd9xcnA7mquXo+fPWgC0XY9SacSfWqmXyOaA8nrSAnZqX+HFQfPjGetSoCF5OaAGsQp5OKTcvXcKZJ88mPSl2D0pgO8wetBk44NM2UuwelACq4C4zTxIgHXmo9vtQVHpQA/wA1eeab5mT0oIx2pVHFACmUAUomAXvTWXuaNvFIBPNHpQHJbAFGOaciYOc0wJcYB7cVAWbnFTM3yGoox8uaSAbufjn6U4lyPvfpTscg0vXtTAh+bHJOKXaSOpqTaPSnD6UAQ7PrSbR0qfaeeKTYTQBFtHpShRninhDT9hFAERUZ6UuzPSn7SeM07ZjnNK4EWzFPYAIPWlApXGFoAZTJegFSDpUUvamA9fuDFLjNCLlaeBxSGIBk+wFPCim9+BTttADZFFM5zjPFSHApBg9qAFJyuKawGc+lKWx2phfPagA/Gnjbs5PNIBz707bzg0gGnaTnNNIGRUjpjmk2HvTAZgYpcDpTgBkDFGMMR6UANAFGBmlOKDyOKADAxScA0vKjnmkB55oADjPSmnA6VIe1NYUCG9qcg5pD0pRwKYDJ6WJsLjFNm7UqDijoBJyR0pDuxS5PApwxSGRjIpd7etOI5BppFADwGIzml2e9O6DmnDntQBCyFe/FAjJHtUr/AHT9KEIKD2FIBm3HAFN2sf8A69SnrxRnA5oAjVDtzxSbeaerZX8aTvTAbsPJwOKbjacetSZ25zUTZZ844xSATn04p3QU0An6Uu04pgJu7VJGCw56VHipYTxg0AOKAYFIU46VK1N4pAQOMcUtJJzQM4pgPppFJkilJ4oAaaeOFzUZ5p+RjBoEMQ/Oam4xUC8P+NTkjGKAGUlBo49aAIJAc5NKnTNEpOaRRTAsDpQOXpgHHenbGxn+tICQHHejIqLbk85/OnFVAoAfkUxjxikKr703Ax0NAEmML/SozS7R6GgRgHNAAtLj3oHNOGaAHI4XuKblTnDdaNv0oUYPJFAACFHvRuJ7GnDBbGaQj5eTQA3dg/dNIWJHQ04KM8k0bPc4oAjAZQcDrTsv/dpwXtk/jSlMd6AI/n9BRlu+KeDlyMdqjYknmgAOfWkOe7UoPGKa1MB2ccbs0de5pop68kUgG8Cg+tOON7UygBMHrQTkYozSZp2C4EEjrSEYXrS1G3SgLkuz2pMVMSPWm9TQBGq880kvC4qXoeKhk5YUAAHFOCfjTl6U8fKOtADOPSgfSkOSc0/AxQIAPbmkxxT1GBSsOM0DIiO1AAz1o5z0pMHNAh/fpS5wKP4R6mkIPNIYwfNKTT8DtUUJ5Oam4x3pgJgd6NoLYpeM0DqeOtIA24pON3Slzx34pAOc0AOUA546U4qAuaaCRketLkkAY6GgAYCmkDcR6UrHnNIM5oAQkA9KXtSn6Uowe1ADHPyU+IYiFMlGFp6k7MUAOHIFB6j6UDOMccUd89TRcAAzSj74pM44pMnOaBkpweTTFxtpOemaUDA60hWBwAF9Saack0p579KO9O4AvLEkVKcdqYMYpD1pXAeoXy8nrTJSCgxSHjikNMLCDpUMn3qm9qhfmShAyaLiOnZHSkQDFO+lIY3A9acPrScZo6HpTuFhGHNAXHNOAG6nFVHrRcRFgbaaFHepdvFNJxQAoxvpxIz1qNTml6tikMex+WlJB603ANIAO9AaCjAfNJnLMfU0HiimGwhFIRxgUpb5sUhbFLUegrU1cE0oO6lGMdKYrDjjjp1pkmNwpcCkIGeKEAjUnOKD1pQPWgRHIuME96eoG2mTMeF9KcnSgB4x60uRnrQB3o4xQMDQFz1NAHPJp2aQCiTHBFL5hB4FRucD3pVz1PekMVmJ4pAxXtS96U9KYhN7GkJJ680iN8gFGaAFA44FNLNu7VICBTDgyfhQAhBJzQxOOtPb2ptACKDjrRtZhx0p7j93QnCUAR7T60YI6Zp5zn2opgNyc4JP50n0oftzThwKAEI96QDJ6mnNQBzQIaQFxRjNEnVRThjGTQMaU75pcZpe3Wk78dKBDDwacWyBSP1pMcUALmkPSgZxTscc0AVpOtKholxQg4piLMZ4zTl+8QSfao1IA607zBnNIYuOeaH4Ucd6bvBPWnyMhVRkdaAEpuKCVH8VIXXPBoAd05FITxSCQdKQsCKAHR5JIp+OaiT5Wp4kFMCUYNBAqLzFHSneaKQCk46dab/yy68g0jSZPFAI24Pr1oAATT8mozJtPTNIZf8AZNADuWfqRUh+7UPmf7JpTKSpG2gAU/vPwoZe9Ih2nJGeKQuecLx7mgBKaeeadls8Ck+b0pgIKcp5puT6Cjn1xQBJgmRs01lKnnpRuIOeM0ocnhsUgG5GOlNyKeduelJxQA3I9KaQTnjinnOOBSBiewpgSY9aXAC5xTe2TQSemaBBj0qM8y/SpsYHNQLzITmgZJ3pwFNA5xTslaAFwBSqB1NIPmXNAz2NAhfpSZNKFP40hBB5oGKOvNNznPFL3pR0xQAi4z0olfbGR69aVcqeKjuDxil1AbEPSpTx0qJOFqTihgGaM4FLx2pMetAB1HNLilx6dqMfrQAY4p+3GKZ7ZpcE85NADWHzGgcGlPvSD0oAQEmnxnHJpp4p6425oYIZMwJUD1p46VC3Mg4xipRgkDNACrnJpaUrhc56UmMD60hiYy9HtTgtAHzYxQAmMUhpWBHNJjPNADee1PTmmY5xTgRnFMBx6UEc9aQEHNLnNIBp6ikPWnbeeaRsM+QAPYUAFVz/AKyrGOKrj/WU0DLSgbaAKbjipVUYB5pAMKjANIBTyBnFNxxmgAHBpzEetJjimdiT60xDgwxTDzxQD7U4GgZHtIPFPXrk0tLigAzSMflpevajbxSuAHkL7CkxSHqAKeE9TQAzHzU0g1IVxnmmj1ouAgGBk0/bxxSZ4oJwOtA7C9qZ0Jp3PU5pDycUCGnrS/w4oP3qQ+9MRDJnIqWPpzUD/fqwn3c0MCTjHWmNwPqaRSST7U49aQw9qdjjrTRnrS55680DEfpTx0xjpTGHPOaB170AOyoFKWXFRt97HNIaYgX7g604YB6UzP5UuSBnNGoEhHfpTMjefpSFs9KTFICTIpuVoBFCkZoAczBlwKVSAuDRx6UYFMA3Dng03PtQ4AWk9KQAee1LnA5FIfagGgAJPpSbz6Ur8YplMAOSc07JAx1phNJmgRIGOMUZPoKZUg6UDGHJOad2pvDdqARQIUU48Cm5pDjuaQyCUjFLGeKSXpSR8CqQicH2pQQWxxTVyeBzQoAc8c0gJCtG3Hajd3pSc9KAEwDSMvGBTh1pGOTx0oAYoJHJp/AHSmpwnSigAzzS5700n2o7UwFPqaeV4zUR+7UucqKQDSDSHOaXNJQAHrR5bbd3alpS/GO1ACBscetNYg96RvvD6UcUAJml5pvfrQelMB3U0OOM00dacTwQaAAdBRQAcA4yKDQAmSKQUUCgQuKYgw/WpO1Nj6kmgCbORim47YpwIPSmlsGgYpxSBcsKUjjrR/FnPSgBZTtGKrx+uKklY7abHjYPWgCRThs4pHIbpTeTml5P4UCHKcDFOAApBxTGJoGTBhTWPNRg4FOXk57UAHelo4xmkyM0CHr61BOfmAqYDjNV5DmXFIbHgDFPB5puMAU7rTAXtQaSlB7UgD+tLkcUmeDSg9qAEOPelU4GKDjNGRigAamjGetL25oPYUAJt4zUgxspmecU8A7SQOlJgQ9ZDUiDEm6moAXJzUnamA5iCp55pp7U/AyTQo3E+1IAVgOtCEbmJ/ClYLtPHIqM0APYgg80meOtM7U7HFAxDjPXtSAc0HFSMuORQBGgODnpmjODT8cgCkPWgBcjFNH3qXtmkU5GcUADkhTVePliamkPyGoohmmthdSckbamVlCgZqDGKWkMkdhg801j8oxTgoxk0YoAbmm9qXr+FJkUBoNxThRgU7HfFACHOKd/DmlxxTc8UAOB+WjNR7x7UbucUAO48wfSpM1COvWn9qGCFc5Q4qMDAFOznIpvNACd8UN1Ao6HnFKeTmgB1R9zUhPFR/xGmKw4D5s0j43cU0sRxS84oGQyH56lBwMetQSf62pgelAhycA+5o/io3UH60DHqaVed1R475NKCRk7qQx56UgzmkLdyaTdzwaBWHNy2fQUw9aOhz60c5oAOvFNfgYp1J1pgA6UZopKAHUIPmJpvPrSigCbtRURbr1pNxx1NIB8h+SlH3RmoicilzxQBJSd6YW45Jo5x1oAWTJIFNIo6nJNJ+NMBO9GOaXAzyaOO1AhDUmfeo+9FAxc4NKcU3qaXtQIVfmoYFRzSp1pDkjHWl1GV5DkYoTiiU0LVCJQadHjJyaaOlAxSAlxk9RQfSo6AcnmgCTk9KeduzAqPGKT2oAegwmKa2e4pV54pC/OKAG0dulHU80oAoATGR6U4sAB0pNoo2jFACbhSb6Md8cU4qvpQAzfzS7gaaeDRzQA4sCRj0pCcUoPY0hOe9ACZpN49DS80Dk0AIH/ANmlyTkkUGkDe9MCWNgF6GmtnPFNDUobnJpAIQ3bFADdeKUHk8cUoYFfegA5PelU7SenNHAppxTsA8gYzimEnPak3EDFJnmgLljFNbgUAHFKfSgCCbsKco+XkUyQ5kp4ORQA7jFIp5xR2pB14oAdS7eMminDkUgIyQTilzgYpDjNHJNMBy570h6+tGMd6byaAHhvlqDrJU+3auTUCcsSaQEwIxS5AFNAqUhdvrQAwHNO296avDHinZ+WgA4NGOeKbgg0q4BJzQAY9TScAdaViNpxTOcUAP60d800ZzRk5JoAUDmpXJ8vIpijpT5hiIYPWk9x9CCInHSpM561Eo6VJg5piHhwBinK5HQVFjBqVcUrDAvlcYqMk/hTj3oGSKBCZ5pdwJ6UZyacoHNAxp7cGneYD2PFNPT600jgUwHBzvyRxS02lBG/FJgg6DFNXgipGximDpmgBsvCHmo4ulPm+7TYulNbCJc8UvYCm96UdaQyXoOtGc96b3peMUAN7de9M9ak70h64FACZ6Zp2R60mKQ9RQA/cKiPSnY7Zowc0ANC5OTS45pwGelOMZGCehouBEKcGxxS7SBSEUwDsMUUUZNK4CNwv40maceccU3BpgLu4pO+aCOeaB1oAQjvSkZpGOelJk4zQBA3+sqXtTMbnJJ71LtouKwwGn9wPWlAAPaj+IGgCTGKSgsTzSBvagYj8gCjPNB5IpeM0gDr2pD0zTueopp+6aAG54oHWlyMA0ucjpTAQnnimg8mloFAC9qbnIpR9aTHPegQrD5aQdBS/wAOOaNp20DG96U0c0GgQ0mnk8U3GcYp3HegBoNHU0p47UnSgBDyRT8cU3uKfkYoAbQRQTxwM0Z45FADc4b6Uuc0h5oA9KAJVIC00kk8YpMAnHSlA296QyvJ0oSiTHNCngVXQRKBxQKQNS5pALSJ1NOBUCkGOSOKAH5pO+TTd3GcUbsjofyoAdjccCkx85oXijqxzQMUg4oXNB3enFJux6UCHcmjtTN/ril3Aj71ACocpzSZpFIC4NIWA7UABPzigmm7uc0uR60wAmkzijI9aQ9aBDvekH3jSkgjimgYOSRQAppuD2pxI9abnB4NABzRk0cd6KAF70q/d6UAA9TilXAUigYvUUlIGHTml3DFACfjSUnJ7Uq4zzwKAJw3HNKAXGag7VZg+42fTihgioRmU09V44pm794TU68pkUMEMOcUq8DmmZpwNADqMnbjNAPGRRxQFhmDTs0vHamigQ4fdpUBL4HWkFSRNtYnvikMRw3lk1WUc1ZmceWV9aiUZxQgZInennkVHnAoD5GKADPPWgsdoFBAzQRQA0MaeQKbil5oAaSBTl5IppGacvy0AKRzTe1Lu9qQDIxQA9exouJcqBUiLgYNQXKgOB60dQBRwM1Jgnp2pq+lPTGTmgYwgjk07nb1pWxinDFAhvNN3EHFOPWmnrmkMTd3NPBOKjPSpBnbTAb3pSckY7UH71LxmkAUqnBJoNJQAMc9qQ56UclsDrTuenegCCUELiiPgU2cnIoQnFMROB+tIc5pO1L2FAEi5zmlJGKYGPSlpdRiik4zSjBFJkdKAFpD1FHBOKO/BoAcaaT70lHBGaASHx42/jUjNmNR6VCGKilLALz1pMdgY9PSmnB6GlIzjNMI54piF74qQCosc1JkCgB3XrTX45p27jNNc5XFFwGMTnrUeacRzSBevtTABTiB5dNwKc4/d0AV1zuqwKigVDJ85OB6Crf7soxQHIpN2BIhUfO2ac2MdKco3MSRgGh1APDA0XCwwDIxQBhz9KXgDrQOpNACZGaRuKMfNmjANMA5yPSnjZg5zntUfQ9aXrSEBIxjFNOVHpzTJFZT1yOuakK7oQ2efTNACE+lGG29KeF34AIH1pGZkGM/Lnmi4DOlKO/tSoAzc013RQQvVuPei4CtJuUKAAB3pN1NA4zTlUtnkCnZIBGYhc5p3JFNcfLipVIEXTmkFxmRSbgaTnJ4pu3aaYEn8QBp5+7UX/LQCpCR3pMZGaMnNL1OaQ0xC7iGA9aGpp+8KeeaBjKcMUmAacF5oEBAzkijjPSl5z0pDSGV5O/FKlE1KnSqEKaUdMmg0Y+UUgHCg/SgcUAEnA70AGOKQsykd6XBFIT8y0APBOaD9MUp9aTPFFgGninLjPPemmlFABjg/WmHrSqc7qQ0AANL1FMNKvApiHYpGwCKXqKRsblpDDb3pcYpe3FNIpgL26GjGaTnFAoAa/y80vFJIcClA+WgBcD0oIAbFC9eaD98UAGKUqMcUoHPWgZ6UAMAwcU4ig5zSnNAEbEgUZJHWkk6U4EheDQA8IQfmH4VMT5fO3IqxKoinIKlifWpVSIxd2P90is3IpIzDGq5ODyeDSgnGBWldQA2UTIM4zniqPlY46GmpXQrWGNEQMnFNKnFWGilQcqcVGV+TOPrTTCxGg4x1owcmnBSBnBx607gHnimIj57ilxgdKcNm7ufpUmAycDpRcdiJRkGnY/CnqDnI6CmOct0xSuFkRy4Ix3pykCNR7c00nLgVIcBaLhYYxDDAFCrjtScUDOaYh9IeKUc9exprjBzSW4WEyaC3FA5NPMfvTAiyaN3GKeVI4ppU5oAUdKkT9aj7U+M4BJPNAE6uq9aq3BzOOeKeTk1D96X6UkBOqgnmhxtIAoUkDpQxDetMY3k96coJGc0Y45pVIHHSkA1mxgUZ3CnuAGJHbio1piAZzTsnp3oUc5zR/EaVh3Ew2eKdnBp3IGaifrQA/d2oLEdqYKd3pgS27BpeeKfPEEBcHnNQpw270p0jl2x2pAVJMs1L93iiT/Wcdqf3zVCANnjFPyMD1po60bgCc0gHd6cOBUZfGAPWnFsmkMd260Y5ppNCHjNADiDupegpMnbmm4zyCaLhYc/3cCkQcDIphzuxmpYyqupcHbnnHXFDYIeIwQSadbwGefB4QDLHHSrEgjiACMWV8kZ9KbHmFCwOFc8H1FRzFWKzLhjzkCmMOuKt4U5IXAzzz1qKRlYYjGMdQepoUgsR7QBgdaj3dqsFAlvvOQz8LTI4VZgC2ST2FVdCsxDkOFzwBTDnPNWJYdkjHeCMdTULBSMDOfWhNAMNOAIIX19aVIjncfurSAbuTTbEKIzuwe3WnzoBCDnGafuAjJAB561Xu8yRqcnNJPUCGM84AAqzA2xyMZDDBqonBq3AjOcIpY4zxVNAh4i2qXJ74AqJlOeasSkBFAI55NVicnFQhibTjIPApvNOJ7ClG3PSqEMoBx3pQBlqUYB5BI9qLgNyetOyfWnKuRnHFNbhhQIUZbILYqLynBPoKHbsDUZckBQTk0WAsbwVAwB7+tV2kJDZBpdvHJOVPSh1PAJwGoSsIAx2bgMA98VJjzJNwwT06VIkTxx7eMHoM0m3Zye1F0MaVI60qcEHGRTjJvGMAkd/WnoxKbBgjqRSb0AR/L+9hfm7A9KidsHApr9eeBSoVZcMTuHTihAIAafsIXJ4p+E3ZwduPWnO5ZACfl7YovqBAq/vAadIF3cZIpsjqrHaTxTt4YAgfWmA36EUuD3ppxmlY5pjDHNIT9abmjdQIM89KlHTrTF5qwqfKaTGRkYGe9OYfIOOfWkbIOc0fw8mgCrL1oUiklPNKnSqEOzzzTww6YphNO7UmgE3HNO3d6TvTc/N7UAP3+tN43DtQelIKYEhOO4NJu7GmmkPSgCT5fWj5ezCkVeAaacCkA5MKTk9aRtvY0gIPFGKAG5o/Glf24pyr3JpiGjmkb7wxUm0djRtxQMbkYo3qaXbmkEZJwKQgyPWjI9aChX7wph4HSncYSnIAFPHA60yg/jQA9CB16UHk5FR8+tKoJbGaAJA2B0pN/fFDLt/izTQSemaAH7z3FBYGkwe+ab+dACuMrx1poPHNOzQee1Aj//2Q==" style="cursor: move;" width="320" /></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEASABIAAD/4RuQRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgACwEOAAIAAAAgAAAIngEPAAIAAAAFAAAIvgEQAAIAAAAIAAAIxAESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEyAAIAAAAUAAAIzAITAAMAAAABAAIAAIdpAAQAAAABAAAI4JybAAEAAABAAAAa7JyfAAEAAABAAAAbLMSlAAcAAAAcAAAbbOocAAcAAAgMAAAAkgAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAAU09OWQAARFNDLVczNQAyMDExOjAzOjMxIDEwOjUyOjIxAAAigpoABQAAAAEAABKKgp0ABQAAAAEAABKSiCIAAwAAAAEAAgAAiCcAAwAAAAEAZAAAkAAABwAAAAQwMjIxkAMAAgAAABQAABKakAQAAgAAABQAABKukQEABwAAAAQBAgMAkQIABQAAAAEAABLCkgQABQAAAAEAABLKkgUABQAAAAEAABLSkgcAAwAAAAEABQAAkggAAwAAAAEAAAAAkgkAAwAAAAEAGAAAkgoABQAAAAEAABLaknwABwAAB/QAABLikpEAAgAAAAMwMAAAkpIAAgAAAAMwMAAAoAAABwAAAAQwMTAwoAEAAwAAAAEAAQAAoAIABAAAAAEAAAwAoAMABAAAAAEAAAkAoAUABAAAAAEAABrWowAABwAAAAEDAAAAowEABwAAAAEBAAAApAEAAwAAAAEAAAAApAIAAwAAAAEAAAAApAMAAwAAAAEAAAAApAYAAwAAAAEAAAAApAgAAwAAAAEAAAAApAkAAwAAAAEAAAAApAoAAwAAAAEAAAAA6hwABwAACAwAAAp+6h0ACQAAAAEAABBsAAAAABzqAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgAAE4gAAABHAAAACjIwMTE6MDM6MzEgMTA6NTI6MjEAMjAxMTowMzozMSAxMDo1MjoyMQAAAAAEAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAKAAAAMAAAABAAAAA/AAAAClNPTlkgRFNDIAAAACIAACAHAAEAAAAAAAAAILACAAkAAABsBAAAQLADAAEAAAAAAAAAQbADAAEAAAAGAAAAQrADAAEAAAABAAAAQ7ADAAEAAAAAAAAARLADAAEAAAABAAAARbADAAEAAAAAAAAARrADAAEAAAAAAAAAR7ADAAEAAAABAAAASLAIAAEAAAAAAAAASbADAAEAAAAAAAAASrADAAEAAAAAAAAAS7ADAAEAAAAAAAAATLAFAAEAAAB8BAAATbADAAEAAAAAAAAATrADAAEAAAAAAAAAAZAHAJQAAACEBAAAApAHAMgAAAAYBQAAA5AHAMgAAADgBQAABJAHAIAAAACoBgAABZAHAHoAAAAoBwAABpAHAPwAAACiBwAAB5AHAMgAAACeCAAACJAHAMgAAABmCQAAAKAEAAEAAAADAACAAaABAAEAAAAoAAAAAqABAAEAAAATAAAAAKEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAaEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKIHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKMHACAAAAAuCgAAAaMHABwAAABOCgAAAKQHAFAAAABqCgAAU3RhbmRhcmQAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAKAAAACAAgCQABAOgATgAAAF79AHAAAAAABSQAAAAAiAAAAAAAAACIAOquAxsBANgAAGAYxaEAxSNJiqSIpADDAIf/3gA0gf0w5nAAgfUw5nAAcHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAbAAAAQABip4AAACHcECKNYo1ipmKmQCHiO2KNwAAAAAAAAAAcCKKewAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABpAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcAHmAH0AzWwAAH0IDgAAAACg7J4AAAiVxCQAAAAAQNzcvQDcALEAPABtACsA4wAYAHMBPgEAAR4BAAEAAQABAJ3RDzRU4+7Evb29vQAADOtWppIM6kiKuYiBBfIgw//XAawAdEXrPkVb9dgF675CAJ4AAgBUAJLF1EwVTHNMc0wVGsCMjP8AjxpzGnNMGBqDGoMzEOA44DhMcwEATHMAAAFw2AiITgAHvTEkAVaVzSRATBhd03W6UQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAC9vb29vb29vQAAAAAA3Ny8XxAIARs/G2gbaBtoGz8bPxs/Gz91AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACVADkArAB6AJUAOQCsAHoAAAAbP6sAG2jMABtovwAbaGsAGz+rABtozAAbaL8AG2hr////bP///6z///+m////EQAAAAAAAADuAAAAAAgBAAEAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA2AAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAQAIAAAAAAABAAEAAAAAAEAAQABAAAAAAKA7oJW+1w7nOD//VgAAxZa2AAAA6v//AP8AAAAAPwAAAH8AAABP/wAAzT//AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAOAsAAG5LAADQgQAAW2AAAHT1AADCVgAAdeoAAM/sAABToQAAbskAAFM1AAB/2AAATroAACOuAABOFQAAS0YAAFs8AAA4LgAAlnwAANwhAAAzpwAAxGQAAHRNAABSUAAA7nIAACMqAAAz+gAAjpUAALctAAAzGAAAllkAAI6fAAAkLwAA7+wAABqhAAC+4AAAkn4AAJLLAAC7VwAAMLAAAGnrAACKNAAABMEAAOrnAABW6QAAVlgAAAQKAAAEUAAABAMMoNPT06AMDKDT09OgDKDTxe/F06DTxY6TjsXT0++TSpPv09PFjpOOxdOg08XvxdOgAAAACACKPIpQBf/NreooAKOK+XDnil8FKOpPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABW9+rSBIQOoti5AKPqGuprBJsO315wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgM6AzoDOgM6AzAKOKe4oXcAdwVXAiAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAFWYHQCWmL4Ak2N6AEmyAAAAwGIAhzHKAL7iCwCSFekAxZ+vAABzJQCHMcoAvuILAJIV6QDFn68AAHMlAAAIAABgAAAAADm/B1/FX8XlTBjFv8XoB3sHX8Xlh9RMGIflh7/FX8XlxRWH1Ewxh9SHe8UVxdSHGEyDGhhMMYflTBhMc0y8GhDwvPDb8IN5gwIQrIOsc2CDkXuO6EfUuoORMctfkV+OvyPzAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABVS9Riinb41c7FHKlo2NzKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzgkFzGWGKKdvjVzsUcqc2pqMpR9Pi2une0PjR0sERcxlhiinb41c7FHKnNqajKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzg58iF5Mt3gqAwk3E4VySJ4Fc5FeB4NqQQ5hXQfKQga0jqc55k1R/MZJKCk+yeP2j4AAAEAAgAHAAAABDAxMDAAAAAAAAAAACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAAAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgAAAAUHJpbnRJTQAwMzAwAAACAAIAAQAAAAEBAQAAAP/hC8VodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0n77u/JyBpZD0nVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkJz8+DQo8eDp4bXBtZXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIj48cmRmOlJERiB4bWxuczpyZGY9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPjxyZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24gcmRmOmFib3V0PSJ1dWlkOmZhZjViZGQ1LWJhM2QtMTFkYS1hZDMxLWQzM2Q3NTE4MmYxYiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvIj48eG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+MjAxMS0wMy0zMVQxMDo1MjoyMTwveG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+PC9yZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9InV1aWQ6ZmFmNWJkZDUtYmEzZC0xMWRhLWFkMzEtZDMzZDc1MTgyZjFiIiB4bWxuczpkYz0iaHR0cDovL3B1cmwub3JnL2RjL2VsZW1lbnRzLzEuMS8iLz48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+PGRjOnRpdGxlPjxyZGY6QWx0IHhtbG5zOnJkZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS8wMi8yMi1yZGYtc3ludGF4LW5zIyI+PHJkZjpsaSB4bWw6bGFuZz0ieC1kZWZhdWx0Ij4NCgkJCQkJPC9yZGY6bGk+PC9yZGY6QWx0Pg0KCQkJPC9kYzp0aXRsZT48ZGM6ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpBbHQgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj48cmRmOmxpIHhtbDpsYW5nPSJ4LWRlZmF1bHQiPg0KCQkJCQk8L3JkZjpsaT48L3JkZjpBbHQ+DQoJCQk8L2RjOmRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOlJERj48L3g6eG1wbWV0YT4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPD94cGFja2V0IGVuZD0ndyc/Pv/bAEMACAYGBwYFCAcHBwkJCAoMFA0MCwsMGRITDxQdGh8eHRocHCAkLicgIiwjHBwoNyksMDE0NDQfJzk9ODI8LjM0Mv/bAEMBCQkJDAsMGA0NGDIhHCEyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMv/AABEIAwAEAAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAfAAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EAACAQMDAgQDBQUEBAAAAX0BAgMABBEFEiExQQYTUWEHInEUMoGRoQgjQrHBFVLR8CQzYnKCCQoWFxgZGiUmJygpKjQ1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWpzdHV2d3h5eoOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4eLj5OXm5+jp6vHy8/T19vf4+fr/xAAfAQADAQEBAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EQACAQIEBAMEBwUEBAABAncAAQIDEQQFITEGEkFRB2FxEyIygQgUQpGhscEJIzNS8BVictEKFiQ04SXxFxgZGiYnKCkqNTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqCg4SFhoeIiYqSk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2dri4+Tl5ufo6ery8/T19vf4+fr/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AO1xS4paK7DmDFGKWigBMUtFLQAmKMUtFIAxRilooATFLilopAJilpaKAExRilpaAEoxS0UAJilopaAExS4opaAExRilooABTgKSnCkMULTwtC1IKlspIAvFOxSilqSgxSUtBpAJSUUUwCk70tJQAUtJS0AFJS0lACYoxS0UANopaKBDTTadRTAZSYp+KQ0xWG4ptPpMUxDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRTAbSYp1JQITFGKWigBKKWigYlJilooATFJinUlAhKMUtFACUmKdSUAJijFLRQMbRS0lADTSYp9JQIZijFOpKYDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRQA3FJinUUANxRin4oxSuFhuKMU7FFFxjcUhFPpMUARkUlPxTTQIZSYp1JTENxRilooAZijFOpKYCYpKWigBuKSnUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUlMBuKTFOooAbikxTqSgBuKTFOooAbikxTqTFADcUmKfSUAMxRinYpKAG4pMU6igBuKbin0lADaTFOpKQhuKTFPxTTQB0dLRRTGFLSUUgFooooAKWkpaACiiikAtAopaACiiigYtFJS0gClpKWgAooooAKKKWgAoopaAFpR1opQKQx61IBTFFTAVDZaQopcUlOqRjDSU403pTAKKTNIaYhc0ZpuaKAFzS5puaWgBaSiigApaSigBaSkozQAtIaM0UAJSUtJTEJikpaKdwsJSU6kouIbRS0UwG0UtJQISlpKKACiiigApKWigBKSlooASilpKACkpaKAEooooASiikoAKSlpKYCUUtJQAUlLRQA2inUlACUoWkqVRSbBIZtpQtS4zRgVNyrEZWmEVPim7c0XCxFikqwIc0x4iO1HMg5WQGmmnkGmmqRIykpxptMQlJS0UwG0UtJQAlFFFACUlLSUAJSUtFAhtFLSUwEpKdSUAJSUtJQMSkpaSgQlFLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAIaSnU2gBKSnUlACUlLSGgBKaadTTQB0dLSUtABRS0UAFFFFABS0UUgCiiigYtFFFIQtFFFAwpaKKACiiloAKKKKACloooAKWkpaAHU4GmCnikMlSpKhWpM1my0PzxRmm5pDSGOPNNJxRmkNACZooNFUIKSjNJQIUUtNpc0DHUUlLQAppKKSgBKKKSgQUtJRQAtFFFAxKSlNJTEFFFFADaKdSUCG0UtIaYCUlLRincQlFFFABRRRQMSilpKQBSUtFMQlJS0lABSUtJQAUlLRQAlFFFABSUtJQAUUUUAJSUtFACqualC01c4qSobLQUlBzUiAYpDGYzT1jqUIBTsVLY0hgGKG5FP28UBaQyk8XzVE64rQaPJqF4cmqUhOJnmm1ckhwtVCMVonczasNpKdSVRI2kp1JQAlJS0lMBKSlooAbRSmkoASkp1JQAlJS0lAhKSlooGNopaSgBKSlopiEpKWkoASilpKAEpKWkpAFJS0lACUlLSUwEpKWigBtJTqQ0gG0hp1NNMDoqWkpaACilopAFFFFAC0UUUAFFFLSAKKKWgAooooGLRRSUCFoopaBhRRRQAtFFFABS0lLSAWng0zvTxSY0PBp2aaBRUlDxRmm0Uhi5pc0zNGaYXHZpuaTNJmmIdmkpM0tABS5ptFAh+aXNMFOpDFoopKBhSGlooEJRRRQAUUUtAxKSlpKBBRRRQAUUUUAJSU6m0xCUlONJQAlFLSUwEooooAKSlooASiiigApKWkNACUUUlABRS0lACUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAY9KeqGkQVYUZFJsaQwLTtvNOxShSTUXLsNxmpUXbSqlO6VLY0gpRSUqjmkMePTFLinqKdjmlcCPZmo2SrJGBUTmkmBSmwBWe45NaFzyOKostbQIkRUlOIpDWlzOw2kp1JQA2kNLRTENpKdikNADaQ06koASkpaSmAlJS0lACUUtJQAlJTqbQAUlL2pKAEopaSgQlJTqSgYlJS0lAhKKKKBjaKWkoEIaSlpKAEpKdSUAN7Uhp1JQB0NFFFMBaKKKQBS0lLQMKKKKQBS0UUAFLSUtABRRRQAUtJS0AFLSUtIAooopgLRSUtIApaSnCgBQKctNFSCpZSHUUmaKQxaKSkoADSUtNNMQGkoopgLRSUUALS0lLSAcKWm0tIYtFJmigBaSiigYUUUlAhaKSloAKKKKACkoooGFFFFAhKKWkoAKSlpKYCUlOpKAEpKWkoEFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUwEopaSgBKKWkoASiiigApKWigAoopyjmgByLmplFNUYp9ZtloeBTgtC06oKHU3GaWlFAxAuakUAUlANJgSgUtNBpc1IxTULc1ITxUTnAoQFaZeKpPVyZ/lNUjya1iRIYRTDUlNNaXIZHQaWkpiENJTqSncQlJinUlADcU00+kxQAykp2KTFMQ2kpxFNoASilpKAEpKWkpgJRS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAlJTqSgBKSlpKACm06koASkpaSgBKSlooENpKdSUAdBRRS0DCiiigQtFFFAwooopAFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKBi0UUUgCloopgFFFFIBaKKKAFFOplLQA8DvS0gpakocKUUgp1JlBSUtNzSAQ00mlJppqkSFFFFMQtLSUtABS0UUhhS5pKKBi0UlLQAUUUUgCiiigAopKWgAooooAKKKSgBaKKKACkpaKAEopaSgBKKKKAEpKdSUwEpKWkoAKSlooEJRRRQAlJS0UAJRTgOaCtFxjKKcRRigQylpcc07bRcdhlSotNxzUiVLY0hwFLS0Y5qSiRKfTFqSpKEpyim09aADFAFOoAqQF7UmaWmmkAE1E5oLVTF/aSymKO6haQHG0OM00gCZqrmrDjNQMMVrEhjKaadRVCGYptSYpMU7isR4op5FJii4rDaSnYoxRcLDKMU6kNMBlJTjSUCG00in0mKYEeKDT8UhHFFwI6KcabTEJSU6koASkpcUUwG0UtJQAlJTqSkAnakpaSmAlJS0UANopaSkAlJS0lACUhpaQ0xHQClpKWgYUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0CCiiikMKWiigAoopaQBRRRQAUtFFABRRS0AFFFFABS0lKOtAD1FPxTVqSoZaFxxSGlzTSaQxDSUtJTEIabTjTapCCiiigQUtFFAC0tNpaQxaKKKACiiloGFFJS0gCiikoAKWkooAWiikoAKKWigAoopaQwoopKACkpaSmIKSiigAooooASkpaSmAlGKWkoEJRRRQAUoFJSigY7AopKWpGFJRSigBAKdRS0hiAU8CgCpFWk2MTFGOak20YqShoFOPSiigAWpFpgp4NADqM0maKkBSa5XxF4judNvPIg8tVCglmGSc1r61qg0rT2mxukY7Y1PdsHr+VeUaneXF3dPNcSGSV+pNCHY67/hNrebTZ47lWFwQVXy14P68VyP29RNuBYDOaodM5ppNUKx6vaeItJviFhvEDnosgKn9auvXjeSBnsa6jwxr1yl3Fp8reZDIdqFzyn0qkS0zuKKWiquSJSUtFACYppFPpKYDMUlPxSEUXFYZSUuKSmA002nmm0CEoxS0lMBKbTjSUANxTSKcaQ0xDaSlpKYhKSnUlADaKWkoASkp1JQA2kp1JTAbRS0lIBKSlpKYCUUtJSASkpaSmBv0tJS0AFLSUtABRRRQAtFFFIApaSloAKKKKQC0UlLQAUtJRQAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUtABRRQOtAyVacKRadUMpCUhpTTTSQxM0maKSqJFzSUUUwCiiloEJS0UUAFLSUtAwpaSikA6ikFFIYtJRS0AJRS0lAC0UlLQAUUUUDCiiikAUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUxBRRRQAlJS0lABSUtJTASilpKAClpKWgAFKKKKQxaWkpakYCnCm80ooAeKlWoxUi9KllIdSUuKMUhiUUuKTFABS0lLQAuadmm0UgOY8avssbY8/wCtOB+Fec3GGJIB/GvR/GpH2K2GM/OePwrzy5CkcnLZ7dqEV0KZzUbdqlY89KifkVQhM8VZsJXivoZIl3SK4KL6nPAqrjirWl8anbH0lX+YoB7HpmlXF/cwu1/bCBw2FAGMj8zV+n4pKozG0UtJQISkpaSmAUhoNJQA00h60ppKYhKbS0lMQlJS0UANopTSUwENNp2abQIaaKWkpgJSU6m0AIaSnUlMQ2kp1JQA2kp1JQA2kp1JQAlJS0lACUUUUANpDS0GgDepaKKYBS0lLQAUUUtIAooooAKWiigAooooAKWkpaQBS0lLQAUUUUALRRRQAtFFFABS0nenoMmkND1FPpQKRhWdzQYabTjTTVIliU3vTqb3qhBS0lLQIKWkpaBhRRRQAUtFFABRRRSAKWkooGLRRRSAWkoooAKWiigAooooGLRRRSAKSlooASiiigBKKWkoAKSlpKYBRRRQAUlLSUCEpKWimAlJS0UAJS0UtIApaSlxSGLSgUmKdSGFA60UoFIZIKetMFPFSMdRRQaBhRSUUAFFJRQA7NLTRS5pAcf42u42EFtHIpljYmRO4BAx+dcDMpB5713njO0hWSG4RMTS7t7DknAUCuIuBhhxihFrYpnNRvnFTN9aikOBVEkfIq1YnbeQn0cH9aqnpU0DHzFbuDQDPZO5pppc96SqMxtFKabmgApKKKYhDSUtIaAENNNONNNMQlJ3paSmAhpKWkoEJmkNLTTQAlJS0UxCUlLSUAJSUtJTASkpaKAG0lOpKAG0hp1JQAlJS0hpiEpDTqSgBtFLSUhiGmmnUhpiN6lpKWmAUUUUAFLRRSAKKKWgAooooAKKKKQBS0UUAFFFFAC0UUUAFLSUtABS0lLSGFSJ1pg61Mg70mxpEg4FIaKaTWZY1qZTmNMq0SwpKU0lMQUtJS0wAUtFFABRRRSAKWkpaACiiigAooopDFopKWgAooooAWiiikMKKKKAClpKKAFpKKKACikooAKKKKAEooooAKKKKACkoopiCkpaKBiUUtFACUuKSnCkAUtGKKQxRS0gpaQwxThSUtIBc08GoxTxSGPopKWgYlFBNJmgBaSkNFAC5oPKkZpKGYKpY9AMmgDz/VdHTRPLRZzM0wONy4xj8feuYuiofczfnWr4u1xdUv1S1yVgBUyds57VzgtHk5fJJ7saVirjmniA++M+3NQPcpnr+lW008YyT+QqQaYrt94jj0qtBGcJlPcVYhYbh70S6Y6j5SD+lVCslu/II9jRuLU9ujO6NT6gGlrC8K6o2o6ShllDzKSGAGCB2H5Y/OtzNVYgQ02nU2mIKSiigBKTNLSGgBKSlpKYgpKWg0AMpDTqQ0wGmkpTSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAlFFFAhKTFLSUwEpKdTaAEpKdSUAJSGlpKAEpKWkoASkpaKAG0hpxppoEb1LSUVQC0UUUgCloooAKKKWgAooopAFFFFABS0UUAFLSUUALRRRQAUtJS0DCloooAegyan4AqunWpxWci4iZprGnkVGaSBjTSUUdqskSiiimAUtJS0gCiiigBaKKKACiiigBaKSloGFFFFABRRRSAWlpKWgYUUUUgFpKKKACkpaSgAooooAKSiigApaSigAooooAKSlpKACilpKYBRRRQAUuKSlzSAMUuKKKQwopKKAHZpaZnmnDpSYxwpabmlzSAcKdmm0Uhj80uaZmlzQMU02lpKAEpaSkoAfVXVI5JdIvI4cmV4HVAPUqcVYzTs0gPF9Otw4ZmXkNjFWJF2lsDpXT6/YRQatNJAgRXAdwO7Hqa5yb/WGgbG27eZFkjrUqcPRFgR9hzSBvn680xA6jrUFxbrNCVI+hqdzleaXAzQBd8A2sy3N5OQRCB5fsWzn9MfrXd1U023it9OgSFAiFA3Hcnkn86tVZAU2lpCaYBSUUhoEFJS0lACUUUUAJSUGimAlJTqSgQw0lONNpiEpKWkoASkpaSmAUlFFACUlLSUCCkpaSgBKSlpDQAlJS0UwG0hpaQ0AJRRRQAlNNOppoA3qWkpaYgooooAWiiigApaSloAKKKKQBRRRQAtFFFABS0UUDCiiigBaKSloAKWkopASR9al3VElPJqHuWtgZqYTQabTSEwoooqhBRRRQAtFFFIAooooAWikpaACiiigApaSlpDCiiigAooooAKWkooGOopKKQC0UlFABRRSUwCiiigAooooAKKKKQBRRSUwFpKKKACiiigApKKKAFopKKQDqKSikAtJRRQMKcKbS5oAdS02lzSGOo3U3PFJmlYZJmlzUeaM0BckzRmmZpc0gFpM0lJQA7NLmm1n63fjTNIuLvGfLAwPUkgD+dAzC8SXcMN3I0kiqoCrkn27etcPPqKtMxhjeQE8E8Cns8+rTm5u5DJIT8o7KPpU4tkBwRzxmlsMrRz3MhKiJFwP4jmoDcXavkogOOAK1ljG8kD2qNogSOKdxGaL2eNR5kPHUlTVq3v4ZDtDYb0PBqZ4FKdO2KoXNmpyVGGAzkUXCx6DoGkCxDXS3JkE8YJQrjaevXNbhrjvBGsTXfm2M7FmiTcrH0BAx+tdjVkCUlFFACUlOptMApKWkoEJSUppKACkoopgFJRSUCENNpxpKAG0lLSUxCUlLSUwEooooASkpaSgApKWkoASkpaSgQlJS0UDG0UtJTENopTSUAJSGlNIaAN0UtJS0xBRRRQMWiiigQUtFFABRRRSAKKKKBi0UUUCClpKWkMKKKKAFooooAKKKKAJU6UGhfu0majqWIaSjNJVIlhRRRTAKWiigBaKSlpAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFIYUUUUALRRRQAlLSUUALRRRQAUUUUDFpKKKQBRRRTAKKKKACiiikAUUUUAJRS0lABRRRTASiiigAooooASiiikAtFJS0ALRSUtIYUUUlAC0tNpRQAtLSUUhi0UUlAC5ozSUUgFopM0lIY+qGs2H9q6Rc2W4K0i/KT0DAgj9QKvCqmoajb6Zbie5YqhYJkDPJz/hQNHnNjZtBBiVCjg8qwwaZLIEc9BkgCtnVLiK5kkuYCWWVsqcEZHHascxjdzyaQxEkOOTTGlIpeNuMH8KYcHBHSgQjT7VJbpQCsse4dCKZJHuBB5B7VIQwQbOo7UwOn8H6C+nxy31xxLcD5F/upnPPueK6g1FY/8g+2/wCuSfyFSmqJG0lLSUxAaSlNJQAlJS0GmA2kpaKBDTSUtFMBKSlooENpKdTTQMSkpaMUxDaSnEU0igQhpKWkpgJRRRQAlJS0lACUlLRQAlJS0lACUhpTSUAJSGlpDTEJSGlppoA3qWkpaYBRRRQAtFFFAgpaKKQwooooAKWkooAWiiikAtFJS0AFFFFAC0UlFAC0d6KMgdaBkn8NJUc1xDBF5kkiqgOMk8U2G5huU3wypIo4JU5xUjJKKKKYgooopgLRRRQAUtJRSAWiiigApaSikMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAWikpaBhRRRSAKKKKYBRRRSAKKKSmAUUUUgCiiigAoopKYBRRRQAUUlLQAlFFFIApaSigBaWkopDFpKKKACiiigB1FJRSGLRSUtABSGikpAFLSUtAxahurWC7i8u4hSVM52uuRmpaQ9KQzhNTmhspHhhCjY7AIP4Rk4rmJ7uZnJ3lfZeK0dbjxqc06sTvdi3p1rGk+8alGqRE7MTySfqaYGKngkfSg9ab3plWJo7uZCMOT7NzWla3iTMFcbG/Q1jipEJBGDzmmTOKsex2P8AyDrX/rin8hU1Zfh83p0mM333zjy+n3MDHStSqMBKSlooAbSUpopiG0U7FGKAGUmKfikoAbikp1GKAGUU7FGKLgMpMVJikIp3CxGRSU8ikxRcQykNPxSYouAzFJinUUxEZFJin0Yp3AZSGnYpMUXAZRTiKaaYhKSlpKAEpDS0hoASkpaSgQlIaWkpgbtLSUtMAo7UUUALRRRSAWiiigAooooAKWkpaQBRRS0AFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAVyms+IXZ5LWBB5Y+VmbvXR3zyx2UzwlRIq5BPSvOZ3LyMT3NJsqKuxReSqGUN8pOSOxq3Y6zNYhzEAHfGT1457Vlk89KQHmoNLHoeh6o+pW0jSbN6Nj5eOPpWtXnGjSyw6pbmFiGaRVOO4J5FejiqTIkrBS0lLTJCiiigApaSloAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAFopKKAFooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGLRSUUALRRRSAKKKKACiiigBKKKKACkpaSmAtJRRQAUUUUAFFFJSAKKKKACjNFFAC0UlFIYUUUUAFKKbS0ALS0lFIYUtJRQAUUUUgEopaQ0ALmkzTTSE4BPpQM811Nt3PqT/AFrBkOM1tXjZiQ+1YsnOahHR0K5ORTe9ONJTFfUKkj61EKkTrTQ6mx7FYf8AIPtv+uKf+girNVbA/wDEutf+uKf+girNUcwtJRRQAhpKU0lAC0UmaWgBMUhp1IaAG0UuKXFADcUU6kNADaKWkoAQim4p9NoAbSGnUlMQwikp5ppoENxSYpaKYDTTacaSmA0000803FMQ002nmmkUCG0lOpKYCU3vS0lAhDSGnGmmgDdpaSlpgFFFFAC0UUUALRRRQAUtJS0gCiiigApaSloAKKKKACiiigYUUUUgM7XJvJ0qY55b5RXn0rc113i2cpbwQj+Ilj/T+tca5zUy3LgNzzS5plOFIs2fDcRm1mAgcJlj+AP9cV6AK47wfDm7nl/uoF/M/wD1q7KqRnIKWkpaZIUtJRQAUtJS9qBhRRRQAUUUUgCiiigAooooAKKKKAFopKKAClpKWgAooooGFFFFAC0UUlIBaKKKACiikoAKKKKACiikoAKKKKYBRRRQAUlFFABRRRSAKKKDQMSiiikAtGKKKACiiikMWikooAWiiigAo70lLSAKQ0tJQMSobltttK3ojH9Klqvf8afc/wDXJv5GgFueb3fyDHouMViuea2r7ADY54rEas0dJCabnpTzTCOaonqFOXrTKkj+8KEVU2PTPDUWqR2xN/LvhaNDByDgY/wxW8Kq6cc6ZaH/AKYp/wCgirQqzkFopKKBiUUUUAFFLSUALRSU6kAYoxRS0DENNNOptADaSnUhpiG0UGkoASiiigQ00004000wENJSmkpiEpKcaSgBhFJinmm0BYYRSU80w0xDaSlNJVCG0lOpKBCU006m0wN2lpKWgAooooAWiiigApaKKAClpKWkAUUUUAFLSUtABRRRQAUUUUhhRRWL4lv7jT9PR7cfM8m0sRnHBpgYPie583UmQHIjAWueY5NTPFdXMhlkYlmOSSajNlNjI5/Gs3Y0johnfrSio2jljPzqfypUfnB4oKudf4RuVR5LfypC0h3bwPlAA6V14rJ8OxeVoluP74Ln8TmtaqRnLcKWkpaZIUUUUALRRRQMKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUtJS0AFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBS0lFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFMApKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJRRQAUCiigBabS9qKBiUUUUAFLSUUgCloopAJS0lFAxaKSigBaKKWkAlJS0lACVna1crbaZKzAnzP3Ywf73FaFc9reuWiNcaY8cvnEABto28gH1z0PpSY1ucfenMbfSsZ+RXSTWLzRk/cTAwT1NVhpUCj5yzEe+BUpHQ5RSOfP1pvFdH9gtlH+qU/Xmo3sLZusSj6cVViOZHP4JOKegIfB7VrPpURyY2ZT27iqcljLA244Zf7woQ5STPVNM50mzP/TBP/QRVuqWknOkWX/XBP8A0EVcqznFpe1NozSGLRSUUALRSUUAOopKKQC5ozTaKAHZpKKbQMWkopKBBTTTqaaYCUhpabQAhpKU0lMQhpKWkoAKSikNMQU006kpANNNNONNNUA002nHrSUyRppKU0lMBKaadSGgRuUtJRTAWiiigBaKSloAWikpaQBRRRQAtFFFIYUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVn6zs/suUOobOAMjvmtCud8QXjK6xFk8nG4c855oewGFgYpMDoKiN1HnG9fzpUmVm61maAQrMUyCcdKqXVmuNyDBAyRVxVXzCw6mrdnAtzfwwuoZWYbge46mgDa8JXM1zpP73/lm2xT6gD/I/CugqOGKOCNY4kVEUYCqMAVJVkMKKKWmIKKKKBhS0lLSAKKKKACiiigAooooAWkoooAKKKKBhS0lFIBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKSlooASilpKBhRRRQIKKKKBiUUUUAFFFLQAlJS0UAJRS0UgEooooAWiiikAlFFFAwooooAWiikNIApKKXtQA2s3VLO1kgaZ7eIy5X5yg3dR361pGs3W/N/suQQcSkjb+dDGtzDu8bTj1rNfhenepY3ne1P2gEShyDxjNQOc460hjCeOaYxp7cAmo8g0wEzgHJpvBIB5B7U4gEGopJBEu8gkD0oA7zTVCaZaqOixKB+Qq3mszQrxb3SonVCoT93gnrgVpVRAtFJS0AGaKKKQwooooAWkoooAKBSUUAOpKKKQCUlLSUAFNp1NpgJTTTqaaBCUUUlMANJRQTQAlJRmkJpiCikzRmgBDTTS5pDTQDaSnU00xCU2lpKBCGmmnUhpiNyikpaYC0UlLQAUtJS0AFLSUUgFooopDFopKKAFooooAWikpaACiiigCO48z7PJ5QzJsO0e+OK84kt3uJWeYOGBIIdicGvSj0riby6jutQnZWz85qXsOO5lfYowfuj8qY1kBypKn1U4q+SN1Nc8cVNyygGuISDneAO/Bre8MypPqW4nlEJx7nis0pkc0abaXL6tCbUSDDguy/dC55z+FNahY9GFLTRTqogKKKKYhaKKKQwpaSigBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAClpKKAFopKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiigAoopKBhRRRQIKKKKACiikoGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUgCiikoAKWkopALSUUUDCiiigApKWkoAWkpM0ZpAFGaSkzTAdmqWon/AEceu7/GrdUNVcLbrn+9SY1uc7e8P9ayjN++KEH644rSuSz8kY5NZMpdbzb/AAYyKQyYnctM5ycCnbQQD7UwLjuetMAJyDTAocKGGR70rg4puWwgUgNx2oA7vTlC6dbhQAPLXoParVVtP5062/65L/KrNUQFFFFABRRRSAKKSigBaKM0maACikpc0DCikzRmgAzRmm5pKBDs0UzNLniiwATTTQTSE0wEozRTaYhc0maKSgANJRmkoAKSiimIKSikoAQ0lLSUwEpDS0lAhtIaWg0xG1S0lLQMWikpaAClpKKAFooooAWiiikAUUUUALRSUtABS0lFAC0UlFIBkz+XC7n+FSa4Tyx9pkkAA3egrrtanFvpcrE43YWuIbUI1BAVjUyKiiYpmTdn8KdIuV461Ri1BVXEgYn1FWVvYXPDfmKksQlwORnJwfYV03heaD7NJCJF87eWKd8cDNc8SGXjvXV6FYwQWMU4iUTSLlnA5IJzTW4nsa9LSUtWQFFFFAC0UlLQAUUUUALRRRQMKKKSgQtFFFAwooopAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAlFFFABS0lLQAUlLRQMSiiikAUUUUwEopaSkAUUUUAFFJRQAtFJS0AFFLRSGNopaKAEpaKKACkNLRQAlJS0lACUlLSUAJRSUlAh1ZurcpGPcmtCs/U+TGPr/Skyo7mBdDgVnOn73J9MVo3f3h9KoOeQcUDGtjGKj7n2NE0hWMkDJFRxSb4wxGCeaAHP8wIpoA4PpTs5HpQAMCgDrtI1G0uLeK2inVpo4xvTBBGMA/rWnWTpGk2lqsd5CjLNLEN/wAxIOcE8fWtaqICiiigApKKKACiiikAUlFFMAoopKACiikpAFNpaDTAbRRTaYgoopKACm0tJTAKSlpKBCUUUlAwoNFJQISig0UANoopKYCUUtJQIbSdqdTaANulpKWmAUtJS0AFFFFAC0UlLSAKWkooAWiiikAUtJRQAtFFFAwoopDQI5vxfPttYIQfvMWI+n/664ljW74h1FNQuVaIOqIu3DDvk1gMeal7msFoNzS0hoFIotQXLx8Zyvoa9M06aCawha3fdGFCg4x04rzXT4vPv7eLGd8iqfpnmvUIIIreMRwxrGg6KowBTREtiWiigVRAtFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQMKKKKQC0lLSUAFFFFABRRRQAlFFFABSUtFACUUUUAFLSUCgB1FFFIYlFLRQAUUUUhiUlOoxQA2kNOIpDQA2kNLTTTEFNp1JQAhrN1Jtskf0NaVczr11Nb3MgPQgGPp0wM/rmlJlRV2U7tlDAk4AHU1lT30Ea/61T16c/wAqy7+Z5JPmcsfc1nyMelSmbeysrs2m1S2z1Y/8BpE1O1Y4LkHPdTWEaYDhqdxciOoS4ikHyupOPWpgeOK5Usc1atL+WGQBmLITyDQmKdPlPV7D/kH23/XJf5VYqtYHOn2xHQxL/IVZqzAKQ0UlAC0UlFAC0lFFIBaSiigBKKKSmAUUUUAFJS0lADTSU4000ANopabTEFFFFACUlLSUAJSGlpKYgpKWkoASiiigBKSiigBKSlpDTASkNLSHpQI2qWk7UUwFpaSigBaKKKQBS0lLQAUUUUALRSUtIYUUUUALRRRQAVDPcwWqB55UiUnAZzgZqaqOqwW81hKbmMOsalxk4wQPagDgtZuRdancSqcqWOCD27Vlt1qWU/MagPWoNlsLSim0CgDc8NRebrlvxwuW/IGvRhXDeDYt2pSyf3IsfmR/ga7mqREhaKSlpkC0UUUDCiiigApaSikAtFJS0wCiiikAtFJS0AFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFAC0tJS1IwooooGFFFFIAoopM0AFIaDTTTAQ0lFJTEFFFFABXI+KG/00D0iH8zXW1xvids6jIB2jUfpUSNKe5x9z/rKqMeatXP+sP9apv1pI6ZPQaT703PNL2po60zNbj/AK06P79Mp0fWhFVD2HTRjS7P/rgn/oIqzUFkNthbr6RKP0FT1ocYUlLRQAlFFFABRRRQAUlFFIAooooASiiloAbRS0lACUhpTSUwG0lKaSmISiiigBKSlpKAEpKU0lMApKKKBCUlLSUAJRS0lACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaYjapaQUtAwooooELRRRQAUUUUhi0UUUAFLSUtABRRRQAtFJRSAWsjxJN5OizDPMhCD+f9K1qwfErgpBERnktigEcCQfrUZ9xW67BBknAFMIDDoD9ak1uYgpw9K1GtoWH+rA+nFQNZAjMbc+hoC51PgqLFtdTf3nC/kM/1rq65nwnZXVva+fJP+4kBKw46HOM/pXTVSIluFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKACiiigBaKSloAKKKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiikMKKKKYBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASiiigAooooAKKKSkMKKKKACiiigBaKSikMdRTaWgBaKSkpALmmmikoAWm0UUwENJS0lAgpKWkoAK4nxFzqdz7BQf8AvkV21cJr77tSusn+IDH4AVMjWnucxckeccVUbGasz/61qqt1pI2Yw9aaMZpTTR1pkrcdTo+tN+tKnWhDqHs1uMW0Q9EA/SpaZH/q1+gp9aHIFFFFABSUtJSAKSlpKYBRRRSAKKKKBhSZpe9JQIKSlpKBiUlLSUCG0lONNpgJSUtFMQlJS0lACUlOpKAG0lOpDQAlJS0lMQlFFFACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaANqiiimAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUUgFopKWkAUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVymvzb9RK5GEUD+tdXXA6iWur9pc8by1A1uROgkUhulN4AwKVw2PlOPWo2YAEntUlDj0oUcVHvJ6ZxUsIaYogGGc7QD69KAO806PydOt48dIxmrdUtMF4tmov9nnAkfJ0x2q7VEsKWkooAWiiigBaKKKACiiigAooooAWiiigAooopALRRRQMKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKBhRRRQISiiigYUUUUAFFFFABRRSUgFpKKKACiiigAooooAKKKSkAtFJRQMWkzRSUAFJS0lABSUZooEFJRRQAlFFJQAVwWrsDe3Z9ZWH613tefakwM87Z6ysf1qZmtPc524P7w1VYGrM5zITVZqRsyP1pozmnGkGaZK3Cnxj5qZUkI+cUIdQ9nT7i/SnU1PuL9KdVnIFFFJTAKKKSkAUUUUwCikpaQBRRRQMSiiigBKKKKAENJS0lAhtJTqSmAlJS0lACUlLSUCCkpTTaYBSUtJQAlJS0lACUlLSUAFJS0lMQlIaWkNAG1RSUtMApaSigBaWkopALRRRQAUtJRSGLRSUtAgpaSigYtFFFAFHVklaxYwzmEodzEdSPSuNY/Mec10GsahdpLLbNaEWzAbZs9enFc6R3pMcRjMelRkZBHr1pHPPFLzikUIABwK0NHTzdVtlx0fd+XNZrOqjc3AHU1t+GkEup+YOQkZI/lQB2Ip1JS1RAUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0hhRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRSAKKKKACiiigYlFFFABRRRQAUUUlAC0UlFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAopKKACiiigYUlFFABRRSUAFFFJQAUlLSUAFJS0lABSUUUCErz+eCS4kIjXO5jlieK79uFNco6/KnoOgqWrlxdjnH0f5z5k312imjS7YkjLn8a1X5ZuaqxqsbPtBGTk07DcmUjplsDgqT+JpjaTBgYLqT3BrSJ+bpTc8gHNMXMzIl0hwMxSBvZhiqn2eWGYLIpU5roAPemSrG4CPyCcUrDc29z0ZfuilpB0paozCkoooEFFFFABSUtJQAUUUUDEooooAKKKKAEoopKQBSUtJTAQ0lLSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAUhopKACm06m0xBSUtJQAlJS0UANooooASkNKaSmI2aWkooAWiiigYUtJS0AFLSUUgFooooAKKKKQC0UlLQAUUUUAc34pvEh8mFmIJBbArlX1KIcBX/Kr3iyfzdXdQeIwFrnGNJsuK0ND7fETk7h+FSrdQvwHGffisbNA60FWNwhZBg4IrpvCkWDcSY4AVR+tcFFI6HKsRXonhHJ0cysOXkJ+uOP6UCasdBRRS0yAooooELRSUUALRRRQMKWkooAWikpaACiiigBaKSloAKKKKQBRRRQAUtJRQMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASlpKKACiiigBKKWkoAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUlAC0lFFAwooooASiiigAoopKQBRRSUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFACUUUnamAyU4ic/7Jrl5eAMc4FdNcnbbSn0Q/wAq5WR+cdDSGtim55IPrVdcfN7mpC2S2OarbiHbCGmA7I3elJ361GS3PyEc96Od3TpQBIMkCmbcTKe1BYjHOKk43CgD0EUdqB0opkhRRRQIKKKKBhSUtFACUUUUAJRRSUAFFFFIApKWkoASiikpgJRRSGgQUlFFMBKSikoEFJRRTAKbS0lAwpKWkoEJSUtJQAlFFJQAUhpaaaANmlpKWmAUtJRQAtFFFIBaKSigBaWkopALRRRQAUUUUAFIxABJ6Dk0tUtWm+z6VcyZwdhA/HigDzjU7g3F9NKf4nJrPYmppTlj71XJqTZKyG5pc8UnGKKAJUr1Hw/D5GhWiHqU3fnz/WvL4gWZVHUnAr1+3jEVvHGOiKF/IU0TLYmpaSimQLRRRQAtFFJQAtFFFABS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRSAWikooAWiiigYUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUlLQAUUUlAC0UUlIAooooAKKKKBhSUtJQIKKKKBhRRSUALSUUUAFFFFABSUtJSAKKKKACkpaSgApKKKACkoooAKKKSgApKWigBKSiigCve/8AHlNj+4a5po1Xnqcda6PUDiwl9xj9a52U4X8KOo1sUGJ+Y1XP3mqV261Fk5PHFMCHJyM+lKD+VO2jcDxS4HtQAx8FRkU1Vwwx69Ke4BIpFBDfjQB6GKWkHSloJEooooAWiikoAKKKSgAooooASkpaSgApKKSgBaSiimAlFFJSAKSlpppiCkopKYBSUppKAEoopKBBSUtJQMKSlpKAEpKWkoEJRRRQAlNNLSGmBs0UlLTAWikooAWlpKKQC0UUUALRSUUgFpaSigYUtJRSELXP+Lp/K0lY88yP+g/yK6CuL8a3GZ4YM/dXJ/GgZyTnmoD1qR+lRUjYPrSikNKtAGjpEPn6pax9d0q/zr1gdK838Iw+brsRPSNWf9Mf1r0imiJC0tJS0EC0UlLQAUUUUALRSUtABRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQMKKKKACiiigBaKSlpAFFJS0AFFFHegAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGFFJRSAKKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKSloAKKSigAooooGFJSmkoAKKKSgAooooEFJRRQMKSiigApKKKBCUUUUAU9S/48Xx1JH865+dcDk9q39SP+i49WArAuTxj2o6jMxsEsc9TUeae2APxqB2Cqx96YC/xUvambhupS3HWgBe2aB96mtnbwaFPIHegD0MdKWkHQUtAgooopAFFFBoASkoopgFJS0lAgpKKSgApKWkoASiiigBKSlNJTEFJRSUABpKKKYCUlLSUAFJS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAUlFFACUlLSUCEpDS0lAGxS02lpgLRRRQAtFJRQAtLSUUgFooooGFLSUUgFopKKAFrz7xKGudXkO75d20Y9uK792CIzHoBk1wFwRJdMxGeSaAW5mPpwAz5v6VEdNOP9b/AOO1ptgjBFM4xQVdmW2nyc4dTURtpUPKk+4rVIDU3YNysc8dOaB3NnwPDm7upiPuoFH4n/61dxXO+FIgtpPLjl5MfXA/+vXQ0Ckx1FJmloJFopKWgYUtJRQIWiiigBaSiigBaKSikMWiijtTAKWkooAWiiikAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDCiiikAUUUUwFpKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJS0lABRRSUAFFFFAwooooAKKSigAooooASiiigAopKKACikooAKKKSgAoopKACkoooAoas+y2Uj+9/Q1yd7qMCZ+YuR2Wt3xRIUsIwD95+fyrhronb2FTfU0hFPckk1XK/LH+Zqm+pSkEbV/I1WY1CTTuaqES6dTmznCflUseqN/HGPwNZme1ApXYckTbTU4X4bcvuRVuF0l5VgwJ6iua7VZtZXjmUo3fpVXMpwS2PYF6CnUg4paDIKKWigYlJS0UCEpKDRQAlJS0hoAKSikoAKSlpKYgzRRSUAFIaWkoASkoopiEpKWkoAKQ0UUAFJS02gAoopKACkpaSmAlJS0lIApKWkpgJSUtIaBGvRRRTAWiiigBaKYsqPna6nHHBzTs+hpDFpaSigBaWkopALRSUtABRRRQBU1OXydPmbplcfnXEnrn1rqPEUu2ySMfxt/KuVJoBDTTGPFDPTTyKChoo7UCl7igDuPD0Xl6PF6tlv1rVqrYR+VYW8f92MZ/KrNITOdufENxa+JF0pbVLgPghkbYy5GehyDx7iuhjcSIG5GexGD+VcXpmL7x9dz9VhDYP5L/jXbYzQHQdRTckdaWgBaWkooAXtS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUALRSUUDFopKWgAopKWkAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUlAxaSiigQUUUlABRRRQMKKKSgAooooAKKSigAooooAKKKSgAoopKACiikoAKKKSgAoopKACkpaSgDm/FpPk26j/bP8q4u5GBzXYeLG/wCPdf8AZc/yrjLn1zUdTaGxSeoqkaos0zVbCGikJpR0oAVulTW/+sX61AelSw/eFNGVTc9oopq9BTqZiFFFFABRRRQAU2lpKBBSUtNoAKSikoASilptMQUUUUAFNpaSgApppaSgApKDRTASiiigBKSlpKBBSUppKAEoopKACkoooASkpaT6UAFNNLSGmI16WkooGLRRUVxIIreSQ/wIW/SgTOT0qFL7xjqFxgjywcMvHOcD+Rrr0UooG4t7nqa5fwWm+O9uT1eXb+XP9a6uh7j6IAaWk4NJyPekA6lpoINLQAtLSUUALRSZpM0gOc8Ry5njj7Kufzrn2OK0tZm8zUZeeAcflWW5pjRF/FQTxRQeSKQwqWBPMuY4x/EwH5moyMVe0aPzdXt19G3fkM0Ad4owoHoKSaQRQSSHoilj+Ap1ZviGf7PoN4+eSm0fjx/WhCZgeB4/Mm1G8PV3C5/Mn+Yrs65zwVB5Ph9XI5lkZ/1x/SujoGxaTHcUUUCFz+FLSdaTkdKAHUtNBzS0ALRSUtABRRRQAtFJS0AFFFFAC0lFFABS0lFAC0UlLSGFFJS0xBRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAUUUUDCiikoAKKKKACiiigAoopKACiiigApKKKACiiigAoopKACiiikAlFFFABSUUUAFJRRQAUlFFACUUUlAHJ+K2Juo1HaL+prjp667xUf8ATV4/5ZD+ZrkZunPrU9TaOxTeozUjVGelBrFaDSKBS0Ux2EPSpYetRnpUkQ+bFNGNTc9mjOY1PqBT6ZFxEn+6KfQYhRRRQAUlFFABQaKSgBKSlpKYCUlLSUCEpKKKACkozRQISkpe9JTASiikoAKSlpKACkoooASiiigBKSlpKBBSUtIaYxKSlpKBBSUUUABpppaQ0Aa1LSUUwFrL8Qz+Rod03qu0fjWnXM+Nbjy9LiiHWST+X/66EJ7F3wrD5WgwHHMmXP4k/wBK26q2EItrCCEfwRqv5CrNBT3FpaSikIXGetHI75oooAN1LmkNJj0NIBaZI4jiZz0UEmlzjqKoa1OINIuHzgldo/GgDgrzVHa5dhGOT3NVTqbd4x+dVZny2agY5o1NUlYv/wBpn/nn+tOGpKTkofwNZg6UtAWRsrfwueSV+orovC6rLqLSqQQkZ6e+K4Zetd14FiIiu5j3ZVH4DP8AWgTR2Ncz44n8vRFizgySj8h/kV0tcZ40JudS02yU/ePI/wB5gP6UEHTaLAbbRbOIjBWJc/XGTV+moAqBR0Ap1A2LRSUtAgpaSloAODRyPeiikMMilpOKMH1oAWikye4pc570ALRRSUxC0tJRSGLRSUUALRSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDFpKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKKSgBaKSigAooooAKKKKACkoooAKKKSkAUUUUAFJRRQAUlFFABSUtJQAUlLSUAFJS0lAHHeKG/0/GOiL/WuRmJIzXW+JWJ1GQDsq/yrkZhjIqTeOxUbOeKaaeaYaDWOwlJS0lAwNSx8EVFUsf3hVIxnuezR/6tfoKfTI/9Wv0FOoMBaKSigAopKKACiikNACUlLSUAFNpTSUwEpKU0lAgpKKSgApKKKBBSUUhoAKK43xL4k1TQ9TSNFtzauMqSh3e4znH6V1Nldx3tnFcxnKyKGFMbLFJSM6r94gZ9aGZVHzMB9TQIWkqu2oWattN1AG9PMFRyanbxkD96+ehSFmH5gYoAt0VV+3Rk4WK5J/693H6kAUxb+RpGT+z7sY7nywD9PmoAuUhqpLJfsU8m2iUE/N50uCB/wEH+dDRXkgO+4hT0CxE/qW5/KgC0GBGQeKKrR29wq4e8Zj6rGo/xpr2krOrfbpwB1XCc/wDjtAFqkzUP2VD1eY/9t3H8jUa6dZozN9nQs3JL/Nn880ATSTxQgmSVEA6lmAqL7dakZW5ib/dcGn/ZrcLtEEQB7BBTwAi7VGAOwpiNelpvP1ozTAdXIeJT9q8QaZZdRuBI/HJ/QV12a5CM/bPHrHqtupP5DH9aEHVHXjpTqSikA6ikooAWlzSUUhhRRSUALXOeMJhHpqR55ds/l/8ArrojXE+NJ83UUOfupk/jQHU5BzzUbGntyaYRSNhKWmmlFAEida9J8HReXoSv/wA9JGb+n9K83SvVdAiMGh2iEf8ALMMfx5/rQS9jUrirr/TviJCnVYMf+Orn+ddnuHeuL8Nf6Z4r1G8P8IbH4t/gKCFudsKWmhhnGRS0AOopKKAFpaSloAKKKKAFopKWgBaTrRS0AJj3o59jS0UAJn2NLuHrRRQAZpGZVBLEAepNGB6VmeIZmtNEurqKV4pYU3IynoegyOh/EUAaisGUMpBU8gjvS1jeGrq9vdEt7q8kSRpVLZC7T1IHA46VsdaAFopKWgAooooAM0UUUALRSUUDFopKKAFopKKAFopKKAFpKKKACkoooAKKKKQBRRSUALSUUUwCiiikAUUlFABRRRQAUlFFABSUUUAFFFJQAUUUlABRRSUgCkpaQ0wOJ8SsTqkyjJ4X+QrnXs7hxnYfxrr9W2fb52Iy2Rz/AMBFZkp+XGKSRfM0c8dMuCM5QfjSHSp8feT8zWyxwCaaW7YqrIPaSMQ6bcdgp+hph0+6H/LIn6EGt0GnqeKLDVSRzDxvGcMpU+4qSL71dBIoZcEA5qqbKF2yo2n2pWE533PTo/uL9BT6Yh+RfpTqRAtFJRQAUUUlAC02jNNLADJOAKAHGm1E11ABkzRge7iof7Rt2copkZh/dicj88YpgWqSqsl1Nx5dlK+T1LKoH5nP6UjyX2P3dvBn/amP/wATQBapKqv9q8otJPDDgckITj8Sf6VEigRDzNSdyec5Rc/kKYi9RWdGlg8r/wClvJIv3s3LcfgCKdPbaeU/fEbScZaVhn8c0AXHkSNCzuqr6k4qsmoQzg/Z90+Dg+WOPzOB+tMhj023AEX2dSOhyCfz61Kt9auzBJ43ZfvBWyR+VADTcXJYBLJgD1aSRRj8iabLHfyD5LiCL/tkW/XcP5U+S9hjA3lwCcD923+FBukxkK5HqRt/nigDnfGGjS3+ivJ5rSTQDeqhQAfX3/WsnwBdpcQTWMss2+M7kUTMBj2ANdXJqsbTtbNGAGXgtIMH1Hy5rzOaWbw14qaWJdqh8qGUgFT9QKA3R6m+l2MvMtukp9ZMt/PNSLZWi/dtYB9IxVWG8uZ4UkiQuGXI/c7R/wCPMKjK61LMD51rbxjsYi5P1+YY/A0wJrye20yM3HkoGPHygAmqmmeIbfUr2S1CbJUG4AtnIrnvEl/c+a0clzEREOscRXJ+hY1S8G6TPf3UupPPJCoJVWjwCT+IIqU22VJJRPRqTIzjNZw0aNzm4u7y4IOVLTbcf98YqV9KspAPNh83HTzXZ/8A0ImqIJ3uoI1ZnmjUL1JYDFVDrenbdyXSSegTnNPXStNiYOlhaqw/iESg/nirYwq/LgD2oAzhrVuyArDduT/CluzH8wMfrSSalckr5Gl3T5PO/amB+Jq81zAGwZ4wR1BcVFLe2qIWa4iAx13CgCuLzUXYqulFOPvSXCY/TNNQ60VbelgrdiGc4/QVaS8t2QFJA2f7oz/Kmtf26sql2JY4GEJ/pxQBWMOsOmDe2kR9Utmb+b/0pyWl/k+ZqjnPTbAgx+hqyby3HWVR9TiohqVmxYfaYwVOCGOP59aA1OgoqgNWtiFKiYhjhcQPyfypDq8IVm8m4IU7TiPHP40wL7EKpY9AMmuT8KA3Op6jeHqWCj8yf8K1L7V1+x3aiCZCkJJZguB27E81W8GxbNGMp6yyM35cf0p9BLc6Pn1o5oopDDn0pGkC9QTxnAFOopAUf7YtFvhZSM8dwRuCMh6euRkfrV8EEZFcxYD7T41v585WGIRj2PT+hrpsY6cUMFsOpKTPrS5oATtXm/iacz6tMR/C20fhXo0jhI2f+6Ca8svXMtxI+CdxJpDW5RbAFRMeamKSE8Ix+gqNoZAQDG+5jwNpyfwouaIjoBqyLC8PS2m/74NPGmXh/wCXWX8VNK6AiiUyMFHc4FexW8YigjjHRVA/KvMNN024XULYzRFIxIpZmIGBmvR/7TsQObqL/vqjmQmmS3032ewuJj/BGzfpXM+Boc2d5cEcyShfwAz/AFpPEPinTJdGuoLS5SWYsIioyMdyeeo47Vd8F7T4ahZerO5P13EUyEmR+M8x6PlCqyNIArKuGHB71vWMLW9pFGZHchACXbJ6evWuf8Vfv7zSrQH/AFk4JHtkD/GuoHSmCFBpab1o5+tIB1LTQaWgBaWkooAWikpaAClpKKAFooooAKWkooAWua8dT+T4WnGeZHRP1z/SukrjfiE2/T7G0H3prjp+GP60IDo9Eh+z6FYQkcpboD9cCtDFMRQiKo6KMCnUDDJHvSg5pKTFADqKbkj3pQQaAFooooAKWkooAWikooAWikooAWikooAKKKKACiikpALSUUUAFFFFABRSUUALRSUUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFABSUUUgCkoooAKKSigAopKKACkNLSGgDldUO68uMf3sfyrMmB3fjWjfuBczZ/56H+dZsr+lNDZA4JwMd6CvSo5ZlVwC6gnsTTDdIGChixPTaM1QiXFKO9QNOwAIhdsntj/GjzJ9wCwjaepLf4UASN3poO16ZKshGfMVfXC5/rQIi3/LZwcdRgUAaukeNd+vyadeSK0DNshmMewg+jD9K7SSaOJN8jhR6k1wPjLwuHsRqdijGVADOMklxj731FXfAmvQX1oLGVI0vIV4YKAZF9fr61Azq01GzlXMdzE/srAn8hSfbWaXYlpcMMZ3lQq/+PEVNn979RzT6BFUzXjShVtUVD/G0nI/AD+tDQXTSKxvAqjqqRDn8yamkuIYhmSVEHX5mAqk2sWeMwu1xzjFupk/lQMkuYF8lmmu7gIvJwwX9QAf1rNtr3SNRvGtRLJLKF3COWRiCPoTisLxR4pCx/Z4opVU8HeuMmsjwvo13d3Y1R7d5Y9xx+98vJ+vUihasbSSPRI47SzTbbwICBwsajNSrJNIoIi8vI6SHkfln+dQxRTRxhI1ggQfwgFv8KjEboXE9/I5J4VFVcD8ATTJLCxz877kHnI2xgEfzqOWG3DpJPI25fus0m3+WKrwwxKzgDUH5/jkkA/DJp3lQJOjrpzs/wDz0IXI/EnNACS3WmxjLNG+fQeZ/LNTLcQqn7qCUjsFhK/zApzNc7f3MMYP+2+P5A0u647xRf8Afw//ABNMQwTzSDmylH+8yf41Bsu2lBW0to07l2y36D+tWA10XbKQhO3znP8AKmubsEEG3Cj7wbP8+1AAyXhQgXEKccERE4/8epiW9z5ZWW5VmIwXSPaf5mnu85Qj91Fno+/dj8MCoY5baRTuvFlK8MfMAGfoKAHiGCMCOSdnYD+OUgn8Af6VH/xL4AzRRRMc5IiQMx/Lmka406LMgERPcxpuP6Ampvte5cxQTP8A8B2f+hYoABcIwBEcp9AYmGPzFcZ49sjd2aXaW0yvbn5mKjBU/Q118c95Kp/0ZITnpJJk/kAR+tV7q3uZreaK5u7XyZBtw0BGB9d9A0YPgvWpbvSBaiMyTQfLkuANvb3roL66mt7OSV0iGB2lP/xNeW6W6aJ4n8m4ffCH2M0bkZB6Hg113iOe1ZUijQ4A3MX3Z/Xmk3ZDjHWxymrzG4mWFAXklfnHJNd7o8D6Vo8Ntd3UFm2PlwVDH67sjP4VxPhm0W+8QeabRpoUz8oX5Qe2c16LBakOSNNtIiv3HyCf0XiiK0FN3Y8TxbR/ps0h9VQHP5LUKzW0k7HGo5UYIKTBT+lXJPtgQmPyC3ZWLAfnz/KlAuiOWhU+wJx/KmIqym1aMiS0uJlP8LxO+fwNMjeFotyaTJgHG0xIpH5kVaRLwZ3XEB54xCR/7NSsLsL8rQOfQqV/qaYFaDzElITTTEuODlAP0NSyzXqgbLWN8nB/fYx/47Ug+1FRnyQe45P60z/TTKQfIWPHXljn6cUCEVbvbjfBH7bS/wDUUiW91g+bek88eXGq/wA91SFLnH+uh/78n/4qo447sDEtxE3PBSIjj8WNADZbEy4D3d1t77JNmfxUCnpZW6DiJWI/if5j+Z5oe2kdcfa51912f/E0C2XaA0szH1MhGfyxQBnLqsZ8pFQkEcjzEHP50yfVnhtGlW1MjKcuqseR7cY/WtjSNVe5Z7W6XyruI4ZfUeorQus/ZpNpG4jAz78UAzyzUvFaz6e0JhkSZ255yAvNX9G8ctYafFbNbI6oMBgcH8a5/wAU2MlpqzCRIk8wbwsZ4ANdroXgfTW0WF7xJHuJVDlw5G3PYDpQ7ji1a5A3xGbtZrn/AHqP+E+vHHyWCn6ZqS6+H+1i9hfAEdFlXp+I/wAKreV4u0QAIJJol/u/vBj+dKzHzIm/4TXV3Pyadx7IxoPizxCy5XTH+vktx+lSWvj6aJvLv7IgjqUOD+RrWbxdpl3YTeTOVmMbBUcYJOOnpSsF3bQ5ew1nWzJcXGn6axaZv3jpEzZP+TV/+1fGL9LCUf8AbDFdD4UiEOhRA4DOzOw9CSa3aLBdnAfafGsg4tpR/wABA/rR5fjZ8/JIvp86D+td/RRYOZnnVzaeMUgLzSsqDr+9WskRa9jH2gj/AIGK9G12TbZBc/eauTY+lHKhKTMUw62TzeH/AL+Gqk1lqy3CyiUyMRt3CQ5H510LZpjUcqHzMxWstSP/AC8lv+BmoHsr7+OR/wACTW+KWjkQ+ZmZo+hy6rfratdGMEEltucY/GuoHw7j/i1N/wAIR/jVjwvAp1GaYKAVjxn6n/61ddRyoHJnhmvaY+larNaNn5G4YjG4djXq/g+0Fn4YsV+bc8YkbJJ5bn8OteceMZWu/Fl0q84YRr+AAr120hFvaQwjpGgUfgKYk3y6nP33+k+OLGLqII9xH4E/1FdRXK6bi58b6hP1EMfl/jwP6GuqoEthaKSloAWk5oooAXdS0lGPSgB1FN5pc0ALS02loAWikooGLRSUtAgrjPFWLnxXoNp1xIHI/wCBD+imuzrirj/SvijbL1Fvb5/8dP8A8VQB2tFJRQMWiikoAWjrRRQAcjvRn1oooAXNFJgUfjQAtFJk0mfY0AOopNwqNJlkb926Ovcq2cGgCWikooAWikopALSUZB6UUAFFFGaACiikoAWikooAWikopAFFFJTAWkoppdQu4kAeppAOpKrPqFnG4RrmIOxwFDgn8qQ39r5gjEwZyMhFBY4+goAs1QvNZ0+wuY7a6uRFLL9wMrYPOOuMdamNzJvAS0mdT1b5Vx+BIP6VzPjPS7vV9N3xWpV7YGRWMgyfUYGf59qBo67NGa5fwrqtxruhrm7Ec8P7uQrHlvY5JI5HtW6LWXdlr64cYxg7B+PCigRaqNriFc7po1x6sBWFcjyvEdnahneKVS7rIxfnnpnOOnarumXdvcXF5BDapD9mk2kqB83J54HtQMti/tndkjk8xl6iNS+PyBpDczeYAtnKUI+8WUfpnNT+Yu7YXG49FzzS0CKzvfFkCQwKpPzMZCSPwwM/nSGG6dm33QVSMDyotpH4kn+VWqiknhi/1kqJ/vMBQBx9xbDzXDzSSfOeWbk8+2KpS2cQYkbgT/tnH5Hipp9RtOX85CNxGQc5NYx1RhfTKqSOrPjG05x7U0Nl3ylVvuLkdwKcagNzcMzbbYjjgs1RFZ3bLMwyOUBAH9TVCLXanZAHPaqkVqysWMjZPox/xp62cQYuxdyf77k0gCW4hAI8wEjspyRUa3sIYKN7E9MRt/hT3hhiy22ME98CkWaPBPO0dzwP1pgd015ctbqLfTpZCQAfNZUXH6n9K898R6Jd+G9Qi1WzxFGz5Hlknym9OnSvQrfUN8IO6DAAwVcuce4A/rUV1HFq1q8UsjyW0ilWQWzAfXnnNQNFfw9qH9u6UlwL+bzQNkqqqAqfyNacenRiHy5prifPUyTN/QivLdl34N11d5mNs7Z4JTzE/wARXpcExu4YZ7eMSwSruD/am6fTFAE4s9PtiGFvArAcMUG4/j1rH1zxBFZWbpErxv33LtwPpU+oXP8AZcDNFNbxOORHsLk/U5BxXmt5c3eu6mYUkV9z45O0Ek/Wl5DStqyTT7G58S6sD8/kq/zYUnA9fT9a9UjsfJt0gineJEAAEYUDA+oNZml6G2m6aLWB5IyRlmDqMn1+6T+taC2DmMLLcOxxgkO/P/j1UTe7uywYEA+Z3I75c1GJbG0UoJIIRnJG4CoIdIt4s5LOPRgD+uM/rUh0qw3iQ2cJcdGKAmgBJdXs4gD5vmAnGY1L4/LNN/te3ZiseXI9Co/mRVwIi/dUD6Cl6dKAOevPEU0V1bQRWhV5HwVlI5HttJp2naxf6hNcqtuqrFJsO3kj8yvpUmtQvLqOmbf+ep6/n/IGqWhM8E2tNtPySkjI4JG40AzWlWTIllkuwVH3I1AB/LP86Vra2uIx5lnLKp7SnP6MamhvN2mpdyDGYvMYL9M1HBqlvcX0lom/zEQOcjjBx/jTENEUCyBRpO3jhtkeP51L5TgZS3t1x05/+tVmikBXT7WyAyPEjdwqlgPxyP5Uiwz7mL3TFSflCoox/OrBpKAOS14uNVgiM0uwMhx5hHUn0+ldQsMaHKoN3r1P51zut27P4gsc/wCqkIB9eD/9erGpa3cWMSOIky1yYvmzyvrQN7nN/ETStrQ6nEv+xIR+hrl21V57AI7s0x+XJPOK9L8W7JPDl4hIJCZxnmvN/CmnLqGsx+YQIYv3jk+gotcd7K56T4U0saZosSsMSyfO/wBa3arLeWu0bJ42HYKwP8qQ3sayBNk3PfyWx+eKZCRZoqtJf28aFnkwBycg1Emr2Dru+0ogIyDJ8n88UDLtFUxqtgQSt5A2P7sgNMfVrVV3biV9QR/U0AXqKz/7YtMqCZBnvsOBSrqkDy+WiyN6ELxQBeoqv50pHyW7A/7bAD9M/wAqYhvGB3+REc9Bl/8ACgCyaQ1SlDiVTJflR/cRVGfzyaD9lP8ArBK4PXzFcj9eKBFzVNLN1tubZvLvIuUb+97GqlvrQuk+x3KeTeKcMjd/cVaGsIb2G3iCziUE742yFx61Q8TQ2bwrczyNA8QysqD5ge38qYbHC+Im/tDxg0CnIMixD9BXrsShIlQdFAArxXQriM+Kbae4dnUS7i2Mkn1/OvaYpUljV43DKRkEHINNsaVoklGKaTgE+lUotWtZoY5QzBZJPLTK9TSET3Nja3i7bm3imH+2gJ/OuP8AFHhrTLLTWuraJ4pNwUKr5X8jXcZrm/FJ86bTbMf8tZwSPbI/+vQhNGGvhDWbKNZrC+BYjJUMYz/hTv7c8T6QQL22aWMdWdOP++hxXergKB6UvHpSKuzk7Tx7Zvxd28kJ7lfmFb1prmm3uBBeRMx/hJwfyNMvNB0u+yZ7OIsf4lG0/mK46TwnFc67dWllcNDHBGrZcbvmPagL9zovEMwZ44wegzxXPtjdis26s9Y0uZolmE6occHP6GoBrMkT4urYqfbj+dFwSRrmmHkH2qtFqtpNjEuwns4xVjcGTchDL6qcincLDVzS85FA4FKBQB1HhZMQ3EmOrhfyH/166AuFUsegGTWT4cj2aSp/vsx/XH9Kk8QX39naJcz+W7nYVGwZwSMZPtSBnllkDqXjKEnnzboMfpuz/IV7PkAc1494KeI+K7cytzltoxnLYOK9ZvpRBp9xL02xsf0pdRvSJg+EwJrrVLvvJNtz64yf610xcL1I+lcZo882n+F0uozEPNuDvL9dpOMjkc8VBqutSm304ozrMzeY/wA+zIzgAke1MDvM8UtYq67aw+XG5d3Yop2gcFhkVrM+1M47gfmaAJKWm0UCHUtNpaAFpabmjNAC8Uc+tGaKBlaW/hhvobN2PnTAlAB2HWplnjeVoldWkT7yhuV+tZL27y+LY5jjy4bX17sT/gaZowZtX1iYgjMwQZHoDQI3N2BzVK51e2s7qG3ud8bzEiP5dwP5Zx+NXTgjB5Fc5fAS+NNOjAGIomc8fX/61AHSZrhtPu4Y/HOs6hcvsihXyt2CeSQo/wDQa7QzIJvKz823fj2rzXTxLeT3iKC73F9Fux2XLn/P0oDqenggjI70Ug4FGaQxaKhS4SS1W4XOxk3jI7dah02/TUbGO7RGRXzgN14JH9KYF2im0tAC0UlFAC0UmaoXOsWVnqNvYXEhSe5/1QKnDe2emaQGhRSZozQBjeI7qe3gs0t5WjkmuVTKnnHP/wBasUyY+JDBFXLKEY98BAf6Vv6pEk+o6UrrnbO0n/fKE/z21haXGLnx7qE+f9Ru/PG3/GgZ2OT3pc0mazbF1SfUZXmUA3Bwd3AAVRQI1KSs5tRjEzyCdXt1iBzGN/zZPPGewrL8La22oWMgneaWdJCT+6PCnoM4x60DMayvZ/t8fkyun2nVGDbTjco28H8Grvq4yyjE9zpcsdpIWEt3Oo3KoYb+O/uorqWmuvL3Jajd/daXB/QGgC1SZrPuWvmntdiwoglJfErHI2sMY2j1z+FZutNfnVNJhhuTGrzEuY0I4GOvPPegCfxL4h/4R20huWtxPG8mxgJNpHGcjg56Vr29xFdW0VxCweKVQ6MO4PSud1qzGsrLoM08rSNB5yzFUADA4HGP61g+AbseZcaDqG8XVoxMSmVgMZwy4zg4Pt3oA9Alnihx5kiruOFDHGTUM99brExWdMggHawJHI7CpUggRspFGrHuFGTVXU7lLSGElGIkuYkO0DjLA5PtxSET/bFKK0ccsgbptQj+eKcZZiwC2xwepdwMflmoxqFmdwW5iYocMFcHFZOq+LdP0yEOG85iM7RkcfiKLjSbNnF0XzvhRccDaWP55H8qPIkLFjcy8j7qhQB+mf1rN0/xDbahpcd9DHIwfgxrgspzgjtnFXJLyYRkw2U0jdlJC5/HNAiQWcWGDPM4brvmYj8s4qM2Nom3NrCyLjG5AduPrSPLqBK+XaxAd98n+FIy6k0gKzWyJ3Uxkn+dAFzgJgfdA4AoDZUE96pG1vWYltQwpPKrCPyBNMXSwJd5vb0/7Pnnb+VAGhmoJbu2ibZLPErEZwzgHFVv7IszL5jIzt33OTn6jvWRc6zpGnX0kJsJDNESu4Rg/kSfpQM5eDULbwx44l8iZX066PzbOQuef0P6Gu9OqZUmGxvZSOg8kpn/AL6xXFeLtWsdd0gxJbXC3ER3xMyjA9R17ipPD/j2IaTFDdwyPcQrsZww+YDofrQBuztczeJbO4WxlVlt2PlyOgx26gn+9+lZtnfX2lnVLh7SNTJclTmX7rcnjjn7wqN/GlodTW6WCVtsRi2AjuQc/pXMa/4g+0tKIQ8bTSFhG38OcD+lJspLuTafeahq3iq3S3m/eJIXaRRwPUn27V6JNBNbRK73kzgyKpGTk7mA6gjpmvN/D895pBEscGHYMC4KhiDjg5B449K228RanK5LodvGFEmBwc9sU7CerOhhSGTXZ9NLXBWJBLn7Q3JOOMenNaS6ZYwowW3Xk7znJyfWvPoJnivpbto5pHkGPmuGyPx6/rVttR3DnTkYgYy9xI382oAuSS2yLgyRLjqMgYrBe4g/tR2UtJ85b92pbjA9PfNPZljIcWVqm3ueKaLmXcZFRGyc/Lk+np9KAJ/tMrFttrKPTcVH9ahkubsGICKJfMPdicfpSi4unGREgz/eyKaz3eMkQjb04JxTuInZJmXablUY9NqjP61I1tvj2vPKfoQP5AVUAlZw7y8gcbVxipcjduYueMY3cflTuIbJb2yKBIS7DoZHJP604G1QglY/qFFObymHCKD64qRAM0Ad9DMTbR7IZGGwdsdvfFOR7iRQ3lLFns7ZI/Lj9adbc20R/wBgfyqSpAwfEHh465YSRSzqZl+aAhNu0+h65BrivDGutoN7LpeqeakO4gDcf3b/AIdjXqRNef8AxG0uEQw6lGhExby3I6Eds0DRj+I9Ya9uzDbqAW+UbfT0rsPCPhxdJsxcTqDdyjJyPuD0rnfBWhwrjVr4rgf6lD1PvivQRdRsm5FkYEZ4jP8AhQlYTd2WKSoBOzDIt5fodo/rTVlnJbdbYGeMODQBYZgoLE4AGSapnVtPHW9t/wDv6KjvDdtFJtVEj8ts5bnOPpXA/Z2MhO5Quem3/wCvQB3x1rTR/wAv0H4ODTDr2mDreR/rXCm1yOGA/wCA0htjt6rn3SmB1N/runPdWTrchlikLOQp4G0j0qK313TUk1DzJ/lml3L8h+YbQPT1Brm1t+PmYZ9VUCkFud2fNJX02igZ08PiPS002OBpG3CIKy7D1xzWVp+tW1vrd1eTs2yRNqhV7cY/QVnG1jbBJbj/AGiKcIYwchB+PNAjpf8AhM9Mx8qzt9FH+NMPjOy3YW1u299gx/OufVFGcKBn2pcCgDZm8Ytg+RYMfTe+P5Coj4suGXH2YK2Ow6Vl45pMUAS3OsXF1PbSPHKxhO7qBnp6DjpUF7ffbFRTaTDbJ5nzTlh9OacRScUAUNUuy0V7ObGIecm3kZKe4NZvhfUprC4m8qCKUsBkSLnFampLnTpv92sHQMG7kBODt4oDoeh2niooAl1bgD1jGAPwP+Nbdtq9ndKPKmBY9EPBNcKx20kRaOVZo2KOpypFAHoMgJQlup4ApN22LyvvHpg/1qpZagL60jdgFfOGA6ZqynN7JwfujB7UxCJbm1JePLk/eB6/gf6U952aPMPLHjnjH1p08ywxM57Vy03jHSIXLLNJvBw42cNQNI6NrKJ4GRwXYjJZjk59R6UsG2a3CyqrEDDAjINc3J8QNJA/dpO591A/rWa/xAijOYbMk4wdz9aVw5Ttjb+XzAxj/wBnqp/Dt+FVraV57iaMgoyHD4Oc/SuN/wCFizHObOPHbBNVo/Gl0k0kyRRFWOQpOCv40XHynpKoqDCqB6+9Ka5nRPGVrqsq280Zt7huAN25W+hrpc0yDgrPSWuL+eO1muLIQjkyAtz9V6Cq2u2upIird3ouIicKyS7gce1VobsrvDSyhiezmoJ5IpELBtzk8nOTRcdmP0SWz03Uo7q6SSRUBwFbHJ4rtIdd0TyGOn3DWdxjgOMKT/tDpXCxRpIhDN07E8U/yImH8OPVT1ouM9Pt9Vnl0qSaeOKQBW+aCQEEeuKrRrCJNKt45AjRZdkcYJ6Z6/U15yiNE58i5eI/j/MU97q6YDzRHcqDySP/ANVHMFkeu3t79kijZVDs8ioBn171gz3EWo+LbExuGjhiL57d/wD61eetqFvzvSWJuwVsj8jSQ6rmRmFwPmXZgkjj0oTFbU9mWb96+XTZgAYPfvUEF+Zr+6hO0Rw7QrZ5JIya8sFznhgeVwSDnirsOoi2VwTEQ+M+bHnNFx2PTY7y3lLhJVJRtrc9DWLocqPe6reO6jfPtGT2Uf8A165GLWoYt+YrZw53HKEEk1NZavpthpLCQB7iQ7SFj9Se/oKLisaF1cJPdSlXDEHnB6VUYK3BAK+hGaoF7RJgFCiR/m4XJIoMlunDgDceF296LhYdLptpL/yz2H1Q4qm2lSQndbXRU54zx+oq0JrdWYMRvI4+U1HNcQIrSD5io5Cr1o0GZ5u9SjvdrDzDF97jIIPv3q/HrkXSaFkP+yc/oaRJrRWQfKJHxjC81NLJb7tkiglyBtIzzSGddo3inRxZw27XHlOq4PmKQM/Wm+L9YtT4clS3uYpGmZVARgcjOT/KsOTT9CuJXiW1mjdUyCjBS34E4rntcsI9NEYglmZZFJKygcfkTQJ2Zu/D1oIbm8uZ3RCwVEJ7k5Jx+Qrr9d1GB9BvPJlDkAIcdiTXmmi3esabp/2izgL27MSxC5wRxn1FT6j4xkvbI2skaxh2DMV56UA1c7yzt9Pk0Cws73JIjWbaA3fJ7fU1n3f2O58S2UcTxi3toh8pQsOO2OvpVSy8aadMsaKsitHGAN+BkgD36U7TbvzdYnuzb3DB0CqUTO0Y9c+wouFtTahhtI9be+N4GgOcRMhwrHHtgdK0bnVrNTEvmnLSAHCnjvz+VZh1IqAGs7kFn+bCDA5+tUbnVVa6SRra42wliCydcDGetFwOpGp2mAfOXB6HnmornXdOtVUy3AG5wgABPJrNTVlKR4hmIbknA+XjtzUEWtxubiS4s5444W6uBlwB159+eM0AdB/alnt3eeu09+1L/aVqHCb23HoNjZP6Vhw6zG9tFIkMsiyAEfd4H0z6VI+rqCqC3uC54D/Lx7k59BQBrjU7UvtDuW9BExP8qZcavbW0TO6zfKM48lh/MCsmPV189oxaXG8AHO0fn19qr6xqLyabJH9nlQFcM7rjJyP8KALEnjbTkKjybkljjhB/jSnxpY44guP++R/jXCi7Co8ksUiBCeMZyKlEysAyhmDDOcUrjsdXF4stUvri4aCYrIqKoA5AGev50W3i23gWbNtMxeVn49CeP0rk/NByoR/l56daRJ1dcrG/PB68fpSuFjsj41h7WUp/4EKyl8SR/wDCRy6j9mdsQ+WI93Tpzn/PWsRpQvBQ4HOQf/rVXjuY97sACWPI3HI/Si47HXTeMslymnsGdNu4yDgc+3vXN6LdPYXkd2qNIEYkpvwCcEfpk1h3WtNmSLyCmOAc84pYbhr7TZLSIuJiCc44I9M0xHoJ8aXOONPTHqZf/rVKnjTPD2RBP92TP9K860jU3ZPsUwJmjyASccVqjzTg5Rfbr/hTA7J/Fls9q0H2SYbkKcMPTFRRa3ZQ+G2sYvMScQsigr1Y98j3NcqBLj/WDI77aXDZyZWA9ABTEd/pesadFpttC95GHSJVbcSOcc9a1obmG4j8yGVJE/vKcivK9gwAWc477sfypINQjs78RxTbZ2GdpO4H6g8Uhnqhu4A+wSqz/wB1Tk/kKYLiRmUi2mweudox9cmub03xfZjZDeKkLAYVohlfyHSttNZtprZ57dZ5lVtvyQtyfyoCxbaS5ydsMeMcFpD1/I1xnxC05pdKi1TfHHeWrDbszkjPY+x56UviHW9QXUTbwNLDEqKWC/KckevBrnHeeX5pAzFzhvMf/OaLhYtab4p1q/tPN/tMhh8rARJwfyqS81/XLe0eUapIWXH/ACzTnn6VyeBo+seUW/0acdecD9e1amohTaRxmVW3Oowvf9TQAja7q2oXkJmu5iQ20EOVwD16VZtWlNxcSR3VwjFsMySsC3J64PNZlrBarcrmYqwOQMgYNWUkhtrWaaaR1Ac87iCaT0Grs0HuHtyHkvZFZiFyznk9qlWS4iJKXcyZOSVbGT+FcpCW1i88yacRW6H5VZ+T9K29+nICrzxOM5AZgcUK4MvNqUvzbtVnyOuZz/jVZZVjH7ma4w5/5Zg8/XFNW/tFQ+W0S46AsFpwv4iBtlgz3/eUCFAIZVVZyB0I4A/Ol2ytndG3HTMlMOowZyLqADvzSf2jb5ybuHHYY/8Ar0wHRPdRAlAqNntIf8KnGoasHVxdksn3CXbjPWqP2iIkp9qJcnooyf5U/cGOwrM3foV/woC5pR6xq8V39pFxG0xXYXKZ+Xr3/CsTW7u8g1aHWllVboEB2iG3JHf8Rwatkhl/492PoHx/jTLi3+02rRmCMFlx97kfpQFzsdF1vSNYMb3MrrcEfKJpiy/hngH8K0Lu301b+yMDxiY3Q3sHBK4R275x0FeUaTLLa3cunu6qQ2Vyuc/56111pq93b3NmJbiSWCFmKoAuVypHBIPr0pMe52GoalbabZyStdtMxJ2jeBz/AMBxwK8zWK88Wam4gP8AoluN8kksm0Y/3jnn0pNXvLvxDrX2Wy82Te21goyB+Qr0bSPD9ho9gkUFgLiXA3ySoMse/wB7p9KS7g3ZWLunyWGn6Vbxwr5MKqAF3ByPqVJH45q0+p2caFnmwB/sn/CmGBVQLFYW4A42thRj8AalxPkAJCE7jJP9KZI2XUIYkDFJ2zwNsDn+nH40jXVx5m1LKUjH32dQP55/SpALks2TEF7fKT/UUgW5y26WLGeMRnp/31QBG0t/5oVba38s/wARnOR+Gz+tZGp61Np915TypnbkIkJPX1JYfyraVLkbt86NknGI8YH51wviJXOtziSZn27QOMYGAccfWgaHzeINSkmLR3UkY7DavT34rJmV7i7eeeeWSRx8x3Y/limCNQSctz6sapXcj20p8pUcEZO/Jx+tLqMvGCBX3NknGPmcn+ZrnGaPS9b3rhoHPIx0z1p/9tzpu2QwLzzhTz+tU9Q1Oa+h2SpH8pyCo5qhHTXN0lvbvK67VAyORz+VYmmW81/ffbZVxGD1P9KynvLi7gjgYlkiHYfzrQh1W5hSOGPYqgYHy0kuo29LHTGNiQfOcAdQAOf0p3lIcbtxx0+Y1zJ1u8JwGX/vmpRql4beSTzQChAA2jmnYk6IxIwwSw+jEUGFGUq24g/7Rrl/7ZvtoPndf9kUn9sXxUnzz/3yKLAdUI0UYCqPwpwwOlctHf38iGRp2WMdTgfpS3d5dxiErPJh03cGgDqailI281yf22+bpNMf+BGnwT3ks6I80u1jg5aiwHT8Cms6r1IFYMdxcws+5fOh3EfvDn9av215asu2LarDnB/zzQBcW4icZRg30p8U7j/lkwHuRVaO480AqDg9CVNSs7ou7bu9cHmgD0LS7uW60+GRIUUbQOZPT6CrW25MhLSxhMfdCZP55/pXBaZq01jJugbKN95D0P8A9eu2s5ob+ATRzO4PUbsbT6HFJoCZ7ZZE2yTSsD6Nt/liuS+IMccOhRBEUZlAJA5PFdRcQQYUOHIJ/vt/jXHePYp4dGhzKzQmbhJDll49e9IaOj8OyRR+HrHLIpMI7gVoteW6/enjGfVgKyfDk1vH4bs2LImIQWJ4/Gkm8S6XHKV+2xFicZGWAH4U7iSZtedGU3h1KHowPFM+0Kfuq7fRTXHzeLNFtrndAk7N/E8aBcn1weP0pw+IVkoIeGVsdOgJoHZnT3VyRA48iY5U9FB7fWuDjnRt3zAckYJwR9a2h440W7i+eWeBscbkOQfwzWW1naeIri6dZ4VuZNpjZWwOnPHccUIOhXa6gQ4Mq59M0z7bAWwrg/RhWFq2jXWlXTQTbWO3cGQ5BHr7VV08H7WFYdVYc/SmI6M6lahtrShfc9KU6lZjrcR/ga525yqoQRygyDVHzjjGFP4UDsdadVsv+e6/kaBqloRkS5H+6a5JZnVsrgfhSvcyuQWcnHvSCx1n9qWwGd5x/umozrNoP4m/74Ncm0jY5NMErAYDHHpmgLHWjWrUnG5h9RRLrMEQDNHLtPRgvB+hrloTuLfQ1agZrMbmY/N/yyPIb6imI3V1dJOVhkwemcVB/b8H/POTPfpWfFOJbkSH5SRyvYfSs4r+8bnvRYDautbimtpIxE+WXGcisrS7jyLvOM7hgc1CYyc8j8abbZhuY3IGA2etGg+h0yX3nTLEy7W7jParua5adi10ZEkzk5BB6VrWGprcLslIWQfk1MR0WmXgglaJ2Ijl4JH8J7GuptJme6bdwSgB47ivPpLuCPh5UH1NaFp4vsLSziMjyyXCNgiNOq+5NAWZ20370yZ+6in868Vvxtvp144kPT613Q+IOngMv2O4IYnJ+Uf1rg76SKa7lkhJEbMSAw5FIroV80maTHq36UFB/fP5UCF3DFJ5nYGm7B/fP5UoiTPLsPwpAamhnOsWnzlf3g5HavXxM5byT98Dlvb1rxWCZbSZJIWbehBDHsa0pvFesNIGF4yFTkbAB/TmmhW1uNTUVjb7mwnruWg3STP8rr+AxUxhWRsE8N0JHBqhNbKtyVCZUdxxTA0hJJDE2+Feem4HnNWFeQRxgbRnoAvAqoLZMRhrqdUxjAbdj8DTvLuhKvkXMNyqjIOMYoA0leTerMEbbzjbinTq8y+aiLsJ5XAyp9KoLd3UY/e2bHHeNs0ia1HCzthlOMFHU4agCO7iRztYHjrgdKiisbdhlRIxHqABUpu47ve8Y2jP3c5qzariHp1OaAFi8y3X9wiRkDrkk1EZZ1LNJhiR1bnFWsVFMM7V9TSsFwW7tJYiksDIcffQZBP6U5LiHCpCZM9BuYKKYqjywAOpoaKIHLKMd6LBctgXTtgSQhgOCgycfWgyGB0HlgHOSQ2S2PXNVY7RN5khumDdsHpTs3Qm+8JmVcfN70AWxqykhjaseOGyKU6kz/6u3Gf9pqom7Q26pPbsg/vL/wDX/wAalie3b7k4Hs4x/wDWouMnL3FyfnkCD/YGP1p0MklpdweSVBVt/I6ketSQRttyMMPVTkVGvzXrnH3VAoEb/wDwk+qZzug3Yxnyuf51ynijVbnUbtPtMgZo12jAwOea1OO9crqLmbUJAD/FgUwOv0rV7+z0OK1hkQRBD8pQHOcn+tcnfw4vG3KFLnovTmukAEduq+gArGuSrXuD2P8AKkHUu6Za2CbIruA7TyZ0chl/DBBFX9MsbiRGlstWS3lDkLG7lSR+H+FZ3mAJwrHj0pkPmMp+6OfrQB1X9seJ9LVjcRrcQp1cYbH4jp+NRaV44tIrlI9QWYyLGVL4BBy2T/SufleQWzRmZ9h/g3cflWdd2QnUyISJVxyT1xQO/c9O0fxRaz38tq9whhOWgkPy/L/dOe4roRe28kY2yCRWGQFBbI+gry7wha2Grx3CTzfZb6HBTDYDe+D/AEq2Uv4NRMNlfi3mGRsMuI29welGoOx6Qs6gBUjkAHAAjIFc34i8RnSb+2kaOXy41Zmj3AbieB61jv4j8RaWqrfRRvGR/rFxz/wIZH6Vzd3rEPiDxJHJqBddPRvmVecgdvpQFj0CTXJr7R7fVrCHZjlo5GwzDoVH86n1G8i1Dw/LcBoWj8veo3nIanWXiHTZo44bN4ioUhY1OOB2xisHWDJphmEVtImn3Y3FCF+VhycDNAmhZPBv9o2WI9W2rIg4ChhnvyMcVxESX9hqMukyu4khJCqMcgcnk+3NdFPqsUjrs01bcsuQ8B2E/iv+Fcxqoa7/ANIV5GmiyGLHJPPrimGzLrR3zW81zFOfKjxuJYZ9On40Wki3MTW7nbK3Ak3H73bPselVrLUWmtI4/NACHLKV75z+I6VJszNuLor9yoxS6DIbgTQXvk7mDKApolef7QEgZlJHRTireIrqTMk375eFcgDI9/8AGsu6uyJPJtHYyE4aXPH+felcLDrlQXKvIZJkHzndnHtTDJJCQI3ZeOcHFSfZIraMDzDJK4+Zh0qytrayW+/dJv6YHQ0dQMqSOYl7yNjuQgs2efrV211m5KjLK+OoYUBVaBo0RjubkkY/Cs4+Zp8+7aNjdjyKoRvw6sJBtk3gnugHFWI72Ob7kzZ6bXIH9KxYmMgLRqqkqeR3qKZ/saj5s3DfdX+77mkNGrqV8tp+6jZpJ2GANx+XPrzTNOsVVftFyTLK3bqB9T61mQxOF+0SZMjHOTWjBqG0KrwKwHTFFguaoZFAw0YVe5OSKvWep3dkxNtdyqG7IuV/EYIrLj1KD7qqVPoRirSyswBXYQe+6gCW8vZ767a4kM5kbAIwMcADv9Kq3HnPHIGXK4yuQKsZlIPKD070nlvI21pPlIIIApAcvfQtIg+VQR0x3qLTT5twiltpU5zn0FbjQQCVlaIuA2ANxrN1S3j0vU4poxiKQcqO3Y0wL8+neVG09xOhWNhl1cHPyg4x17jn61i3V3JfScZWBThVq1dXc+vX3dIM5PGM1ehgjjjCIoG3t6//AF6SV9WN6bGfYxKZFyuVG44z7VX25VjjgGt3KiOQj+6e1RIVWLLHGKoky4YGmRm4AU8sTwKsW5Q3EaRx5jBJJI5birWTKck4QdBVp44IIJJFCmTBIDHrQBgunzdqaoJIXrk1tRi3aSPzEj2t1IHTrTbuK2hkVo1UgsMYNFwsU7yNnvH8sgMMfJnkcCli1C9t2CMxPtIM0t0ivKz+aFYnv/jUStMCEZsr65yKALc2qOzqrFkKt823oRWjbz2s3Kzszf7TEH8uK5+VCZ5GHI3HkHNOCgRMCDnPTFAF3W7Tyyl9DnerfNzn6Gm3OsIbONLRQJ5Rhto5WqUlxPHbvFvYowwVPIpNKVbd1upE39l56Umhp2Og0SzfS9lyrFbrrvHVfavS/D+rzanDIs8ah4sZdejZz27dK82hv1m4VD0yOQa6/wALh3srhxFI+XHyxzbc4HqCPWhgdnmisp1u0GbVyFU/NvlLj36qT+tSSxXgA3mGZScEEHP4DOD+lIRe8+Lds8xN3puGafms5k3qyFoCpGBH5GGB/Okis5ZEDtOUDAECNQpH40AX3kSNSzuqqOpY4Fee67NHJrd0VdSNwGQf9kV2Ys5I3ZhcvIR03hcj/gQFeeaxsbVrkPK5HmMpZ2AP5jFIaGmQZx1+lZN9My7sMcbyM8cDAqybrToR5byRcjHrTLe4t2aXbLEQWOBvGcUIbRitbPgZjcbhkfL1Fan9jWb+GGvTMIruPeShYkuBjHGOPrmqon1AxuVaU/MAML9far2qk/2Imc7ti7s9c45zVakmBp0b7GkjJ+X7wHce/tV17QNKJYhhRyy56fT2qPTJNumzL03NgEfyrRgZRIrHHHODTAzVsH+87KMc4Bqy1ti0lXA+dwRz0q0WVyT3PUf4VE7/ALoR5zhxzQBAunfIokIAGSByc01LZI1Kyj7xyBzk1p3U6qyqmC20YHp9aqmMMCztlz39KAKzq8jKrBePuqoOBU91BJsjCwk4QL7AVes3ynzH5S2Kr65FNuWWMMI1X5ipx3pAZZilzgjAHvTrdRDcxyFhhTk4OaqeaaQzPjg4qbsqyNC6uIZlKs7IASVCdPxFUPMQrtDHIPUjFQknrmo93NUhGzaX1xboBkSRjgAn+RrYhvo5sKSFfrtPBrlbdyJAvqavvHJJHwCWAwB+NMR0K43kfjXReFnZLubqy+Xk4+orj7a01qGLzTZTyQhdxJU9Ouc11Pg+b7VNLIoZY9mGJHfI4pMDrY386439UVfl/wAa5v4hEDw5zjPmriti51C00+48yW4ijRwAQzAZP+Ncv48v7a+0iOK1u4JSHDEJIDUlJM4ia5leGFG3qqoMKScfXBqPexGQcfjVjUEhjtLR4nDF4gHAPKtVAZ29QPqaAHPKVGTVYyFmzT2AY4Z+PYU3ZHtPzNn6U0AB8iuh0O5gazktXjPn7w8cwOGTGc4Nc6hVGztz7Gp4rqSBy8OEPtTEdeNbNvqG69ljunEXklZI/vLnPPY1lSJZXN48tl+7A+YRYJA+hNYk17LM+92yx6nHNR+Y/wDeP50h2NSSBrgfeA2gjJrJ2sCcKTjvilEjqwIYg+tK88rn5nJ/GgBNjD7wx9aCOPvCk3Emg+1AhdoI5fH0FJtjzgs2PWkpjHnmgZbS5S3XEI3HuWFRm8kJO7Bz61B2pp4GcZoETG4k3ZDEfSm+Y+chj+dMpaBiszM3zEk+pptHIHOKO1AATxUe45yMgipD0qNqYh5d25Y5ozx0qME4p4IOKQDhSd6dgDk8ZpDQMaeO9HNKVBPHBpMds0AHam5oK/WgehFAg696O3IpD19KRSc4BoA1J7ZRHhY2Vj3JqG3Qs6o+Tj0OK1JmukRiZgyqMcmqllKI5d5cqQOoXNUIsLbRTNsEbLnuDmi30xEWRJJC3PG04q5FdSk7heRgn1QA1Vj1SbzZFDAtuzygOfelcLE66TBt4L/99GqF3YRRxqRvyzd2zxWuLi4Ee7z4wcfd2CqF9PJLIokdW2jjaoH8qGwKaD7N9xT83XNbFuXaFSWI46HtWY8jTSoGxkAAALircNzcxSGMeWcc5KZ/pQBeyR2qInM/0Heqs2r3lvOokSDy24B8oVLDfTv5jpDC2/1Xp9KLgSbgkm09uRRMVdcbuvtWSJ7p5MbQWz1xV6FpGyJkZV/vBMgfrRewD1tYsZ8w02OdUuDEsxD9s96kZolPlpKrOBu5bHFU7qxkMSyqoR1G4MT972pXuMtmU5WORgecg4qZFtmXDbST6A1n286zpuCqJOgA7VoRTsu0KgcgcFASB9aAHi1gzmOSVGHop/wqKOe7jZ3iJkBPO5c5x9amNzOQxSEEYO7JxiqEV1c3UqW1oANh+eTqKALU1/NPayRvbMm4Eb0JGP51gWZH2xEkbaA3JNdDdtcxI4kKKpGFxyTXOSROZGcEBkGTz1oA6h7q1MG4S7uPulufyrJSbfdq4QgFugFJELee2R1IDEYI3cg/SktxPg+UXwDjANFwZpvI21ht/WovPEKoHdF3HABPWqEuoSQLtcBpD0U9fxos2hErTX8Ukshxtw2AtFwsaMrkhRnILemKECgHc+7ntzR5li8qtsJQZyvmYJ/MVZSW12hksbhhjqHyP5UXCxcs9Aubmy/tjTVdL23kLDOCHAA4x3PWuj0u/tPFWnFbqG2SWM4kiVtrIfUcZ/Wsiw8Uy6darbx2cgRWJ69c+pxXPavq0kGp/wBpabG9lJKpWVVOQ+ep/Gne4WL+oy3t7fjQNOuWuFc4zn7qj1bGcCug8MeHlGjywzQ2rqZGXzHi3nI44IIwK53wzqf9hwXFxJZPLdzg5lb+FfStzTPGD2NhHb/YHcrklgepPNK4WNNvAlhKxdLp4yRgCMcA/iT/ADrnda0zVNGkMa3LzW5zsDjPGOeOfzrZbx0WPOmPn1zzVG78VG5uYZvsk8bwhgo3HHIxz3ov3Cz7nLC/uYZPlO3JyU28U2Obar8kk54zW9qOvC9hTzbUEKcOTtyR7cZB/Gs24k018mG0miJYcF8gDuB70egamFNG2nXCTIQYn6gGtSGSKQBsKVAzuPTFNuIrKRWHkXYTHUkHn8hWLG9zND9mDt5CnpRcC7PctdsbazX5P43xy3+Aq1ZwLbJtR4sseSw5qskyW8IQQqhAwSOrVNFIkm3BIb3FAElzdK8qgFBtGDt6VeFxD5GxZgoA6ZrIJDTFFBYZ4wOTVwWTeSZFBXn5Q/U/SkA4oiKAJAc5J5qtd2azAASJjHHNTCBndRscZGOBnmkkimiBTZLgZ6p3p3AyIbuSyMkW3e44Q54U+tWLe32Hz5pAZG55GcVHYx+dfTF42JAP3exrUhtFmOCJEAPLHgD8aYCKkbRgSSAemAeT+VWBbW8KR+YsyyMMgsMA89elRtbhXCCGR1/hPc/pVuGxczQRGGVGlI27iAPrRcLG3HoWhPZx3KtfyeYcDGzk5x06inLpWh20aNPBqsMzAYjYgEn0HAzWtdXmq2xhgRrWaRnyVU9RjGSeAOvX2qKT7bIlxPeCze5+aONS+7CY7Dtn35ouFjm2uo1yAkhwcDAB/rTDfeWxxEx9M8ZpVUqdoC+YDhsdB/8AXpJIpXQDYpwSRg9QKm47Fb7YYpGLwg5OT83IrK125+1NEegzgDFbAimlLvDZM4OB0JB+lYeoq73lsn2UxsTwnPPPamgL8KwRRxpHIU2rz0oLoAQZH/DNVbsXEEgLWxiUjC7lIz+dSWKyncz27SRKMEqcbT9aNhEhnizhs5PfmkDQMxYtyBwNtSmC1lRgkzI5PPmj+ooFjMd2xfM2/wASfN+eKd0FiHeiD5sMvptxVgarGEKiJWX3FAtJWU4iORVCO0mWOTML7jgDI96BXL/9opGkbrGBvLfdUDpj/wCvUb3iXMi5ALA5HFV3sm+0RRFX2jrxTorRxc5EMgC5xleKLBcklO9HOATnsPeqiA+cpLNkn1qZrS5Y5iRzgc4FKIroOnmxN1yMrTAjR4Ao3q5k8zduB/hwcj65xVuKGS8D/Z4S2F3FS3OBjJ/Wq4tmZv8AUyIcemanW1nEahUbIOcgYoAkvNPlg8PS3M2mSKr7TFc+ZwMnuPwIrX8DaTY6lFMNQgMkUSKQQxABJPJwfaqur6iieB47GadmunmB8tjyqgnH4dKveCbizjia3vb1IY5lXMRBBlxngt2HPI70rjtobN74c0mW3lmsbUxW8KuxuBIxMhVScLk9OOT+Va/h60jXSrPy9yvNF5jtu+boAfzI/Wotc1Wxj0i5jt7mF1eJ0VEYHaSpAwPSk8MaranSLNp7yBXFsqYLgEYpXCx0RJRDFIBgjCsBx/8AWNLI+LUPyeAePwrNvNasEZY/tUTK4wdsgPf26VE2sWK2CrLf24Mb4YmUchT169wKQWZq+SWHmE4mPQ+nt9KLaTzLRSOCMqR6EcVk3HjDQLcZfU4W/wCueX/9BBrLTx/oEMso8+ZlZt2RCaB8rPP9c13Ub+/nFxcuVVmTYpwuAcdKxWct1Jq/rctnc6tdT2Tn7PI5ddykEZ5PH1rNLIBwxP4YoHdiOeMmot1PLoc5U/nSAoOdmfqaoRp6fqk1pDsXDKTnBqS91SS7tmjdBjGeKojUZRaJbeXBsQkg+UN3/fXWoDcOScYGeuB1oEWLK5EcJjZSctnrWmkzDkRH86wjIx/D0FSLezpjEhx6GgDYM5z/AKo5+tN+0Z52jjkc96yZLyWQ8tjPYUzexHLH86ANgXiYxtXcPVqGvVBwQo/GsXJNLnikBsf2n5abV2Y9jSSazLJCYmcbWGDxWPn8qM0DJC4B65/CjePeo+RzRQA8Fc9G/Og7PQ/nTMig+1AiRH2MGAGRU/2+fgh8EdwKiggM77Aevenz2kltjeOD0PY0XQy1Jr+pyIIWvZTGAAEz8vHTiq7XtxLIXeZyzHk561A0RCq1Ao0C7Hu2WyWJPvRuGKaRzTgoAzSAXzWLbeNuPSo+c01iFenBgaYAfSkI44pQQTTSx3cDNAAOetGOKMbuvFJketAAB6mlxSZH4UAlj8uPxoAcTScUE460zeGYAED3oAeBSkgc1GZQpx1pDIMdP1oAkByMimE844phlGPSk8wZoAeTikzTC27GBSFj6UAS0E4qAuevNG9jQBKCTnmnDGzrmq+WxSBnA4NFgJiaYTzkmo/mPOaMHuetAiQNmnrjOcAfjUG00m0570wLG9e55o3j+8Kr7aNlKwyXzBnO6jzVzzUYUd6dsHYUwDzBz1o8wDkZzSbKTZQAvmc9KTfntS7acFFAjenvEnsgdgBPG4DrSWbxxROWTJPQ1m/NC6pxsbkDNXWuFhtgWcYJ4jxyaBl1HjFsXljUL1yTVRohdoZrWFkMfRs/eqBWaUq10HaL+BVPAq8tzFuCeYVUDueP0oJsPtbqeaAESKxBwVdQcVWeRjcl225z0UcVBcOkF15sLKy/xAdKY8wzshILsMluy0hkskxW4+QgzE8f7NaFrbLECVuPMkfliKpadEu4luW9TV4QpIc4GB1xTAS8tjLEY3yM9CR3qpYOAjwszLInoatva4TK5X9ao3kEsW24Xkp97jtQItIWSXKvgD6ZqK7uCW8uNmlmPTLE7aiN8XiEduuZW5Y44UVPbWlui5MsiynqxXikMijtVEZ8wsZDyWNWYFZOEUfVlB/nSvDngSByTxtNSeW0QAZXH1GKYXKD77O78/C+W7fMpHH5CtbzZgVYKghI+9DyP1NV/JW5QxsSQR+VZlvHcTu1mrhY1bDP7elICzc3j3s/2eOXEQGGkI/wrRtrOO2jQx3OV6kRuAacILe1t1SMKT796kMMBwTG27OMgUBcrapHbJbrNE5dicHcxLH65qhY2yXcpaUhFHGAOtTagiw9BnI4DdqWxtpZYVkCBlY4AzzQBSvYRYXW6HJhfpnsaljurjd5NqxeZxzg5VRS6rbvFagyRsjbsEEj+VWre3sreBQod5jjLE4Aodhq5VhtPKf5086XOSVNXjPBuxJbuMDBzzz+NPike7mNtG2EUbsLVk6fCycb+Bnr0pCM8pDIuUCqe3PNSLZyoAySHPTjirJsYFRBg7yQpBP6017DDoILkxlT+dAEI+0Cbn5z165qrq12ZLNUMYXDg5HFXpLWdJvllVh1Y5wTVHVImSxO+Ig7uGDZFAGmbqGW2+RiCR908frVuIeYgMTqMDoDn86yYEt3jjbzdvyjg/Sp1sy2NkgORkkHpRcdjRUFz90Kw75pWxnEgA9x3qhi6UsoYkLjPNVZZ5N+1jICPRz/AFouI1gqoAXVSvXkdKry24aWOTBGAWPzdBWeszSsUNzIgzwXBxU4t7mR8Jeq2RyQaYFuZBHbSSuq/KhK5+lZ/h+Nms3KnDM559Kk1C2vYdPleS63IBgr61Ho9jdPp6yRXPlqxPHvTEN1aPN1HF8oJIzgetWIIhGibrfeAcMQKp3EUv8AaCxvLmQH/WGrMkVzGnzXyhcZIoApW4EmphUHy7+h9K2pLe984yRSoSBjDCsKyU/ag3nCI/3ia25L2GNubtMkc85pWQ9SL7RdIx8+3yueSnSpTqwMLK8bM4+6TwT9arnWbYAjzXOfRapXWqwzggIcjoSOtA9SXw+WNzdOItzM4Ay3A6mt/wAnzF3znOCSFxgCuRs7kWsDgMdxbd06fjVyPXp40A8wsB/C/NK4WOjCZIJJDAjv0qF5UjuWR2yobIJ/hP8AhWM/iJiysIcMOuG4NU5dXleQyAYJ655zTFax0cTy/aZT9nVwOAQ9TASzSMTtiCjHydfzrl4dcuYUZI9oUnPIyacPEF4Pu7PfK0DOoiVQpVQBzRMgkRkyVKLkEdq5ZdbvFkZzIMntjioW1W8diTcPzwcHFAWOptZI541QKEkIyy+v0rH1Rt2t2cagZj5PHvn+lY/2mXdnzW496a88rkOzsWHGSeaEwsjrNWKfYcDGSQRUNpfWdrafPIC2SSo5Nc2ZGbgsTTQwJPPSlcdkdTLe6dKocshPoRg0xY7MhnhulQ7v7wrmS3vSBuTSDQ6J9Ua1k4uY58nByCf8/nT4detR/romB7FOR+RrmCxOcGkGaaQaHSS67BIcrDIMYOTilPiKHBH2dvY5Fc7uHSkZs0C0OiHiKFeBbtt7ndSNr0UzJi3ZQrBtxI4rnCSRTGYjuaYaHRv4lhC8QMWB9eKim8TyMq+TCqH+LdzXP+9KOtFgL95qD6hs85FLIMAjio47qeJlMchDKMA+gqBPvGpER5JMKpY+1K6QEr310xy08h+rUg1G5VQFlYY6YNQzo0ZG5cfWosU1Zhqiw15cSHLTOx9zTTMzAZ7VFSge9Aajt2TS5qPJB60/I9aADPvTSKVio4ppcY7ZoGIaBSFuO1N3cUCHMRmgDPSo+p6UEcd6AJjgcUw0gY7eFpvOOlADhTt3Y1GN1LtYmgRJ0oyPWmmNz3ppRgeTQMeGHTNOY8Z4pgjz3puw8kmgBd56Zp3mYHUUioOtGxfSgBC/PXigv9TS7ABSqoxQA+G6eB9y1ZN3LdHswAyR6VU2jNSKXjDeWxXcMHHcUmrjTHPctMQpGAOlKq5qEDBqdWwoo2QhOhwadmmHk5pSaAIJuG4pvJFLMcmgUwG4OOCaArdc1IKdtoAh+cDOab83rVry/l6c1CV+agCPk96ADUuyl20AQEelOVM9ak2UoHNMRGYxzTSlTbfmNOwMUhlfyxShanKimgAUXAaFwKaR81SHJpCo65pAQstNxUjEZpKoQm3ik207OOgpcn0pAMxSkdKdgntS4I7UAMxSYp/PpS4b0oAZtoxT9rUmxjQMaRxQOlSeUaPLoAZxSZFP8s56U3GGoATikqTaKaQKLiHzIF5Dg/Sm7j95m3E9zVrZB5mZASPRSKljjgeTCICPRh0p3DoVDOW2g44qZrtGhVFjZWHDNnOasy2sAmUFQAOWINEv9mxRkxxsX7Zzik2FigzAuxHSpCy4UBVQegqJnbqqgZPYVK8T7VBx+BpgWLUAzHnCheoNX4RtwQA3P8R4rGW3lVdxQ49QaIllfPlu4A6nPSgDXmnka4EZIx6AVHcvttJDk8jHSmwJIjkzOGOOOaZfSD7N5YznNAiSySOOzVlB3MPmPrT/ALSSNpdh/KmrmK32hTwO9NhQyjJG0+h4o0AcMF+STSOH2EK7AHtmmBCjtuYDjjng1IJE8rLOM56UXQWZLbRyhCxcqMZyO9S6Da3ElvPNDLGvz9GIycemartfQLDsG4nH4ZqrazRRRAPuyDkhT1pDRvSm6adSZiSi/wBwcU93vHbdvXcoyMxrWYmtmNcKhx02k5obXXYnEAGf7ppBZkOsSyvdASsrMAM7RgUsV5NHbLCGIUdhxVFpRM5ZizNnkk1ZfVHbaqwxgKMD5aAK+oSu/loWJGc4rVW/H2ZIGtovlXG7ByfxzWNJK0svmSBSR0wKk+0yNxn9KdkGpfieOL94Ad3Yg9Kni1CZFbbIxBOSDzWULiRVK8c+1KlzKoIGOfakM2Bfzz3Knyg2304qwstwZlzEq5PZ8/yrnftMvZiMelILqcfdlYfjQBt3WppDc7GUll+8On4VBfapFeWDQJCQW5yWGB+FY6ku5Ykk+ppwxzmgDWt72D7Okc8ZcqAMjFDXlruJWJ1I+7hu9ZQlCjgfSjeT1pWGaB1S4i5V8k/3uaifUbl1UZRQMYwv+NUi3rTi4AApgTvdyyHLEZznIGKQTSE/eP4VArrk80qyrzzQKxLJLI5Xc7N9Tml82WPhJHXPoahaVODuFNadSeo4oAleZzyWJ+pqIuT1NMaVcYByaaXTGMmgZICxPtSlX64PHXFRCXaMDOc0onk5AJAbg+9AhTTO/WnjrUb8LTQEozj2ox14qEFiM4pcuKAJfakOPWoyHPel2v60AOFL05pmxvXFGH24zRcLD80UzymIyWo2EHG40AOHBzQX4wSM0woe5NAj470gH7iDnNODfQVEY6QpQMlLA9TTd4zwaYVoCCmIeXX1o8xVQ80zaM8Uu0HrQA/zE4PPA6Ypnm5pdgxxRs4pDHKTwD+dLI642KQR6461CVOeaQLzmi2oX0H44pR1o7Uq9aYhfM8sZxnNSm9JUbBtx/dGKhmxsxikRcrUuKe402h0kry/eFMw2OtP5HanEe3FNKwXuQBnJp4BPenBc5x1qULgc0xEATnqaCmSetWAuRxUa5Dn0oAYEHcUpjU84qUqCOKABilcZDtGQKf5YA6U4DMntUjAYoAhCAc00gEGn4O7npTSM5oEIo4oIoX0p3FAxgFL0IpVYA0nU0AOOc0hUmlyOpoLZHAoAaFPWmgVJz6UDgHii4DRiilPr0o59KAE7GmqKfhqTFMQ/GT1p4+7zUOSKcASKQwbBbFPxio1+/UpORTELgUFcimbqXdx1pAQTdQKQUk33hzQp44p9AJEz3p+Wz2pF6c9aA3z0gHbm6Uzad3NSYz1owKAGY4ppXvmpiBTX+7QMjCk96UjHeng4TioyaYgz9aXbx0oGDSg0AIFz2pwTPanqM9KFJGfrSATy+Ka0fpipFOaXtQBX8o5oKYFS9frSn7lAECqCKfsFNTqakNACBVFMcZ6ZGKfigjigBq9OaViAQfekVSKGXJBz3oAcy5NITjpTjx1NJtzTQCA80NkkYFNc9hSANnOaNAJMHvUD8P7VPu9agfrmgA7cUlO6DmmfSgCZFBck9anAwOOKpLIynpTzcP6UATuxB+9+dQ+Y5PWmeYzcevWlbgZFAD9zU9Wb1NVg7Y6UvmOOwoAtGR8Y3GkDsowDjPWq25yc5pdznuKALHmt/eNKJXd9xcnA7mquXo+fPWgC0XY9SacSfWqmXyOaA8nrSAnZqX+HFQfPjGetSoCF5OaAGsQp5OKTcvXcKZJ88mPSl2D0pgO8wetBk44NM2UuwelACq4C4zTxIgHXmo9vtQVHpQA/wA1eeab5mT0oIx2pVHFACmUAUomAXvTWXuaNvFIBPNHpQHJbAFGOaciYOc0wJcYB7cVAWbnFTM3yGoox8uaSAbufjn6U4lyPvfpTscg0vXtTAh+bHJOKXaSOpqTaPSnD6UAQ7PrSbR0qfaeeKTYTQBFtHpShRninhDT9hFAERUZ6UuzPSn7SeM07ZjnNK4EWzFPYAIPWlApXGFoAZTJegFSDpUUvamA9fuDFLjNCLlaeBxSGIBk+wFPCim9+BTttADZFFM5zjPFSHApBg9qAFJyuKawGc+lKWx2phfPagA/Gnjbs5PNIBz707bzg0gGnaTnNNIGRUjpjmk2HvTAZgYpcDpTgBkDFGMMR6UANAFGBmlOKDyOKADAxScA0vKjnmkB55oADjPSmnA6VIe1NYUCG9qcg5pD0pRwKYDJ6WJsLjFNm7UqDijoBJyR0pDuxS5PApwxSGRjIpd7etOI5BppFADwGIzml2e9O6DmnDntQBCyFe/FAjJHtUr/AHT9KEIKD2FIBm3HAFN2sf8A69SnrxRnA5oAjVDtzxSbeaerZX8aTvTAbsPJwOKbjacetSZ25zUTZZ844xSATn04p3QU0An6Uu04pgJu7VJGCw56VHipYTxg0AOKAYFIU46VK1N4pAQOMcUtJJzQM4pgPppFJkilJ4oAaaeOFzUZ5p+RjBoEMQ/Oam4xUC8P+NTkjGKAGUlBo49aAIJAc5NKnTNEpOaRRTAsDpQOXpgHHenbGxn+tICQHHejIqLbk85/OnFVAoAfkUxjxikKr703Ax0NAEmML/SozS7R6GgRgHNAAtLj3oHNOGaAHI4XuKblTnDdaNv0oUYPJFAACFHvRuJ7GnDBbGaQj5eTQA3dg/dNIWJHQ04KM8k0bPc4oAjAZQcDrTsv/dpwXtk/jSlMd6AI/n9BRlu+KeDlyMdqjYknmgAOfWkOe7UoPGKa1MB2ccbs0de5pop68kUgG8Cg+tOON7UygBMHrQTkYozSZp2C4EEjrSEYXrS1G3SgLkuz2pMVMSPWm9TQBGq880kvC4qXoeKhk5YUAAHFOCfjTl6U8fKOtADOPSgfSkOSc0/AxQIAPbmkxxT1GBSsOM0DIiO1AAz1o5z0pMHNAh/fpS5wKP4R6mkIPNIYwfNKTT8DtUUJ5Oam4x3pgJgd6NoLYpeM0DqeOtIA24pON3Slzx34pAOc0AOUA546U4qAuaaCRketLkkAY6GgAYCmkDcR6UrHnNIM5oAQkA9KXtSn6Uowe1ADHPyU+IYiFMlGFp6k7MUAOHIFB6j6UDOMccUd89TRcAAzSj74pM44pMnOaBkpweTTFxtpOemaUDA60hWBwAF9Saack0p579KO9O4AvLEkVKcdqYMYpD1pXAeoXy8nrTJSCgxSHjikNMLCDpUMn3qm9qhfmShAyaLiOnZHSkQDFO+lIY3A9acPrScZo6HpTuFhGHNAXHNOAG6nFVHrRcRFgbaaFHepdvFNJxQAoxvpxIz1qNTml6tikMex+WlJB603ANIAO9AaCjAfNJnLMfU0HiimGwhFIRxgUpb5sUhbFLUegrU1cE0oO6lGMdKYrDjjjp1pkmNwpcCkIGeKEAjUnOKD1pQPWgRHIuME96eoG2mTMeF9KcnSgB4x60uRnrQB3o4xQMDQFz1NAHPJp2aQCiTHBFL5hB4FRucD3pVz1PekMVmJ4pAxXtS96U9KYhN7GkJJ680iN8gFGaAFA44FNLNu7VICBTDgyfhQAhBJzQxOOtPb2ptACKDjrRtZhx0p7j93QnCUAR7T60YI6Zp5zn2opgNyc4JP50n0oftzThwKAEI96QDJ6mnNQBzQIaQFxRjNEnVRThjGTQMaU75pcZpe3Wk78dKBDDwacWyBSP1pMcUALmkPSgZxTscc0AVpOtKholxQg4piLMZ4zTl+8QSfao1IA607zBnNIYuOeaH4Ucd6bvBPWnyMhVRkdaAEpuKCVH8VIXXPBoAd05FITxSCQdKQsCKAHR5JIp+OaiT5Wp4kFMCUYNBAqLzFHSneaKQCk46dab/yy68g0jSZPFAI24Pr1oAATT8mozJtPTNIZf8AZNADuWfqRUh+7UPmf7JpTKSpG2gAU/vPwoZe9Ih2nJGeKQuecLx7mgBKaeeadls8Ck+b0pgIKcp5puT6Cjn1xQBJgmRs01lKnnpRuIOeM0ocnhsUgG5GOlNyKeduelJxQA3I9KaQTnjinnOOBSBiewpgSY9aXAC5xTe2TQSemaBBj0qM8y/SpsYHNQLzITmgZJ3pwFNA5xTslaAFwBSqB1NIPmXNAz2NAhfpSZNKFP40hBB5oGKOvNNznPFL3pR0xQAi4z0olfbGR69aVcqeKjuDxil1AbEPSpTx0qJOFqTihgGaM4FLx2pMetAB1HNLilx6dqMfrQAY4p+3GKZ7ZpcE85NADWHzGgcGlPvSD0oAQEmnxnHJpp4p6425oYIZMwJUD1p46VC3Mg4xipRgkDNACrnJpaUrhc56UmMD60hiYy9HtTgtAHzYxQAmMUhpWBHNJjPNADee1PTmmY5xTgRnFMBx6UEc9aQEHNLnNIBp6ikPWnbeeaRsM+QAPYUAFVz/AKyrGOKrj/WU0DLSgbaAKbjipVUYB5pAMKjANIBTyBnFNxxmgAHBpzEetJjimdiT60xDgwxTDzxQD7U4GgZHtIPFPXrk0tLigAzSMflpevajbxSuAHkL7CkxSHqAKeE9TQAzHzU0g1IVxnmmj1ouAgGBk0/bxxSZ4oJwOtA7C9qZ0Jp3PU5pDycUCGnrS/w4oP3qQ+9MRDJnIqWPpzUD/fqwn3c0MCTjHWmNwPqaRSST7U49aQw9qdjjrTRnrS55680DEfpTx0xjpTGHPOaB170AOyoFKWXFRt97HNIaYgX7g604YB6UzP5UuSBnNGoEhHfpTMjefpSFs9KTFICTIpuVoBFCkZoAczBlwKVSAuDRx6UYFMA3Dng03PtQ4AWk9KQAee1LnA5FIfagGgAJPpSbz6Ur8YplMAOSc07JAx1phNJmgRIGOMUZPoKZUg6UDGHJOad2pvDdqARQIUU48Cm5pDjuaQyCUjFLGeKSXpSR8CqQicH2pQQWxxTVyeBzQoAc8c0gJCtG3Hajd3pSc9KAEwDSMvGBTh1pGOTx0oAYoJHJp/AHSmpwnSigAzzS5700n2o7UwFPqaeV4zUR+7UucqKQDSDSHOaXNJQAHrR5bbd3alpS/GO1ACBscetNYg96RvvD6UcUAJml5pvfrQelMB3U0OOM00dacTwQaAAdBRQAcA4yKDQAmSKQUUCgQuKYgw/WpO1Nj6kmgCbORim47YpwIPSmlsGgYpxSBcsKUjjrR/FnPSgBZTtGKrx+uKklY7abHjYPWgCRThs4pHIbpTeTml5P4UCHKcDFOAApBxTGJoGTBhTWPNRg4FOXk57UAHelo4xmkyM0CHr61BOfmAqYDjNV5DmXFIbHgDFPB5puMAU7rTAXtQaSlB7UgD+tLkcUmeDSg9qAEOPelU4GKDjNGRigAamjGetL25oPYUAJt4zUgxspmecU8A7SQOlJgQ9ZDUiDEm6moAXJzUnamA5iCp55pp7U/AyTQo3E+1IAVgOtCEbmJ/ClYLtPHIqM0APYgg80meOtM7U7HFAxDjPXtSAc0HFSMuORQBGgODnpmjODT8cgCkPWgBcjFNH3qXtmkU5GcUADkhTVePliamkPyGoohmmthdSckbamVlCgZqDGKWkMkdhg801j8oxTgoxk0YoAbmm9qXr+FJkUBoNxThRgU7HfFACHOKd/DmlxxTc8UAOB+WjNR7x7UbucUAO48wfSpM1COvWn9qGCFc5Q4qMDAFOznIpvNACd8UN1Ao6HnFKeTmgB1R9zUhPFR/xGmKw4D5s0j43cU0sRxS84oGQyH56lBwMetQSf62pgelAhycA+5o/io3UH60DHqaVed1R475NKCRk7qQx56UgzmkLdyaTdzwaBWHNy2fQUw9aOhz60c5oAOvFNfgYp1J1pgA6UZopKAHUIPmJpvPrSigCbtRURbr1pNxx1NIB8h+SlH3RmoicilzxQBJSd6YW45Jo5x1oAWTJIFNIo6nJNJ+NMBO9GOaXAzyaOO1AhDUmfeo+9FAxc4NKcU3qaXtQIVfmoYFRzSp1pDkjHWl1GV5DkYoTiiU0LVCJQadHjJyaaOlAxSAlxk9RQfSo6AcnmgCTk9KeduzAqPGKT2oAegwmKa2e4pV54pC/OKAG0dulHU80oAoATGR6U4sAB0pNoo2jFACbhSb6Md8cU4qvpQAzfzS7gaaeDRzQA4sCRj0pCcUoPY0hOe9ACZpN49DS80Dk0AIH/ANmlyTkkUGkDe9MCWNgF6GmtnPFNDUobnJpAIQ3bFADdeKUHk8cUoYFfegA5PelU7SenNHAppxTsA8gYzimEnPak3EDFJnmgLljFNbgUAHFKfSgCCbsKco+XkUyQ5kp4ORQA7jFIp5xR2pB14oAdS7eMminDkUgIyQTilzgYpDjNHJNMBy570h6+tGMd6byaAHhvlqDrJU+3auTUCcsSaQEwIxS5AFNAqUhdvrQAwHNO296avDHinZ+WgA4NGOeKbgg0q4BJzQAY9TScAdaViNpxTOcUAP60d800ZzRk5JoAUDmpXJ8vIpijpT5hiIYPWk9x9CCInHSpM561Eo6VJg5piHhwBinK5HQVFjBqVcUrDAvlcYqMk/hTj3oGSKBCZ5pdwJ6UZyacoHNAxp7cGneYD2PFNPT600jgUwHBzvyRxS02lBG/FJgg6DFNXgipGximDpmgBsvCHmo4ulPm+7TYulNbCJc8UvYCm96UdaQyXoOtGc96b3peMUAN7de9M9ak70h64FACZ6Zp2R60mKQ9RQA/cKiPSnY7Zowc0ANC5OTS45pwGelOMZGCehouBEKcGxxS7SBSEUwDsMUUUZNK4CNwv40maceccU3BpgLu4pO+aCOeaB1oAQjvSkZpGOelJk4zQBA3+sqXtTMbnJJ71LtouKwwGn9wPWlAAPaj+IGgCTGKSgsTzSBvagYj8gCjPNB5IpeM0gDr2pD0zTueopp+6aAG54oHWlyMA0ucjpTAQnnimg8mloFAC9qbnIpR9aTHPegQrD5aQdBS/wAOOaNp20DG96U0c0GgQ0mnk8U3GcYp3HegBoNHU0p47UnSgBDyRT8cU3uKfkYoAbQRQTxwM0Z45FADc4b6Uuc0h5oA9KAJVIC00kk8YpMAnHSlA296QyvJ0oSiTHNCngVXQRKBxQKQNS5pALSJ1NOBUCkGOSOKAH5pO+TTd3GcUbsjofyoAdjccCkx85oXijqxzQMUg4oXNB3enFJux6UCHcmjtTN/ril3Aj71ACocpzSZpFIC4NIWA7UABPzigmm7uc0uR60wAmkzijI9aQ9aBDvekH3jSkgjimgYOSRQAppuD2pxI9abnB4NABzRk0cd6KAF70q/d6UAA9TilXAUigYvUUlIGHTml3DFACfjSUnJ7Uq4zzwKAJw3HNKAXGag7VZg+42fTihgioRmU09V44pm794TU68pkUMEMOcUq8DmmZpwNADqMnbjNAPGRRxQFhmDTs0vHamigQ4fdpUBL4HWkFSRNtYnvikMRw3lk1WUc1ZmceWV9aiUZxQgZInennkVHnAoD5GKADPPWgsdoFBAzQRQA0MaeQKbil5oAaSBTl5IppGacvy0AKRzTe1Lu9qQDIxQA9exouJcqBUiLgYNQXKgOB60dQBRwM1Jgnp2pq+lPTGTmgYwgjk07nb1pWxinDFAhvNN3EHFOPWmnrmkMTd3NPBOKjPSpBnbTAb3pSckY7UH71LxmkAUqnBJoNJQAMc9qQ56UclsDrTuenegCCUELiiPgU2cnIoQnFMROB+tIc5pO1L2FAEi5zmlJGKYGPSlpdRiik4zSjBFJkdKAFpD1FHBOKO/BoAcaaT70lHBGaASHx42/jUjNmNR6VCGKilLALz1pMdgY9PSmnB6GlIzjNMI54piF74qQCosc1JkCgB3XrTX45p27jNNc5XFFwGMTnrUeacRzSBevtTABTiB5dNwKc4/d0AV1zuqwKigVDJ85OB6Crf7soxQHIpN2BIhUfO2ac2MdKco3MSRgGh1APDA0XCwwDIxQBhz9KXgDrQOpNACZGaRuKMfNmjANMA5yPSnjZg5zntUfQ9aXrSEBIxjFNOVHpzTJFZT1yOuakK7oQ2efTNACE+lGG29KeF34AIH1pGZkGM/Lnmi4DOlKO/tSoAzc013RQQvVuPei4CtJuUKAAB3pN1NA4zTlUtnkCnZIBGYhc5p3JFNcfLipVIEXTmkFxmRSbgaTnJ4pu3aaYEn8QBp5+7UX/LQCpCR3pMZGaMnNL1OaQ0xC7iGA9aGpp+8KeeaBjKcMUmAacF5oEBAzkijjPSl5z0pDSGV5O/FKlE1KnSqEKaUdMmg0Y+UUgHCg/SgcUAEnA70AGOKQsykd6XBFIT8y0APBOaD9MUp9aTPFFgGninLjPPemmlFABjg/WmHrSqc7qQ0AANL1FMNKvApiHYpGwCKXqKRsblpDDb3pcYpe3FNIpgL26GjGaTnFAoAa/y80vFJIcClA+WgBcD0oIAbFC9eaD98UAGKUqMcUoHPWgZ6UAMAwcU4ig5zSnNAEbEgUZJHWkk6U4EheDQA8IQfmH4VMT5fO3IqxKoinIKlifWpVSIxd2P90is3IpIzDGq5ODyeDSgnGBWldQA2UTIM4zniqPlY46GmpXQrWGNEQMnFNKnFWGilQcqcVGV+TOPrTTCxGg4x1owcmnBSBnBx607gHnimIj57ilxgdKcNm7ufpUmAycDpRcdiJRkGnY/CnqDnI6CmOct0xSuFkRy4Ix3pykCNR7c00nLgVIcBaLhYYxDDAFCrjtScUDOaYh9IeKUc9exprjBzSW4WEyaC3FA5NPMfvTAiyaN3GKeVI4ppU5oAUdKkT9aj7U+M4BJPNAE6uq9aq3BzOOeKeTk1D96X6UkBOqgnmhxtIAoUkDpQxDetMY3k96coJGc0Y45pVIHHSkA1mxgUZ3CnuAGJHbio1piAZzTsnp3oUc5zR/EaVh3Ew2eKdnBp3IGaifrQA/d2oLEdqYKd3pgS27BpeeKfPEEBcHnNQpw270p0jl2x2pAVJMs1L93iiT/Wcdqf3zVCANnjFPyMD1po60bgCc0gHd6cOBUZfGAPWnFsmkMd260Y5ppNCHjNADiDupegpMnbmm4zyCaLhYc/3cCkQcDIphzuxmpYyqupcHbnnHXFDYIeIwQSadbwGefB4QDLHHSrEgjiACMWV8kZ9KbHmFCwOFc8H1FRzFWKzLhjzkCmMOuKt4U5IXAzzz1qKRlYYjGMdQepoUgsR7QBgdaj3dqsFAlvvOQz8LTI4VZgC2ST2FVdCsxDkOFzwBTDnPNWJYdkjHeCMdTULBSMDOfWhNAMNOAIIX19aVIjncfurSAbuTTbEKIzuwe3WnzoBCDnGafuAjJAB561Xu8yRqcnNJPUCGM84AAqzA2xyMZDDBqonBq3AjOcIpY4zxVNAh4i2qXJ74AqJlOeasSkBFAI55NVicnFQhibTjIPApvNOJ7ClG3PSqEMoBx3pQBlqUYB5BI9qLgNyetOyfWnKuRnHFNbhhQIUZbILYqLynBPoKHbsDUZckBQTk0WAsbwVAwB7+tV2kJDZBpdvHJOVPSh1PAJwGoSsIAx2bgMA98VJjzJNwwT06VIkTxx7eMHoM0m3Zye1F0MaVI60qcEHGRTjJvGMAkd/WnoxKbBgjqRSb0AR/L+9hfm7A9KidsHApr9eeBSoVZcMTuHTihAIAafsIXJ4p+E3ZwduPWnO5ZACfl7YovqBAq/vAadIF3cZIpsjqrHaTxTt4YAgfWmA36EUuD3ppxmlY5pjDHNIT9abmjdQIM89KlHTrTF5qwqfKaTGRkYGe9OYfIOOfWkbIOc0fw8mgCrL1oUiklPNKnSqEOzzzTww6YphNO7UmgE3HNO3d6TvTc/N7UAP3+tN43DtQelIKYEhOO4NJu7GmmkPSgCT5fWj5ezCkVeAaacCkA5MKTk9aRtvY0gIPFGKAG5o/Glf24pyr3JpiGjmkb7wxUm0djRtxQMbkYo3qaXbmkEZJwKQgyPWjI9aChX7wph4HSncYSnIAFPHA60yg/jQA9CB16UHk5FR8+tKoJbGaAJA2B0pN/fFDLt/izTQSemaAH7z3FBYGkwe+ab+dACuMrx1poPHNOzQee1Aj//2Q==" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQEASABIAAD/4RuQRXhpZgAATU0AKgAAAAgACwEOAAIAAAAgAAAIngEPAAIAAAAFAAAIvgEQAAIAAAAIAAAIxAESAAMAAAABAAEAAAEyAAIAAAAUAAAIzAITAAMAAAABAAIAAIdpAAQAAAABAAAI4JybAAEAAABAAAAa7JyfAAEAAABAAAAbLMSlAAcAAAAcAAAbbOocAAcAAAgMAAAAkgAAAAAc6gAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAAU09OWQAARFNDLVczNQAyMDExOjAzOjMxIDEwOjUyOjIxAAAigpoABQAAAAEAABKKgp0ABQAAAAEAABKSiCIAAwAAAAEAAgAAiCcAAwAAAAEAZAAAkAAABwAAAAQwMjIxkAMAAgAAABQAABKakAQAAgAAABQAABKukQEABwAAAAQBAgMAkQIABQAAAAEAABLCkgQABQAAAAEAABLKkgUABQAAAAEAABLSkgcAAwAAAAEABQAAkggAAwAAAAEAAAAAkgkAAwAAAAEAGAAAkgoABQAAAAEAABLaknwABwAAB/QAABLikpEAAgAAAAMwMAAAkpIAAgAAAAMwMAAAoAAABwAAAAQwMTAwoAEAAwAAAAEAAQAAoAIABAAAAAEAAAwAoAMABAAAAAEAAAkAoAUABAAAAAEAABrWowAABwAAAAEDAAAAowEABwAAAAEBAAAApAEAAwAAAAEAAAAApAIAAwAAAAEAAAAApAMAAwAAAAEAAAAApAYAAwAAAAEAAAAApAgAAwAAAAEAAAAApAkAAwAAAAEAAAAApAoAAwAAAAEAAAAA6hwABwAACAwAAAp+6h0ACQAAAAEAABBsAAAAABzqAAAACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgAAE4gAAABHAAAACjIwMTE6MDM6MzEgMTA6NTI6MjEAMjAxMTowMzozMSAxMDo1MjoyMQAAAAAEAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAKAAAAMAAAABAAAAA/AAAAClNPTlkgRFNDIAAAACIAACAHAAEAAAAAAAAAILACAAkAAABsBAAAQLADAAEAAAAAAAAAQbADAAEAAAAGAAAAQrADAAEAAAABAAAAQ7ADAAEAAAAAAAAARLADAAEAAAABAAAARbADAAEAAAAAAAAARrADAAEAAAAAAAAAR7ADAAEAAAABAAAASLAIAAEAAAAAAAAASbADAAEAAAAAAAAASrADAAEAAAAAAAAAS7ADAAEAAAAAAAAATLAFAAEAAAB8BAAATbADAAEAAAAAAAAATrADAAEAAAAAAAAAAZAHAJQAAACEBAAAApAHAMgAAAAYBQAAA5AHAMgAAADgBQAABJAHAIAAAACoBgAABZAHAHoAAAAoBwAABpAHAPwAAACiBwAAB5AHAMgAAACeCAAACJAHAMgAAABmCQAAAKAEAAEAAAADAACAAaABAAEAAAAoAAAAAqABAAEAAAATAAAAAKEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAaEHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKIHAAAAAAAAAAAAAKMHACAAAAAuCgAAAaMHABwAAABOCgAAAKQHAFAAAABqCgAAU3RhbmRhcmQAAAAAAAAAACAAAAAKAAAACAAgCQABAOgATgAAAF79AHAAAAAABSQAAAAAiAAAAAAAAACIAOquAxsBANgAAGAYxaEAxSNJiqSIpADDAIf/3gA0gf0w5nAAgfUw5nAAcHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAbAAAAQABip4AAACHcECKNYo1ipmKmQCHiO2KNwAAAAAAAAAAcCKKewAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABpAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAcAHmAH0AzWwAAH0IDgAAAACg7J4AAAiVxCQAAAAAQNzcvQDcALEAPABtACsA4wAYAHMBPgEAAR4BAAEAAQABAJ3RDzRU4+7Evb29vQAADOtWppIM6kiKuYiBBfIgw//XAawAdEXrPkVb9dgF675CAJ4AAgBUAJLF1EwVTHNMc0wVGsCMjP8AjxpzGnNMGBqDGoMzEOA44DhMcwEATHMAAAFw2AiITgAHvTEkAVaVzSRATBhd03W6UQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAC9vb29vb29vQAAAAAA3Ny8XxAIARs/G2gbaBtoGz8bPxs/Gz91AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACVADkArAB6AJUAOQCsAHoAAAAbP6sAG2jMABtovwAbaGsAGz+rABtozAAbaL8AG2hr////bP///6z///+m////EQAAAAAAAADuAAAAAAgBAAEAAAAAAAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA2AAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAQAIAAAAAAABAAEAAAAAAEAAQABAAAAAAKA7oJW+1w7nOD//VgAAxZa2AAAA6v//AP8AAAAAPwAAAH8AAABP/wAAzT//AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAAAAAAOAsAAG5LAADQgQAAW2AAAHT1AADCVgAAdeoAAM/sAABToQAAbskAAFM1AAB/2AAATroAACOuAABOFQAAS0YAAFs8AAA4LgAAlnwAANwhAAAzpwAAxGQAAHRNAABSUAAA7nIAACMqAAAz+gAAjpUAALctAAAzGAAAllkAAI6fAAAkLwAA7+wAABqhAAC+4AAAkn4AAJLLAAC7VwAAMLAAAGnrAACKNAAABMEAAOrnAABW6QAAVlgAAAQKAAAEUAAABAMMoNPT06AMDKDT09OgDKDTxe/F06DTxY6TjsXT0++TSpPv09PFjpOOxdOg08XvxdOgAAAACACKPIpQBf/NreooAKOK+XDnil8FKOpPAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABW9+rSBIQOoti5AKPqGuprBJsO315wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgM6AzoDOgM6AzAKOKe4oXcAdwVXAiAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAAAAAFWYHQCWmL4Ak2N6AEmyAAAAwGIAhzHKAL7iCwCSFekAxZ+vAABzJQCHMcoAvuILAJIV6QDFn68AAHMlAAAIAABgAAAAADm/B1/FX8XlTBjFv8XoB3sHX8Xlh9RMGIflh7/FX8XlxRWH1Ewxh9SHe8UVxdSHGEyDGhhMMYflTBhMc0y8GhDwvPDb8IN5gwIQrIOsc2CDkXuO6EfUuoORMctfkV+OvyPzAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABVS9Riinb41c7FHKlo2NzKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzgkFzGWGKKdvjVzsUcqc2pqMpR9Pi2une0PjR0sERcxlhiinb41c7FHKnNqajKUfT4trp3tD40dLBH0nzg58iF5Mt3gqAwk3E4VySJ4Fc5FeB4NqQQ5hXQfKQga0jqc55k1R/MZJKCk+yeP2j4AAAEAAgAHAAAABDAxMDAAAAAAAAAAACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAAAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgACAAIAAgAAAAUHJpbnRJTQAwMzAwAAACAAIAAQAAAAEBAQAAAP/hC8VodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvADw/eHBhY2tldCBiZWdpbj0n77u/JyBpZD0nVzVNME1wQ2VoaUh6cmVTek5UY3prYzlkJz8+DQo8eDp4bXBtZXRhIHhtbG5zOng9ImFkb2JlOm5zOm1ldGEvIj48cmRmOlJERiB4bWxuczpyZGY9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkvMDIvMjItcmRmLXN5bnRheC1ucyMiPjxyZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24gcmRmOmFib3V0PSJ1dWlkOmZhZjViZGQ1LWJhM2QtMTFkYS1hZDMxLWQzM2Q3NTE4MmYxYiIgeG1sbnM6eG1wPSJodHRwOi8vbnMuYWRvYmUuY29tL3hhcC8xLjAvIj48eG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+MjAxMS0wMy0zMVQxMDo1MjoyMTwveG1wOkNyZWF0ZURhdGU+PC9yZGY6RGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpEZXNjcmlwdGlvbiByZGY6YWJvdXQ9InV1aWQ6ZmFmNWJkZDUtYmEzZC0xMWRhLWFkMzEtZDMzZDc1MTgyZjFiIiB4bWxuczpkYz0iaHR0cDovL3B1cmwub3JnL2RjL2VsZW1lbnRzLzEuMS8iLz48cmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uIHJkZjphYm91dD0idXVpZDpmYWY1YmRkNS1iYTNkLTExZGEtYWQzMS1kMzNkNzUxODJmMWIiIHhtbG5zOmRjPSJodHRwOi8vcHVybC5vcmcvZGMvZWxlbWVudHMvMS4xLyI+PGRjOnRpdGxlPjxyZGY6QWx0IHhtbG5zOnJkZj0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMTk5OS8wMi8yMi1yZGYtc3ludGF4LW5zIyI+PHJkZjpsaSB4bWw6bGFuZz0ieC1kZWZhdWx0Ij4NCgkJCQkJPC9yZGY6bGk+PC9yZGY6QWx0Pg0KCQkJPC9kYzp0aXRsZT48ZGM6ZGVzY3JpcHRpb24+PHJkZjpBbHQgeG1sbnM6cmRmPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk5LzAyLzIyLXJkZi1zeW50YXgtbnMjIj48cmRmOmxpIHhtbDpsYW5nPSJ4LWRlZmF1bHQiPg0KCQkJCQk8L3JkZjpsaT48L3JkZjpBbHQ+DQoJCQk8L2RjOmRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOkRlc2NyaXB0aW9uPjwvcmRmOlJERj48L3g6eG1wbWV0YT4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgPD94cGFja2V0IGVuZD0ndyc/Pv/bAEMACAYGBwYFCAcHBwkJCAoMFA0MCwsMGRITDxQdGh8eHRocHCAkLicgIiwjHBwoNyksMDE0NDQfJzk9ODI8LjM0Mv/bAEMBCQkJDAsMGA0NGDIhHCEyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMjIyMv/AABEIAwAEAAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAfAAABBQEBAQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EAACAQMDAgQDBQUEBAAAAX0BAgMABBEFEiExQQYTUWEHInEUMoGRoQgjQrHBFVLR8CQzYnKCCQoWFxgZGiUmJygpKjQ1Njc4OTpDREVGR0hJSlNUVVZXWFlaY2RlZmdoaWpzdHV2d3h5eoOEhYaHiImKkpOUlZaXmJmaoqOkpaanqKmqsrO0tba3uLm6wsPExcbHyMnK0tPU1dbX2Nna4eLj5OXm5+jp6vHy8/T19vf4+fr/xAAfAQADAQEBAQEBAQEBAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgv/xAC1EQACAQIEBAMEBwUEBAABAncAAQIDEQQFITEGEkFRB2FxEyIygQgUQpGhscEJIzNS8BVictEKFiQ04SXxFxgZGiYnKCkqNTY3ODk6Q0RFRkdISUpTVFVWV1hZWmNkZWZnaGlqc3R1dnd4eXqCg4SFhoeIiYqSk5SVlpeYmZqio6Slpqeoqaqys7S1tre4ubrCw8TFxsfIycrS09TV1tfY2dri4+Tl5ufo6ery8/T19vf4+fr/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AO1xS4paK7DmDFGKWigBMUtFLQAmKMUtFIAxRilooATFLilopAJilpaKAExRilpaAEoxS0UAJilopaAExS4opaAExRilooABTgKSnCkMULTwtC1IKlspIAvFOxSilqSgxSUtBpAJSUUUwCk70tJQAUtJS0AFJS0lACYoxS0UANopaKBDTTadRTAZSYp+KQ0xWG4ptPpMUxDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRTAbSYp1JQITFGKWigBKKWigYlJilooATFJinUlAhKMUtFACUmKdSUAJijFLRQMbRS0lADTSYp9JQIZijFOpKYDcUYp1JQA3FGKdRQA3FJinUUANxRin4oxSuFhuKMU7FFFxjcUhFPpMUARkUlPxTTQIZSYp1JTENxRilooAZijFOpKYCYpKWigBuKSnUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUUANxSYp1JQA3FJinUlMBuKTFOooAbikxTqSgBuKTFOooAbikxTqTFADcUmKfSUAMxRinYpKAG4pMU6igBuKbin0lADaTFOpKQhuKTFPxTTQB0dLRRTGFLSUUgFooooAKWkpaACiiikAtAopaACiiigYtFJS0gClpKWgAooooAKKKWgAoopaAFpR1opQKQx61IBTFFTAVDZaQopcUlOqRjDSU403pTAKKTNIaYhc0ZpuaKAFzS5puaWgBaSiigApaSigBaSkozQAtIaM0UAJSUtJTEJikpaKdwsJSU6kouIbRS0UwG0UtJQISlpKKACiiigApKWigBKSlooASilpKACkpaKAEooooASiikoAKSlpKYCUUtJQAUlLRQA2inUlACUoWkqVRSbBIZtpQtS4zRgVNyrEZWmEVPim7c0XCxFikqwIc0x4iO1HMg5WQGmmnkGmmqRIykpxptMQlJS0UwG0UtJQAlFFFACUlLSUAJSUtFAhtFLSUwEpKdSUAJSUtJQMSkpaSgQlFLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAJSUtFACUlLSUAIaSnU2gBKSnUlACUlLSGgBKaadTTQB0dLSUtABRS0UAFFFFABS0UUgCiiigYtFFFIQtFFFAwpaKKACiiloAKKKKACloooAKWkpaAHU4GmCnikMlSpKhWpM1my0PzxRmm5pDSGOPNNJxRmkNACZooNFUIKSjNJQIUUtNpc0DHUUlLQAppKKSgBKKKSgQUtJRQAtFFFAxKSlNJTEFFFFADaKdSUCG0UtIaYCUlLRincQlFFFABRRRQMSilpKQBSUtFMQlJS0lABSUtJQAUlLRQAlFFFABSUtJQAUUUUAJSUtFACqualC01c4qSobLQUlBzUiAYpDGYzT1jqUIBTsVLY0hgGKG5FP28UBaQyk8XzVE64rQaPJqF4cmqUhOJnmm1ckhwtVCMVonczasNpKdSVRI2kp1JQAlJS0lMBKSlooAbRSmkoASkp1JQAlJS0lAhKSlooGNopaSgBKSlopiEpKWkoASilpKAEpKWkpAFJS0lACUlLSUwEpKWigBtJTqQ0gG0hp1NNMDoqWkpaACilopAFFFFAC0UUUAFFFLSAKKKWgAooooGLRRSUCFoopaBhRRRQAtFFFABS0lLSAWng0zvTxSY0PBp2aaBRUlDxRmm0Uhi5pc0zNGaYXHZpuaTNJmmIdmkpM0tABS5ptFAh+aXNMFOpDFoopKBhSGlooEJRRRQAUUUtAxKSlpKBBRRRQAUUUUAJSU6m0xCUlONJQAlFLSUwEooooAKSlooASiiigApKWkNACUUUlABRS0lACUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAY9KeqGkQVYUZFJsaQwLTtvNOxShSTUXLsNxmpUXbSqlO6VLY0gpRSUqjmkMePTFLinqKdjmlcCPZmo2SrJGBUTmkmBSmwBWe45NaFzyOKostbQIkRUlOIpDWlzOw2kp1JQA2kNLRTENpKdikNADaQ06koASkpaSmAlJS0lACUUtJQAlJTqbQAUlL2pKAEopaSgQlJTqSgYlJS0lAhKKKKBjaKWkoEIaSlpKAEpKdSUAN7Uhp1JQB0NFFFMBaKKKQBS0lLQMKKKKQBS0UUAFLSUtABRRRQAUtJS0AFLSUtIAooopgLRSUtIApaSnCgBQKctNFSCpZSHUUmaKQxaKSkoADSUtNNMQGkoopgLRSUUALS0lLSAcKWm0tIYtFJmigBaSiigYUUUlAhaKSloAKKKKACkoooGFFFFAhKKWkoAKSlpKYCUlOpKAEpKWkoEFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUwEopaSgBKKWkoASiiigApKWigAoopyjmgByLmplFNUYp9ZtloeBTgtC06oKHU3GaWlFAxAuakUAUlANJgSgUtNBpc1IxTULc1ITxUTnAoQFaZeKpPVyZ/lNUjya1iRIYRTDUlNNaXIZHQaWkpiENJTqSncQlJinUlADcU00+kxQAykp2KTFMQ2kpxFNoASilpKAEpKWkpgJRS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAlJTqSgBKSlpKACm06koASkpaSgBKSlooENpKdSUAdBRRS0DCiiigQtFFFAwooopAFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKBi0UUUgCloopgFFFFIBaKKKAFFOplLQA8DvS0gpakocKUUgp1JlBSUtNzSAQ00mlJppqkSFFFFMQtLSUtABS0UUhhS5pKKBi0UlLQAUUUUgCiiigAopKWgAooooAKKKSgBaKKKACkpaKAEopaSgBKKKKAEpKdSUwEpKWkoAKSlooEJRRRQAlJS0UAJRTgOaCtFxjKKcRRigQylpcc07bRcdhlSotNxzUiVLY0hwFLS0Y5qSiRKfTFqSpKEpyim09aADFAFOoAqQF7UmaWmmkAE1E5oLVTF/aSymKO6haQHG0OM00gCZqrmrDjNQMMVrEhjKaadRVCGYptSYpMU7isR4op5FJii4rDaSnYoxRcLDKMU6kNMBlJTjSUCG00in0mKYEeKDT8UhHFFwI6KcabTEJSU6koASkpcUUwG0UtJQAlJTqSkAnakpaSmAlJS0UANopaSkAlJS0lACUhpaQ0xHQClpKWgYUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0CCiiikMKWiigAoopaQBRRRQAUtFFABRRS0AFFFFABS0lKOtAD1FPxTVqSoZaFxxSGlzTSaQxDSUtJTEIabTjTapCCiiigQUtFFAC0tNpaQxaKKKACiiloGFFJS0gCiikoAKWkooAWiikoAKKWigAoopaQwoopKACkpaSmIKSiigAooooASkpaSmAlGKWkoEJRRRQAUoFJSigY7AopKWpGFJRSigBAKdRS0hiAU8CgCpFWk2MTFGOak20YqShoFOPSiigAWpFpgp4NADqM0maKkBSa5XxF4judNvPIg8tVCglmGSc1r61qg0rT2mxukY7Y1PdsHr+VeUaneXF3dPNcSGSV+pNCHY67/hNrebTZ47lWFwQVXy14P68VyP29RNuBYDOaodM5ppNUKx6vaeItJviFhvEDnosgKn9auvXjeSBnsa6jwxr1yl3Fp8reZDIdqFzyn0qkS0zuKKWiquSJSUtFACYppFPpKYDMUlPxSEUXFYZSUuKSmA002nmm0CEoxS0lMBKbTjSUANxTSKcaQ0xDaSlpKYhKSnUlADaKWkoASkp1JQA2kp1JTAbRS0lIBKSlpKYCUUtJSASkpaSmBv0tJS0AFLSUtABRRRQAtFFFIApaSloAKKKKQC0UlLQAUtJRQAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUtABRRQOtAyVacKRadUMpCUhpTTTSQxM0maKSqJFzSUUUwCiiloEJS0UUAFLSUtAwpaSikA6ikFFIYtJRS0AJRS0lAC0UlLQAUUUUDCiiikAUUUUAFFFFABSUtJQAUlLSUxBRRRQAlJS0lABSUtJTASilpKAClpKWgAFKKKKQxaWkpakYCnCm80ooAeKlWoxUi9KllIdSUuKMUhiUUuKTFABS0lLQAuadmm0UgOY8avssbY8/wCtOB+Fec3GGJIB/GvR/GpH2K2GM/OePwrzy5CkcnLZ7dqEV0KZzUbdqlY89KifkVQhM8VZsJXivoZIl3SK4KL6nPAqrjirWl8anbH0lX+YoB7HpmlXF/cwu1/bCBw2FAGMj8zV+n4pKozG0UtJQISkpaSmAUhoNJQA00h60ppKYhKbS0lMQlJS0UANopTSUwENNp2abQIaaKWkpgJSU6m0AIaSnUlMQ2kp1JQA2kp1JQA2kp1JQAlJS0lACUUUUANpDS0GgDepaKKYBS0lLQAUUUtIAooooAKWiigAooooAKWkpaQBS0lLQAUUUUALRRRQAtFFFABS0nenoMmkND1FPpQKRhWdzQYabTjTTVIliU3vTqb3qhBS0lLQIKWkpaBhRRRQAUtFFABRRRSAKWkooGLRRRSAWkoooAKWiigAooooGLRRRSAKSlooASiiigBKKWkoAKSlpKYBRRRQAUlLSUCEpKWimAlJS0UAJS0UtIApaSlxSGLSgUmKdSGFA60UoFIZIKetMFPFSMdRRQaBhRSUUAFFJRQA7NLTRS5pAcf42u42EFtHIpljYmRO4BAx+dcDMpB5713njO0hWSG4RMTS7t7DknAUCuIuBhhxihFrYpnNRvnFTN9aikOBVEkfIq1YnbeQn0cH9aqnpU0DHzFbuDQDPZO5pppc96SqMxtFKabmgApKKKYhDSUtIaAENNNONNNMQlJ3paSmAhpKWkoEJmkNLTTQAlJS0UxCUlLSUAJSUtJTASkpaKAG0lOpKAG0hp1JQAlJS0hpiEpDTqSgBtFLSUhiGmmnUhpiN6lpKWmAUUUUAFLRRSAKKKWgAooooAKKKKQBS0UUAFFFFAC0UUUAFLSUtABS0lLSGFSJ1pg61Mg70mxpEg4FIaKaTWZY1qZTmNMq0SwpKU0lMQUtJS0wAUtFFABRRRSAKWkpaACiiigAooopDFopKWgAooooAWiiikMKKKKAClpKKAFpKKKACikooAKKKKAEooooAKKKKACkoopiCkpaKBiUUtFACUuKSnCkAUtGKKQxRS0gpaQwxThSUtIBc08GoxTxSGPopKWgYlFBNJmgBaSkNFAC5oPKkZpKGYKpY9AMmgDz/VdHTRPLRZzM0wONy4xj8feuYuiofczfnWr4u1xdUv1S1yVgBUyds57VzgtHk5fJJ7saVirjmniA++M+3NQPcpnr+lW008YyT+QqQaYrt94jj0qtBGcJlPcVYhYbh70S6Y6j5SD+lVCslu/II9jRuLU9ujO6NT6gGlrC8K6o2o6ShllDzKSGAGCB2H5Y/OtzNVYgQ02nU2mIKSiigBKTNLSGgBKSlpKYgpKWg0AMpDTqQ0wGmkpTSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAlFFFAhKTFLSUwEpKdTaAEpKdSUAJSGlpKAEpKWkoASkpaKAG0hpxppoEb1LSUVQC0UUUgCloooAKKKWgAooopAFFFFABS0UUAFLSUUALRRRQAUtJS0DCloooAegyan4AqunWpxWci4iZprGnkVGaSBjTSUUdqskSiiimAUtJS0gCiiigBaKKKACiiigBaKSloGFFFFABRRRSAWlpKWgYUUUUgFpKKKACkpaSgAooooAKSiigApaSigAooooAKSlpKACilpKYBRRRQAUuKSlzSAMUuKKKQwopKKAHZpaZnmnDpSYxwpabmlzSAcKdmm0Uhj80uaZmlzQMU02lpKAEpaSkoAfVXVI5JdIvI4cmV4HVAPUqcVYzTs0gPF9Otw4ZmXkNjFWJF2lsDpXT6/YRQatNJAgRXAdwO7Hqa5yb/WGgbG27eZFkjrUqcPRFgR9hzSBvn680xA6jrUFxbrNCVI+hqdzleaXAzQBd8A2sy3N5OQRCB5fsWzn9MfrXd1U023it9OgSFAiFA3Hcnkn86tVZAU2lpCaYBSUUhoEFJS0lACUUUUAJSUGimAlJTqSgQw0lONNpiEpKWkoASkpaSmAUlFFACUlLSUCCkpaSgBKSlpDQAlJS0UwG0hpaQ0AJRRRQAlNNOppoA3qWkpaYgooooAWiiigApaSloAKKKKQBRRRQAtFFFABS0UUDCiiigBaKSloAKWkopASR9al3VElPJqHuWtgZqYTQabTSEwoooqhBRRRQAtFFFIAooooAWikpaACiiigApaSlpDCiiigAooooAKWkooGOopKKQC0UlFABRRSUwCiiigAooooAKKKKQBRRSUwFpKKKACiiigApKKKAFopKKQDqKSikAtJRRQMKcKbS5oAdS02lzSGOo3U3PFJmlYZJmlzUeaM0BckzRmmZpc0gFpM0lJQA7NLmm1n63fjTNIuLvGfLAwPUkgD+dAzC8SXcMN3I0kiqoCrkn27etcPPqKtMxhjeQE8E8Cns8+rTm5u5DJIT8o7KPpU4tkBwRzxmlsMrRz3MhKiJFwP4jmoDcXavkogOOAK1ljG8kD2qNogSOKdxGaL2eNR5kPHUlTVq3v4ZDtDYb0PBqZ4FKdO2KoXNmpyVGGAzkUXCx6DoGkCxDXS3JkE8YJQrjaevXNbhrjvBGsTXfm2M7FmiTcrH0BAx+tdjVkCUlFFACUlOptMApKWkoEJSUppKACkoopgFJRSUCENNpxpKAG0lLSUxCUlLSUwEooooASkpaSgApKWkoASkpaSgQlJS0UDG0UtJTENopTSUAJSGlNIaAN0UtJS0xBRRRQMWiiigQUtFFABRRRSAKKKKBi0UUUCClpKWkMKKKKAFooooAKKKKAJU6UGhfu0majqWIaSjNJVIlhRRRTAKWiigBaKSlpAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFIYUUUUALRRRQAlLSUUALRRRQAUUUUDFpKKKQBRRRTAKKKKACiiikAUUUUAJRS0lABRRRTASiiigAooooASiiikAtFJS0ALRSUtIYUUUlAC0tNpRQAtLSUUhi0UUlAC5ozSUUgFopM0lIY+qGs2H9q6Rc2W4K0i/KT0DAgj9QKvCqmoajb6Zbie5YqhYJkDPJz/hQNHnNjZtBBiVCjg8qwwaZLIEc9BkgCtnVLiK5kkuYCWWVsqcEZHHascxjdzyaQxEkOOTTGlIpeNuMH8KYcHBHSgQjT7VJbpQCsse4dCKZJHuBB5B7VIQwQbOo7UwOn8H6C+nxy31xxLcD5F/upnPPueK6g1FY/8g+2/wCuSfyFSmqJG0lLSUxAaSlNJQAlJS0GmA2kpaKBDTSUtFMBKSlooENpKdTTQMSkpaMUxDaSnEU0igQhpKWkpgJRRRQAlJS0lACUlLRQAlJS0lACUhpTSUAJSGlpDTEJSGlppoA3qWkpaYBRRRQAtFFFAgpaKKQwooooAKWkooAWiiikAtFJS0AFFFFAC0UlFAC0d6KMgdaBkn8NJUc1xDBF5kkiqgOMk8U2G5huU3wypIo4JU5xUjJKKKKYgooopgLRRRQAUtJRSAWiiigApaSikMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAWikpaBhRRRSAKKKKYBRRRSAKKKSmAUUUUgCiiigAoopKYBRRRQAUUlLQAlFFFIApaSigBaWkopDFpKKKACiiigB1FJRSGLRSUtABSGikpAFLSUtAxahurWC7i8u4hSVM52uuRmpaQ9KQzhNTmhspHhhCjY7AIP4Rk4rmJ7uZnJ3lfZeK0dbjxqc06sTvdi3p1rGk+8alGqRE7MTySfqaYGKngkfSg9ab3plWJo7uZCMOT7NzWla3iTMFcbG/Q1jipEJBGDzmmTOKsex2P8AyDrX/rin8hU1Zfh83p0mM333zjy+n3MDHStSqMBKSlooAbSUpopiG0U7FGKAGUmKfikoAbikp1GKAGUU7FGKLgMpMVJikIp3CxGRSU8ikxRcQykNPxSYouAzFJinUUxEZFJin0Yp3AZSGnYpMUXAZRTiKaaYhKSlpKAEpDS0hoASkpaSgQlIaWkpgbtLSUtMAo7UUUALRRRSAWiiigAooooAKWkpaQBRRS0AFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAVyms+IXZ5LWBB5Y+VmbvXR3zyx2UzwlRIq5BPSvOZ3LyMT3NJsqKuxReSqGUN8pOSOxq3Y6zNYhzEAHfGT1457Vlk89KQHmoNLHoeh6o+pW0jSbN6Nj5eOPpWtXnGjSyw6pbmFiGaRVOO4J5FejiqTIkrBS0lLTJCiiigApaSloAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAFopKKAFooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGLRSUUALRRRSAKKKKACiiigBKKKKACkpaSmAtJRRQAUUUUAFFFJSAKKKKACjNFFAC0UlFIYUUUUAFKKbS0ALS0lFIYUtJRQAUUUUgEopaQ0ALmkzTTSE4BPpQM811Nt3PqT/AFrBkOM1tXjZiQ+1YsnOahHR0K5ORTe9ONJTFfUKkj61EKkTrTQ6mx7FYf8AIPtv+uKf+girNVbA/wDEutf+uKf+girNUcwtJRRQAhpKU0lAC0UmaWgBMUhp1IaAG0UuKXFADcUU6kNADaKWkoAQim4p9NoAbSGnUlMQwikp5ppoENxSYpaKYDTTacaSmA0000803FMQ002nmmkUCG0lOpKYCU3vS0lAhDSGnGmmgDdpaSlpgFFFFAC0UUUALRRRQAUtJS0gCiiigApaSloAKKKKACiiigYUUUUgM7XJvJ0qY55b5RXn0rc113i2cpbwQj+Ilj/T+tca5zUy3LgNzzS5plOFIs2fDcRm1mAgcJlj+AP9cV6AK47wfDm7nl/uoF/M/wD1q7KqRnIKWkpaZIUtJRQAUtJS9qBhRRRQAUUUUgCiiigAooooAKKKKAFopKKAClpKWgAooooGFFFFAC0UUlIBaKKKACiikoAKKKKACiikoAKKKKYBRRRQAUlFFABRRRSAKKKDQMSiiikAtGKKKACiiikMWikooAWiiigAo70lLSAKQ0tJQMSobltttK3ojH9Klqvf8afc/wDXJv5GgFueb3fyDHouMViuea2r7ADY54rEas0dJCabnpTzTCOaonqFOXrTKkj+8KEVU2PTPDUWqR2xN/LvhaNDByDgY/wxW8Kq6cc6ZaH/AKYp/wCgirQqzkFopKKBiUUUUAFFLSUALRSU6kAYoxRS0DENNNOptADaSnUhpiG0UGkoASiiigQ00004000wENJSmkpiEpKcaSgBhFJinmm0BYYRSU80w0xDaSlNJVCG0lOpKBCU006m0wN2lpKWgAooooAWiiigApaKKAClpKWkAUUUUAFLSUtABRRRQAUUUUhhRRWL4lv7jT9PR7cfM8m0sRnHBpgYPie583UmQHIjAWueY5NTPFdXMhlkYlmOSSajNlNjI5/Gs3Y0johnfrSio2jljPzqfypUfnB4oKudf4RuVR5LfypC0h3bwPlAA6V14rJ8OxeVoluP74Ln8TmtaqRnLcKWkpaZIUUUUALRRRQMKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUtJS0AFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBS0lFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFMApKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJRRQAUCiigBabS9qKBiUUUUAFLSUUgCloopAJS0lFAxaKSigBaKKWkAlJS0lACVna1crbaZKzAnzP3Ywf73FaFc9reuWiNcaY8cvnEABto28gH1z0PpSY1ucfenMbfSsZ+RXSTWLzRk/cTAwT1NVhpUCj5yzEe+BUpHQ5RSOfP1pvFdH9gtlH+qU/Xmo3sLZusSj6cVViOZHP4JOKegIfB7VrPpURyY2ZT27iqcljLA244Zf7woQ5STPVNM50mzP/TBP/QRVuqWknOkWX/XBP8A0EVcqznFpe1NozSGLRSUUALRSUUAOopKKQC5ozTaKAHZpKKbQMWkopKBBTTTqaaYCUhpabQAhpKU0lMQhpKWkoAKSikNMQU006kpANNNNONNNUA002nHrSUyRppKU0lMBKaadSGgRuUtJRTAWiiigBaKSloAWikpaQBRRRQAtFFFIYUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVn6zs/suUOobOAMjvmtCud8QXjK6xFk8nG4c855oewGFgYpMDoKiN1HnG9fzpUmVm61maAQrMUyCcdKqXVmuNyDBAyRVxVXzCw6mrdnAtzfwwuoZWYbge46mgDa8JXM1zpP73/lm2xT6gD/I/CugqOGKOCNY4kVEUYCqMAVJVkMKKKWmIKKKKBhS0lLSAKKKKACiiigAooooAWkoooAKKKKBhS0lFIBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKSlooASilpKBhRRRQIKKKKBiUUUUAFFFLQAlJS0UAJRS0UgEooooAWiiikAlFFFAwooooAWiikNIApKKXtQA2s3VLO1kgaZ7eIy5X5yg3dR361pGs3W/N/suQQcSkjb+dDGtzDu8bTj1rNfhenepY3ne1P2gEShyDxjNQOc460hjCeOaYxp7cAmo8g0wEzgHJpvBIB5B7U4gEGopJBEu8gkD0oA7zTVCaZaqOixKB+Qq3mszQrxb3SonVCoT93gnrgVpVRAtFJS0AGaKKKQwooooAWkoooAKBSUUAOpKKKQCUlLSUAFNp1NpgJTTTqaaBCUUUlMANJRQTQAlJRmkJpiCikzRmgBDTTS5pDTQDaSnU00xCU2lpKBCGmmnUhpiNyikpaYC0UlLQAUtJS0AFLSUUgFooopDFopKKAFooooAWikpaACiiigCO48z7PJ5QzJsO0e+OK84kt3uJWeYOGBIIdicGvSj0riby6jutQnZWz85qXsOO5lfYowfuj8qY1kBypKn1U4q+SN1Nc8cVNyygGuISDneAO/Bre8MypPqW4nlEJx7nis0pkc0abaXL6tCbUSDDguy/dC55z+FNahY9GFLTRTqogKKKKYhaKKKQwpaSigBaKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKQwooooAKKKKAClpKKAFopKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiigAoopKBhRRRQIKKKKACiikoGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUgCiikoAKWkopALSUUUDCiiigApKWkoAWkpM0ZpAFGaSkzTAdmqWon/AEceu7/GrdUNVcLbrn+9SY1uc7e8P9ayjN++KEH644rSuSz8kY5NZMpdbzb/AAYyKQyYnctM5ycCnbQQD7UwLjuetMAJyDTAocKGGR70rg4puWwgUgNx2oA7vTlC6dbhQAPLXoParVVtP5062/65L/KrNUQFFFFABRRRSAKKSigBaKM0maACikpc0DCikzRmgAzRmm5pKBDs0UzNLniiwATTTQTSE0wEozRTaYhc0maKSgANJRmkoAKSiimIKSikoAQ0lLSUwEpDS0lAhtIaWg0xG1S0lLQMWikpaAClpKKAFooooAWiiikAUUUUALRSUtABS0lFAC0UlFIBkz+XC7n+FSa4Tyx9pkkAA3egrrtanFvpcrE43YWuIbUI1BAVjUyKiiYpmTdn8KdIuV461Ri1BVXEgYn1FWVvYXPDfmKksQlwORnJwfYV03heaD7NJCJF87eWKd8cDNc8SGXjvXV6FYwQWMU4iUTSLlnA5IJzTW4nsa9LSUtWQFFFFAC0UlLQAUUUUALRRRQMKKKSgQtFFFAwooopAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAlFFFABS0lLQAUlLRQMSiiikAUUUUwEopaSkAUUUUAFFJRQAtFJS0AFFLRSGNopaKAEpaKKACkNLRQAlJS0lACUlLSUAJRSUlAh1ZurcpGPcmtCs/U+TGPr/Skyo7mBdDgVnOn73J9MVo3f3h9KoOeQcUDGtjGKj7n2NE0hWMkDJFRxSb4wxGCeaAHP8wIpoA4PpTs5HpQAMCgDrtI1G0uLeK2inVpo4xvTBBGMA/rWnWTpGk2lqsd5CjLNLEN/wAxIOcE8fWtaqICiiigApKKKACiiikAUlFFMAoopKACiikpAFNpaDTAbRRTaYgoopKACm0tJTAKSlpKBCUUUlAwoNFJQISig0UANoopKYCUUtJQIbSdqdTaANulpKWmAUtJS0AFFFFAC0UlLSAKWkooAWiiikAUtJRQAtFFFAwoopDQI5vxfPttYIQfvMWI+n/664ljW74h1FNQuVaIOqIu3DDvk1gMeal7msFoNzS0hoFIotQXLx8Zyvoa9M06aCawha3fdGFCg4x04rzXT4vPv7eLGd8iqfpnmvUIIIreMRwxrGg6KowBTREtiWiigVRAtFFFABS0lFAC0UlLQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQMKKKKQC0lLSUAFFFFABRRRQAlFFFABSUtFACUUUUAFLSUCgB1FFFIYlFLRQAUUUUhiUlOoxQA2kNOIpDQA2kNLTTTEFNp1JQAhrN1Jtskf0NaVczr11Nb3MgPQgGPp0wM/rmlJlRV2U7tlDAk4AHU1lT30Ea/61T16c/wAqy7+Z5JPmcsfc1nyMelSmbeysrs2m1S2z1Y/8BpE1O1Y4LkHPdTWEaYDhqdxciOoS4ikHyupOPWpgeOK5Usc1atL+WGQBmLITyDQmKdPlPV7D/kH23/XJf5VYqtYHOn2xHQxL/IVZqzAKQ0UlAC0UlFAC0lFFIBaSiigBKKKSmAUUUUAFJS0lADTSU4000ANopabTEFFFFACUlLSUAJSGlpKYgpKWkoASiiigBKSiigBKSlpDTASkNLSHpQI2qWk7UUwFpaSigBaKKKQBS0lLQAUUUUALRSUtIYUUUUALRRRQAVDPcwWqB55UiUnAZzgZqaqOqwW81hKbmMOsalxk4wQPagDgtZuRdancSqcqWOCD27Vlt1qWU/MagPWoNlsLSim0CgDc8NRebrlvxwuW/IGvRhXDeDYt2pSyf3IsfmR/ga7mqREhaKSlpkC0UUUDCiiigApaSikAtFJS0wCiiikAtFJS0AFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFAwooooAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFACUUUUAFFFFAC0tJS1IwooooGFFFFIAoopM0AFIaDTTTAQ0lFJTEFFFFABXI+KG/00D0iH8zXW1xvids6jIB2jUfpUSNKe5x9z/rKqMeatXP+sP9apv1pI6ZPQaT703PNL2po60zNbj/AK06P79Mp0fWhFVD2HTRjS7P/rgn/oIqzUFkNthbr6RKP0FT1ocYUlLRQAlFFFABRRRQAUlFFIAooooASiiloAbRS0lACUhpTSUwG0lKaSmISiiigBKSlpKAEpKU0lMApKKKBCUlLSUAJRS0lACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaYjapaQUtAwooooELRRRQAUUUUhi0UUUAFLSUtABRRRQAtFJRSAWsjxJN5OizDPMhCD+f9K1qwfErgpBERnktigEcCQfrUZ9xW67BBknAFMIDDoD9ak1uYgpw9K1GtoWH+rA+nFQNZAjMbc+hoC51PgqLFtdTf3nC/kM/1rq65nwnZXVva+fJP+4kBKw46HOM/pXTVSIluFLSUtAgpaSloAKKKKACiiigBaKSloAKKKKAFopKWgAooooAKKKKACiiikMKKKKYBRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASiiigAooooAKKKSkMKKKKACiiigBaKSikMdRTaWgBaKSkpALmmmikoAWm0UUwENJS0lAgpKWkoAK4nxFzqdz7BQf8AvkV21cJr77tSusn+IDH4AVMjWnucxckeccVUbGasz/61qqt1pI2Yw9aaMZpTTR1pkrcdTo+tN+tKnWhDqHs1uMW0Q9EA/SpaZH/q1+gp9aHIFFFFABSUtJSAKSlpKYBRRRSAKKKKBhSZpe9JQIKSlpKBiUlLSUCG0lONNpgJSUtFMQlJS0lACUlOpKAG0lOpDQAlJS0lMQlFFFACUlLSUAIaQ0tIaANqiiimAtFFFABS0lLQAUUUUgFopKWkAUtJRQAtFFFABRRRQAVymvzb9RK5GEUD+tdXXA6iWur9pc8by1A1uROgkUhulN4AwKVw2PlOPWo2YAEntUlDj0oUcVHvJ6ZxUsIaYogGGc7QD69KAO806PydOt48dIxmrdUtMF4tmov9nnAkfJ0x2q7VEsKWkooAWiiigBaKKKACiiigAooooAWiiigAooopALRRRQMKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooAKKKKBhRRRQISiiigYUUUUAFFFFABRRSUgFpKKKACiiigAooooAKKKSkAtFJRQMWkzRSUAFJS0lABSUZooEFJRRQAlFFJQAVwWrsDe3Z9ZWH613tefakwM87Z6ysf1qZmtPc524P7w1VYGrM5zITVZqRsyP1pozmnGkGaZK3Cnxj5qZUkI+cUIdQ9nT7i/SnU1PuL9KdVnIFFFJTAKKKSkAUUUUwCikpaQBRRRQMSiiigBKKKKAENJS0lAhtJTqSmAlJS0lACUlLSUCCkpTTaYBSUtJQAlJS0lACUlLSUAFJS0lMQlIaWkNAG1RSUtMApaSigBaWkopALRRRQAUtJRSGLRSUtAgpaSigYtFFFAFHVklaxYwzmEodzEdSPSuNY/Mec10GsahdpLLbNaEWzAbZs9enFc6R3pMcRjMelRkZBHr1pHPPFLzikUIABwK0NHTzdVtlx0fd+XNZrOqjc3AHU1t+GkEup+YOQkZI/lQB2Ip1JS1RAUUUUALRRRQAUtJS0hhRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRSAKKKKACiiigYlFFFABRRRQAUUUlAC0UlFABRRRQAUUUUAFFFFIAopKKACiiigYUlFFABRRSUAFFFJQAUlLSUAFJS0lABSUUUCErz+eCS4kIjXO5jlieK79uFNco6/KnoOgqWrlxdjnH0f5z5k312imjS7YkjLn8a1X5ZuaqxqsbPtBGTk07DcmUjplsDgqT+JpjaTBgYLqT3BrSJ+bpTc8gHNMXMzIl0hwMxSBvZhiqn2eWGYLIpU5roAPemSrG4CPyCcUrDc29z0ZfuilpB0paozCkoooEFFFFABSUtJQAUUUUDEooooAKKKKAEoopKQBSUtJTAQ0lLSUCEpKWkpgJSUtJQAUhopKACm06m0xBSUtJQAlJS0UANooooASkNKaSmI2aWkooAWiiigYUtJS0AFLSUUgFooooAKKKKQC0UlLQAUUUUAc34pvEh8mFmIJBbArlX1KIcBX/Kr3iyfzdXdQeIwFrnGNJsuK0ND7fETk7h+FSrdQvwHGffisbNA60FWNwhZBg4IrpvCkWDcSY4AVR+tcFFI6HKsRXonhHJ0cysOXkJ+uOP6UCasdBRRS0yAooooELRSUUALRRRQMKWkooAWikpaACiiigBaKSloAKKKKQBRRRQAUtJRQMWiiigAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooASlpKKACiiigBKKWkoAKKKKQBRRRQAUUUlAC0lFFAwooooASiiigAoopKQBRRSUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFACUUUnamAyU4ic/7Jrl5eAMc4FdNcnbbSn0Q/wAq5WR+cdDSGtim55IPrVdcfN7mpC2S2OarbiHbCGmA7I3elJ361GS3PyEc96Od3TpQBIMkCmbcTKe1BYjHOKk43CgD0EUdqB0opkhRRRQIKKKKBhSUtFACUUUUAJRRSUAFFFFIApKWkoASiikpgJRRSGgQUlFFMBKSikoEFJRRTAKbS0lAwpKWkoEJSUtJQAlFFJQAUhpaaaANmlpKWmAUtJRQAtFFFIBaKSigBaWkopALRRRQAUUUUAFIxABJ6Dk0tUtWm+z6VcyZwdhA/HigDzjU7g3F9NKf4nJrPYmppTlj71XJqTZKyG5pc8UnGKKAJUr1Hw/D5GhWiHqU3fnz/WvL4gWZVHUnAr1+3jEVvHGOiKF/IU0TLYmpaSimQLRRRQAtFFJQAtFFFABS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRSAWikooAWiiigYUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQAUUlLQAUUUlAC0UUlIAooooAKKKKBhSUtJQIKKKKBhRRSUALSUUUAFFFFABSUtJSAKKKKACkpaSgApKKKACkoooAKKKSgApKWigBKSiigCve/8AHlNj+4a5po1Xnqcda6PUDiwl9xj9a52U4X8KOo1sUGJ+Y1XP3mqV261Fk5PHFMCHJyM+lKD+VO2jcDxS4HtQAx8FRkU1Vwwx69Ke4BIpFBDfjQB6GKWkHSloJEooooAWiikoAKKKSgAooooASkpaSgApKKSgBaSiimAlFFJSAKSlpppiCkopKYBSUppKAEoopKBBSUtJQMKSlpKAEpKWkoEJRRRQAlNNLSGmBs0UlLTAWikooAWlpKKQC0UUUALRSUUgFpaSigYUtJRSELXP+Lp/K0lY88yP+g/yK6CuL8a3GZ4YM/dXJ/GgZyTnmoD1qR+lRUjYPrSikNKtAGjpEPn6pax9d0q/zr1gdK838Iw+brsRPSNWf9Mf1r0imiJC0tJS0EC0UlLQAUUUUALRSUtABRRRQAUUUUAFLSUUALRRRQMKKKKACiiigBaKSlpAFFJS0AFFFHegAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooGFFJRSAKKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKSloAKKSigAooooGFJSmkoAKKKSgAooooEFJRRQMKSiigApKKKBCUUUUAU9S/48Xx1JH865+dcDk9q39SP+i49WArAuTxj2o6jMxsEsc9TUeae2APxqB2Cqx96YC/xUvambhupS3HWgBe2aB96mtnbwaFPIHegD0MdKWkHQUtAgooopAFFFBoASkoopgFJS0lAgpKKSgApKWkoASiiigBKSlNJTEFJRSUABpKKKYCUlLSUAFJS0lACUUUUAJSUtJQAUlFFACUlLSUCEpDS0lAGxS02lpgLRRRQAtFJRQAtLSUUgFooooGFLSUUgFopKKAFrz7xKGudXkO75d20Y9uK792CIzHoBk1wFwRJdMxGeSaAW5mPpwAz5v6VEdNOP9b/AOO1ptgjBFM4xQVdmW2nyc4dTURtpUPKk+4rVIDU3YNysc8dOaB3NnwPDm7upiPuoFH4n/61dxXO+FIgtpPLjl5MfXA/+vXQ0Ckx1FJmloJFopKWgYUtJRQIWiiigBaSiigBaKSikMWiijtTAKWkooAWiiikAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDCiiikAUUUUwFpKKKQBRRRQAUUUUAFJS0lABRRSUAFFFFAwooooAKKSigAooooASiiigAopKKACikooAKKKSgAoopKACkoooAoas+y2Uj+9/Q1yd7qMCZ+YuR2Wt3xRIUsIwD95+fyrhronb2FTfU0hFPckk1XK/LH+Zqm+pSkEbV/I1WY1CTTuaqES6dTmznCflUseqN/HGPwNZme1ApXYckTbTU4X4bcvuRVuF0l5VgwJ6iua7VZtZXjmUo3fpVXMpwS2PYF6CnUg4paDIKKWigYlJS0UCEpKDRQAlJS0hoAKSikoAKSlpKYgzRRSUAFIaWkoASkoopiEpKWkoAKQ0UUAFJS02gAoopKACkpaSmAlJS0lIApKWkpgJSUtIaBGvRRRTAWiiigBaKYsqPna6nHHBzTs+hpDFpaSigBaWkopALRSUtABRRRQBU1OXydPmbplcfnXEnrn1rqPEUu2ySMfxt/KuVJoBDTTGPFDPTTyKChoo7UCl7igDuPD0Xl6PF6tlv1rVqrYR+VYW8f92MZ/KrNITOdufENxa+JF0pbVLgPghkbYy5GehyDx7iuhjcSIG5GexGD+VcXpmL7x9dz9VhDYP5L/jXbYzQHQdRTckdaWgBaWkooAXtS0lFAC0UUUAFFFFABRRRQAtFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUALRSUUDFopKWgAopKWkAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUlAxaSiigQUUUlABRRRQMKKKSgAooooAKKSigAooooAKKKSgAoopKACiikoAKKKSgAoopKACkpaSgDm/FpPk26j/bP8q4u5GBzXYeLG/wCPdf8AZc/yrjLn1zUdTaGxSeoqkaos0zVbCGikJpR0oAVulTW/+sX61AelSw/eFNGVTc9oopq9BTqZiFFFFABRRRQAU2lpKBBSUtNoAKSikoASilptMQUUUUAFNpaSgApppaSgApKDRTASiiigBKSlpKBBSUppKAEoopKACkoooASkpaT6UAFNNLSGmI16WkooGLRRUVxIIreSQ/wIW/SgTOT0qFL7xjqFxgjywcMvHOcD+Rrr0UooG4t7nqa5fwWm+O9uT1eXb+XP9a6uh7j6IAaWk4NJyPekA6lpoINLQAtLSUUALRSZpM0gOc8Ry5njj7Kufzrn2OK0tZm8zUZeeAcflWW5pjRF/FQTxRQeSKQwqWBPMuY4x/EwH5moyMVe0aPzdXt19G3fkM0Ad4owoHoKSaQRQSSHoilj+Ap1ZviGf7PoN4+eSm0fjx/WhCZgeB4/Mm1G8PV3C5/Mn+Yrs65zwVB5Ph9XI5lkZ/1x/SujoGxaTHcUUUCFz+FLSdaTkdKAHUtNBzS0ALRSUtABRRRQAtFJS0AFFFFAC0lFFABS0lFAC0UlLSGFFJS0xBRRRSGFFFFABRRRQAUtJRQAUUUUDCiikoAKKKKACiiigAoopKACiiigApKKKACiiigAoopKACiiikAlFFFABSUUUAFJRRQAUlFFACUUUlAHJ+K2Juo1HaL+prjp667xUf8ATV4/5ZD+ZrkZunPrU9TaOxTeozUjVGelBrFaDSKBS0Ux2EPSpYetRnpUkQ+bFNGNTc9mjOY1PqBT6ZFxEn+6KfQYhRRRQAUlFFABQaKSgBKSlpKYCUlLSUCEpKKKACkozRQISkpe9JTASiikoAKSlpKACkoooASiiigBKSlpKBBSUtIaYxKSlpKBBSUUUABpppaQ0Aa1LSUUwFrL8Qz+Rod03qu0fjWnXM+Nbjy9LiiHWST+X/66EJ7F3wrD5WgwHHMmXP4k/wBK26q2EItrCCEfwRqv5CrNBT3FpaSikIXGetHI75oooAN1LmkNJj0NIBaZI4jiZz0UEmlzjqKoa1OINIuHzgldo/GgDgrzVHa5dhGOT3NVTqbd4x+dVZny2agY5o1NUlYv/wBpn/nn+tOGpKTkofwNZg6UtAWRsrfwueSV+orovC6rLqLSqQQkZ6e+K4Zetd14FiIiu5j3ZVH4DP8AWgTR2Ncz44n8vRFizgySj8h/kV0tcZ40JudS02yU/ePI/wB5gP6UEHTaLAbbRbOIjBWJc/XGTV+moAqBR0Ap1A2LRSUtAgpaSloAODRyPeiikMMilpOKMH1oAWikye4pc570ALRRSUxC0tJRSGLRSUUALRSUUALRRRQAUUUUAFFFFABRRRQAUUUUALRSUUDFpKKKACiiigApKWkoAKKKSgBaKSigAooooAKKKKACkoooAKKKSkAUUUUAFJRRQAUlFFABSUtJQAUlLSUAFJS0lAHHeKG/0/GOiL/WuRmJIzXW+JWJ1GQDsq/yrkZhjIqTeOxUbOeKaaeaYaDWOwlJS0lAwNSx8EVFUsf3hVIxnuezR/6tfoKfTI/9Wv0FOoMBaKSigAopKKACiikNACUlLSUAFNpTSUwEpKU0lAgpKKSgApKKKBBSUUhoAKK43xL4k1TQ9TSNFtzauMqSh3e4znH6V1Nldx3tnFcxnKyKGFMbLFJSM6r94gZ9aGZVHzMB9TQIWkqu2oWattN1AG9PMFRyanbxkD96+ehSFmH5gYoAt0VV+3Rk4WK5J/693H6kAUxb+RpGT+z7sY7nywD9PmoAuUhqpLJfsU8m2iUE/N50uCB/wEH+dDRXkgO+4hT0CxE/qW5/KgC0GBGQeKKrR29wq4e8Zj6rGo/xpr2krOrfbpwB1XCc/wDjtAFqkzUP2VD1eY/9t3H8jUa6dZozN9nQs3JL/Nn880ATSTxQgmSVEA6lmAqL7dakZW5ib/dcGn/ZrcLtEEQB7BBTwAi7VGAOwpiNelpvP1ozTAdXIeJT9q8QaZZdRuBI/HJ/QV12a5CM/bPHrHqtupP5DH9aEHVHXjpTqSikA6ikooAWlzSUUhhRRSUALXOeMJhHpqR55ds/l/8ArrojXE+NJ83UUOfupk/jQHU5BzzUbGntyaYRSNhKWmmlFAEida9J8HReXoSv/wA9JGb+n9K83SvVdAiMGh2iEf8ALMMfx5/rQS9jUrirr/TviJCnVYMf+Orn+ddnuHeuL8Nf6Z4r1G8P8IbH4t/gKCFudsKWmhhnGRS0AOopKKAFpaSloAKKKKAFopKWgBaTrRS0AJj3o59jS0UAJn2NLuHrRRQAZpGZVBLEAepNGB6VmeIZmtNEurqKV4pYU3IynoegyOh/EUAaisGUMpBU8gjvS1jeGrq9vdEt7q8kSRpVLZC7T1IHA46VsdaAFopKWgAooooAM0UUUALRSUUDFopKKAFopKKAFopKKAFpKKKACkoooAKKKKQBRRSUALSUUUwCiiikAUUlFABRRRQAUlFFABSUUUAFFFJQAUUUlABRRSUgCkpaQ0wOJ8SsTqkyjJ4X+QrnXs7hxnYfxrr9W2fb52Iy2Rz/AMBFZkp+XGKSRfM0c8dMuCM5QfjSHSp8feT8zWyxwCaaW7YqrIPaSMQ6bcdgp+hph0+6H/LIn6EGt0GnqeKLDVSRzDxvGcMpU+4qSL71dBIoZcEA5qqbKF2yo2n2pWE533PTo/uL9BT6Yh+RfpTqRAtFJRQAUUUlAC02jNNLADJOAKAHGm1E11ABkzRge7iof7Rt2copkZh/dicj88YpgWqSqsl1Nx5dlK+T1LKoH5nP6UjyX2P3dvBn/amP/wATQBapKqv9q8otJPDDgckITj8Sf6VEigRDzNSdyec5Rc/kKYi9RWdGlg8r/wClvJIv3s3LcfgCKdPbaeU/fEbScZaVhn8c0AXHkSNCzuqr6k4qsmoQzg/Z90+Dg+WOPzOB+tMhj023AEX2dSOhyCfz61Kt9auzBJ43ZfvBWyR+VADTcXJYBLJgD1aSRRj8iabLHfyD5LiCL/tkW/XcP5U+S9hjA3lwCcD923+FBukxkK5HqRt/nigDnfGGjS3+ivJ5rSTQDeqhQAfX3/WsnwBdpcQTWMss2+M7kUTMBj2ANdXJqsbTtbNGAGXgtIMH1Hy5rzOaWbw14qaWJdqh8qGUgFT9QKA3R6m+l2MvMtukp9ZMt/PNSLZWi/dtYB9IxVWG8uZ4UkiQuGXI/c7R/wCPMKjK61LMD51rbxjsYi5P1+YY/A0wJrye20yM3HkoGPHygAmqmmeIbfUr2S1CbJUG4AtnIrnvEl/c+a0clzEREOscRXJ+hY1S8G6TPf3UupPPJCoJVWjwCT+IIqU22VJJRPRqTIzjNZw0aNzm4u7y4IOVLTbcf98YqV9KspAPNh83HTzXZ/8A0ImqIJ3uoI1ZnmjUL1JYDFVDrenbdyXSSegTnNPXStNiYOlhaqw/iESg/nirYwq/LgD2oAzhrVuyArDduT/CluzH8wMfrSSalckr5Gl3T5PO/amB+Jq81zAGwZ4wR1BcVFLe2qIWa4iAx13CgCuLzUXYqulFOPvSXCY/TNNQ60VbelgrdiGc4/QVaS8t2QFJA2f7oz/Kmtf26sql2JY4GEJ/pxQBWMOsOmDe2kR9Utmb+b/0pyWl/k+ZqjnPTbAgx+hqyby3HWVR9TiohqVmxYfaYwVOCGOP59aA1OgoqgNWtiFKiYhjhcQPyfypDq8IVm8m4IU7TiPHP40wL7EKpY9AMmuT8KA3Op6jeHqWCj8yf8K1L7V1+x3aiCZCkJJZguB27E81W8GxbNGMp6yyM35cf0p9BLc6Pn1o5oopDDn0pGkC9QTxnAFOopAUf7YtFvhZSM8dwRuCMh6euRkfrV8EEZFcxYD7T41v585WGIRj2PT+hrpsY6cUMFsOpKTPrS5oATtXm/iacz6tMR/C20fhXo0jhI2f+6Ca8svXMtxI+CdxJpDW5RbAFRMeamKSE8Ix+gqNoZAQDG+5jwNpyfwouaIjoBqyLC8PS2m/74NPGmXh/wCXWX8VNK6AiiUyMFHc4FexW8YigjjHRVA/KvMNN024XULYzRFIxIpZmIGBmvR/7TsQObqL/vqjmQmmS3032ewuJj/BGzfpXM+Boc2d5cEcyShfwAz/AFpPEPinTJdGuoLS5SWYsIioyMdyeeo47Vd8F7T4ahZerO5P13EUyEmR+M8x6PlCqyNIArKuGHB71vWMLW9pFGZHchACXbJ6evWuf8Vfv7zSrQH/AFk4JHtkD/GuoHSmCFBpab1o5+tIB1LTQaWgBaWkooAWikpaAClpKKAFooooAKWkooAWua8dT+T4WnGeZHRP1z/SukrjfiE2/T7G0H3prjp+GP60IDo9Eh+z6FYQkcpboD9cCtDFMRQiKo6KMCnUDDJHvSg5pKTFADqKbkj3pQQaAFooooAKWkooAWikooAWikooAWikooAKKKKACiikpALSUUUAFFFFABRSUUALRSUUAFFFJQAtJRRQAUlFFABSUUUgCkoooAKKSigAopKKACkNLSGgDldUO68uMf3sfyrMmB3fjWjfuBczZ/56H+dZsr+lNDZA4JwMd6CvSo5ZlVwC6gnsTTDdIGChixPTaM1QiXFKO9QNOwAIhdsntj/GjzJ9wCwjaepLf4UASN3poO16ZKshGfMVfXC5/rQIi3/LZwcdRgUAaukeNd+vyadeSK0DNshmMewg+jD9K7SSaOJN8jhR6k1wPjLwuHsRqdijGVADOMklxj731FXfAmvQX1oLGVI0vIV4YKAZF9fr61Azq01GzlXMdzE/srAn8hSfbWaXYlpcMMZ3lQq/+PEVNn979RzT6BFUzXjShVtUVD/G0nI/AD+tDQXTSKxvAqjqqRDn8yamkuIYhmSVEHX5mAqk2sWeMwu1xzjFupk/lQMkuYF8lmmu7gIvJwwX9QAf1rNtr3SNRvGtRLJLKF3COWRiCPoTisLxR4pCx/Z4opVU8HeuMmsjwvo13d3Y1R7d5Y9xx+98vJ+vUihasbSSPRI47SzTbbwICBwsajNSrJNIoIi8vI6SHkfln+dQxRTRxhI1ggQfwgFv8KjEboXE9/I5J4VFVcD8ATTJLCxz877kHnI2xgEfzqOWG3DpJPI25fus0m3+WKrwwxKzgDUH5/jkkA/DJp3lQJOjrpzs/wDz0IXI/EnNACS3WmxjLNG+fQeZ/LNTLcQqn7qCUjsFhK/zApzNc7f3MMYP+2+P5A0u647xRf8Afw//ABNMQwTzSDmylH+8yf41Bsu2lBW0to07l2y36D+tWA10XbKQhO3znP8AKmubsEEG3Cj7wbP8+1AAyXhQgXEKccERE4/8epiW9z5ZWW5VmIwXSPaf5mnu85Qj91Fno+/dj8MCoY5baRTuvFlK8MfMAGfoKAHiGCMCOSdnYD+OUgn8Af6VH/xL4AzRRRMc5IiQMx/Lmka406LMgERPcxpuP6Ampvte5cxQTP8A8B2f+hYoABcIwBEcp9AYmGPzFcZ49sjd2aXaW0yvbn5mKjBU/Q118c95Kp/0ZITnpJJk/kAR+tV7q3uZreaK5u7XyZBtw0BGB9d9A0YPgvWpbvSBaiMyTQfLkuANvb3roL66mt7OSV0iGB2lP/xNeW6W6aJ4n8m4ffCH2M0bkZB6Hg113iOe1ZUijQ4A3MX3Z/Xmk3ZDjHWxymrzG4mWFAXklfnHJNd7o8D6Vo8Ntd3UFm2PlwVDH67sjP4VxPhm0W+8QeabRpoUz8oX5Qe2c16LBakOSNNtIiv3HyCf0XiiK0FN3Y8TxbR/ps0h9VQHP5LUKzW0k7HGo5UYIKTBT+lXJPtgQmPyC3ZWLAfnz/KlAuiOWhU+wJx/KmIqym1aMiS0uJlP8LxO+fwNMjeFotyaTJgHG0xIpH5kVaRLwZ3XEB54xCR/7NSsLsL8rQOfQqV/qaYFaDzElITTTEuODlAP0NSyzXqgbLWN8nB/fYx/47Ug+1FRnyQe45P60z/TTKQfIWPHXljn6cUCEVbvbjfBH7bS/wDUUiW91g+bek88eXGq/wA91SFLnH+uh/78n/4qo447sDEtxE3PBSIjj8WNADZbEy4D3d1t77JNmfxUCnpZW6DiJWI/if5j+Z5oe2kdcfa51912f/E0C2XaA0szH1MhGfyxQBnLqsZ8pFQkEcjzEHP50yfVnhtGlW1MjKcuqseR7cY/WtjSNVe5Z7W6XyruI4ZfUeorQus/ZpNpG4jAz78UAzyzUvFaz6e0JhkSZ255yAvNX9G8ctYafFbNbI6oMBgcH8a5/wAU2MlpqzCRIk8wbwsZ4ANdroXgfTW0WF7xJHuJVDlw5G3PYDpQ7ji1a5A3xGbtZrn/AHqP+E+vHHyWCn6ZqS6+H+1i9hfAEdFlXp+I/wAKreV4u0QAIJJol/u/vBj+dKzHzIm/4TXV3Pyadx7IxoPizxCy5XTH+vktx+lSWvj6aJvLv7IgjqUOD+RrWbxdpl3YTeTOVmMbBUcYJOOnpSsF3bQ5ew1nWzJcXGn6axaZv3jpEzZP+TV/+1fGL9LCUf8AbDFdD4UiEOhRA4DOzOw9CSa3aLBdnAfafGsg4tpR/wABA/rR5fjZ8/JIvp86D+td/RRYOZnnVzaeMUgLzSsqDr+9WskRa9jH2gj/AIGK9G12TbZBc/eauTY+lHKhKTMUw62TzeH/AL+Gqk1lqy3CyiUyMRt3CQ5H510LZpjUcqHzMxWstSP/AC8lv+BmoHsr7+OR/wACTW+KWjkQ+ZmZo+hy6rfratdGMEEltucY/GuoHw7j/i1N/wAIR/jVjwvAp1GaYKAVjxn6n/61ddRyoHJnhmvaY+larNaNn5G4YjG4djXq/g+0Fn4YsV+bc8YkbJJ5bn8OteceMZWu/Fl0q84YRr+AAr120hFvaQwjpGgUfgKYk3y6nP33+k+OLGLqII9xH4E/1FdRXK6bi58b6hP1EMfl/jwP6GuqoEthaKSloAWk5oooAXdS0lGPSgB1FN5pc0ALS02loAWikooGLRSUtAgrjPFWLnxXoNp1xIHI/wCBD+imuzrirj/SvijbL1Fvb5/8dP8A8VQB2tFJRQMWiikoAWjrRRQAcjvRn1oooAXNFJgUfjQAtFJk0mfY0AOopNwqNJlkb926Ovcq2cGgCWikooAWikopALSUZB6UUAFFFGaACiikoAWikooAWikopAFFFJTAWkoppdQu4kAeppAOpKrPqFnG4RrmIOxwFDgn8qQ39r5gjEwZyMhFBY4+goAs1QvNZ0+wuY7a6uRFLL9wMrYPOOuMdamNzJvAS0mdT1b5Vx+BIP6VzPjPS7vV9N3xWpV7YGRWMgyfUYGf59qBo67NGa5fwrqtxruhrm7Ec8P7uQrHlvY5JI5HtW6LWXdlr64cYxg7B+PCigRaqNriFc7po1x6sBWFcjyvEdnahneKVS7rIxfnnpnOOnarumXdvcXF5BDapD9mk2kqB83J54HtQMti/tndkjk8xl6iNS+PyBpDczeYAtnKUI+8WUfpnNT+Yu7YXG49FzzS0CKzvfFkCQwKpPzMZCSPwwM/nSGG6dm33QVSMDyotpH4kn+VWqiknhi/1kqJ/vMBQBx9xbDzXDzSSfOeWbk8+2KpS2cQYkbgT/tnH5Hipp9RtOX85CNxGQc5NYx1RhfTKqSOrPjG05x7U0Nl3ylVvuLkdwKcagNzcMzbbYjjgs1RFZ3bLMwyOUBAH9TVCLXanZAHPaqkVqysWMjZPox/xp62cQYuxdyf77k0gCW4hAI8wEjspyRUa3sIYKN7E9MRt/hT3hhiy22ME98CkWaPBPO0dzwP1pgd015ctbqLfTpZCQAfNZUXH6n9K898R6Jd+G9Qi1WzxFGz5Hlknym9OnSvQrfUN8IO6DAAwVcuce4A/rUV1HFq1q8UsjyW0ilWQWzAfXnnNQNFfw9qH9u6UlwL+bzQNkqqqAqfyNacenRiHy5prifPUyTN/QivLdl34N11d5mNs7Z4JTzE/wARXpcExu4YZ7eMSwSruD/am6fTFAE4s9PtiGFvArAcMUG4/j1rH1zxBFZWbpErxv33LtwPpU+oXP8AZcDNFNbxOORHsLk/U5BxXmt5c3eu6mYUkV9z45O0Ek/Wl5DStqyTT7G58S6sD8/kq/zYUnA9fT9a9UjsfJt0gineJEAAEYUDA+oNZml6G2m6aLWB5IyRlmDqMn1+6T+taC2DmMLLcOxxgkO/P/j1UTe7uywYEA+Z3I75c1GJbG0UoJIIRnJG4CoIdIt4s5LOPRgD+uM/rUh0qw3iQ2cJcdGKAmgBJdXs4gD5vmAnGY1L4/LNN/te3ZiseXI9Co/mRVwIi/dUD6Cl6dKAOevPEU0V1bQRWhV5HwVlI5HttJp2naxf6hNcqtuqrFJsO3kj8yvpUmtQvLqOmbf+ep6/n/IGqWhM8E2tNtPySkjI4JG40AzWlWTIllkuwVH3I1AB/LP86Vra2uIx5lnLKp7SnP6MamhvN2mpdyDGYvMYL9M1HBqlvcX0lom/zEQOcjjBx/jTENEUCyBRpO3jhtkeP51L5TgZS3t1x05/+tVmikBXT7WyAyPEjdwqlgPxyP5Uiwz7mL3TFSflCoox/OrBpKAOS14uNVgiM0uwMhx5hHUn0+ldQsMaHKoN3r1P51zut27P4gsc/wCqkIB9eD/9erGpa3cWMSOIky1yYvmzyvrQN7nN/ETStrQ6nEv+xIR+hrl21V57AI7s0x+XJPOK9L8W7JPDl4hIJCZxnmvN/CmnLqGsx+YQIYv3jk+gotcd7K56T4U0saZosSsMSyfO/wBa3arLeWu0bJ42HYKwP8qQ3sayBNk3PfyWx+eKZCRZoqtJf28aFnkwBycg1Emr2Dru+0ogIyDJ8n88UDLtFUxqtgQSt5A2P7sgNMfVrVV3biV9QR/U0AXqKz/7YtMqCZBnvsOBSrqkDy+WiyN6ELxQBeoqv50pHyW7A/7bAD9M/wAqYhvGB3+REc9Bl/8ACgCyaQ1SlDiVTJflR/cRVGfzyaD9lP8ArBK4PXzFcj9eKBFzVNLN1tubZvLvIuUb+97GqlvrQuk+x3KeTeKcMjd/cVaGsIb2G3iCziUE742yFx61Q8TQ2bwrczyNA8QysqD5ge38qYbHC+Im/tDxg0CnIMixD9BXrsShIlQdFAArxXQriM+Kbae4dnUS7i2Mkn1/OvaYpUljV43DKRkEHINNsaVoklGKaTgE+lUotWtZoY5QzBZJPLTK9TSET3Nja3i7bm3imH+2gJ/OuP8AFHhrTLLTWuraJ4pNwUKr5X8jXcZrm/FJ86bTbMf8tZwSPbI/+vQhNGGvhDWbKNZrC+BYjJUMYz/hTv7c8T6QQL22aWMdWdOP++hxXergKB6UvHpSKuzk7Tx7Zvxd28kJ7lfmFb1prmm3uBBeRMx/hJwfyNMvNB0u+yZ7OIsf4lG0/mK46TwnFc67dWllcNDHBGrZcbvmPagL9zovEMwZ44wegzxXPtjdis26s9Y0uZolmE6occHP6GoBrMkT4urYqfbj+dFwSRrmmHkH2qtFqtpNjEuwns4xVjcGTchDL6qcincLDVzS85FA4FKBQB1HhZMQ3EmOrhfyH/166AuFUsegGTWT4cj2aSp/vsx/XH9Kk8QX39naJcz+W7nYVGwZwSMZPtSBnllkDqXjKEnnzboMfpuz/IV7PkAc1494KeI+K7cytzltoxnLYOK9ZvpRBp9xL02xsf0pdRvSJg+EwJrrVLvvJNtz64yf610xcL1I+lcZo882n+F0uozEPNuDvL9dpOMjkc8VBqutSm304ozrMzeY/wA+zIzgAke1MDvM8UtYq67aw+XG5d3Yop2gcFhkVrM+1M47gfmaAJKWm0UCHUtNpaAFpabmjNAC8Uc+tGaKBlaW/hhvobN2PnTAlAB2HWplnjeVoldWkT7yhuV+tZL27y+LY5jjy4bX17sT/gaZowZtX1iYgjMwQZHoDQI3N2BzVK51e2s7qG3ud8bzEiP5dwP5Zx+NXTgjB5Fc5fAS+NNOjAGIomc8fX/61AHSZrhtPu4Y/HOs6hcvsihXyt2CeSQo/wDQa7QzIJvKz823fj2rzXTxLeT3iKC73F9Fux2XLn/P0oDqenggjI70Ug4FGaQxaKhS4SS1W4XOxk3jI7dah02/TUbGO7RGRXzgN14JH9KYF2im0tAC0UlFAC0UmaoXOsWVnqNvYXEhSe5/1QKnDe2emaQGhRSZozQBjeI7qe3gs0t5WjkmuVTKnnHP/wBasUyY+JDBFXLKEY98BAf6Vv6pEk+o6UrrnbO0n/fKE/z21haXGLnx7qE+f9Ru/PG3/GgZ2OT3pc0mazbF1SfUZXmUA3Bwd3AAVRQI1KSs5tRjEzyCdXt1iBzGN/zZPPGewrL8La22oWMgneaWdJCT+6PCnoM4x60DMayvZ/t8fkyun2nVGDbTjco28H8Grvq4yyjE9zpcsdpIWEt3Oo3KoYb+O/uorqWmuvL3Jajd/daXB/QGgC1SZrPuWvmntdiwoglJfErHI2sMY2j1z+FZutNfnVNJhhuTGrzEuY0I4GOvPPegCfxL4h/4R20huWtxPG8mxgJNpHGcjg56Vr29xFdW0VxCweKVQ6MO4PSud1qzGsrLoM08rSNB5yzFUADA4HGP61g+AbseZcaDqG8XVoxMSmVgMZwy4zg4Pt3oA9Alnihx5kiruOFDHGTUM99brExWdMggHawJHI7CpUggRspFGrHuFGTVXU7lLSGElGIkuYkO0DjLA5PtxSET/bFKK0ccsgbptQj+eKcZZiwC2xwepdwMflmoxqFmdwW5iYocMFcHFZOq+LdP0yEOG85iM7RkcfiKLjSbNnF0XzvhRccDaWP55H8qPIkLFjcy8j7qhQB+mf1rN0/xDbahpcd9DHIwfgxrgspzgjtnFXJLyYRkw2U0jdlJC5/HNAiQWcWGDPM4brvmYj8s4qM2Nom3NrCyLjG5AduPrSPLqBK+XaxAd98n+FIy6k0gKzWyJ3Uxkn+dAFzgJgfdA4AoDZUE96pG1vWYltQwpPKrCPyBNMXSwJd5vb0/7Pnnb+VAGhmoJbu2ibZLPErEZwzgHFVv7IszL5jIzt33OTn6jvWRc6zpGnX0kJsJDNESu4Rg/kSfpQM5eDULbwx44l8iZX066PzbOQuef0P6Gu9OqZUmGxvZSOg8kpn/AL6xXFeLtWsdd0gxJbXC3ER3xMyjA9R17ipPD/j2IaTFDdwyPcQrsZww+YDofrQBuztczeJbO4WxlVlt2PlyOgx26gn+9+lZtnfX2lnVLh7SNTJclTmX7rcnjjn7wqN/GlodTW6WCVtsRi2AjuQc/pXMa/4g+0tKIQ8bTSFhG38OcD+lJspLuTafeahq3iq3S3m/eJIXaRRwPUn27V6JNBNbRK73kzgyKpGTk7mA6gjpmvN/D895pBEscGHYMC4KhiDjg5B449K228RanK5LodvGFEmBwc9sU7CerOhhSGTXZ9NLXBWJBLn7Q3JOOMenNaS6ZYwowW3Xk7znJyfWvPoJnivpbto5pHkGPmuGyPx6/rVttR3DnTkYgYy9xI382oAuSS2yLgyRLjqMgYrBe4g/tR2UtJ85b92pbjA9PfNPZljIcWVqm3ueKaLmXcZFRGyc/Lk+np9KAJ/tMrFttrKPTcVH9ahkubsGICKJfMPdicfpSi4unGREgz/eyKaz3eMkQjb04JxTuInZJmXablUY9NqjP61I1tvj2vPKfoQP5AVUAlZw7y8gcbVxipcjduYueMY3cflTuIbJb2yKBIS7DoZHJP604G1QglY/qFFObymHCKD64qRAM0Ad9DMTbR7IZGGwdsdvfFOR7iRQ3lLFns7ZI/Lj9adbc20R/wBgfyqSpAwfEHh465YSRSzqZl+aAhNu0+h65BrivDGutoN7LpeqeakO4gDcf3b/AIdjXqRNef8AxG0uEQw6lGhExby3I6Eds0DRj+I9Ya9uzDbqAW+UbfT0rsPCPhxdJsxcTqDdyjJyPuD0rnfBWhwrjVr4rgf6lD1PvivQRdRsm5FkYEZ4jP8AhQlYTd2WKSoBOzDIt5fodo/rTVlnJbdbYGeMODQBYZgoLE4AGSapnVtPHW9t/wDv6KjvDdtFJtVEj8ts5bnOPpXA/Z2MhO5Quem3/wCvQB3x1rTR/wAv0H4ODTDr2mDreR/rXCm1yOGA/wCA0htjt6rn3SmB1N/runPdWTrchlikLOQp4G0j0qK313TUk1DzJ/lml3L8h+YbQPT1Brm1t+PmYZ9VUCkFud2fNJX02igZ08PiPS002OBpG3CIKy7D1xzWVp+tW1vrd1eTs2yRNqhV7cY/QVnG1jbBJbj/AGiKcIYwchB+PNAjpf8AhM9Mx8qzt9FH+NMPjOy3YW1u299gx/OufVFGcKBn2pcCgDZm8Ytg+RYMfTe+P5Coj4suGXH2YK2Ow6Vl45pMUAS3OsXF1PbSPHKxhO7qBnp6DjpUF7ffbFRTaTDbJ5nzTlh9OacRScUAUNUuy0V7ObGIecm3kZKe4NZvhfUprC4m8qCKUsBkSLnFampLnTpv92sHQMG7kBODt4oDoeh2niooAl1bgD1jGAPwP+Nbdtq9ndKPKmBY9EPBNcKx20kRaOVZo2KOpypFAHoMgJQlup4ApN22LyvvHpg/1qpZagL60jdgFfOGA6ZqynN7JwfujB7UxCJbm1JePLk/eB6/gf6U952aPMPLHjnjH1p08ywxM57Vy03jHSIXLLNJvBw42cNQNI6NrKJ4GRwXYjJZjk59R6UsG2a3CyqrEDDAjINc3J8QNJA/dpO591A/rWa/xAijOYbMk4wdz9aVw5Ttjb+XzAxj/wBnqp/Dt+FVraV57iaMgoyHD4Oc/SuN/wCFizHObOPHbBNVo/Gl0k0kyRRFWOQpOCv40XHynpKoqDCqB6+9Ka5nRPGVrqsq280Zt7huAN25W+hrpc0yDgrPSWuL+eO1muLIQjkyAtz9V6Cq2u2upIird3ouIicKyS7gce1VobsrvDSyhiezmoJ5IpELBtzk8nOTRcdmP0SWz03Uo7q6SSRUBwFbHJ4rtIdd0TyGOn3DWdxjgOMKT/tDpXCxRpIhDN07E8U/yImH8OPVT1ouM9Pt9Vnl0qSaeOKQBW+aCQEEeuKrRrCJNKt45AjRZdkcYJ6Z6/U15yiNE58i5eI/j/MU97q6YDzRHcqDySP/ANVHMFkeu3t79kijZVDs8ioBn171gz3EWo+LbExuGjhiL57d/wD61eetqFvzvSWJuwVsj8jSQ6rmRmFwPmXZgkjj0oTFbU9mWb96+XTZgAYPfvUEF+Zr+6hO0Rw7QrZ5JIya8sFznhgeVwSDnirsOoi2VwTEQ+M+bHnNFx2PTY7y3lLhJVJRtrc9DWLocqPe6reO6jfPtGT2Uf8A165GLWoYt+YrZw53HKEEk1NZavpthpLCQB7iQ7SFj9Se/oKLisaF1cJPdSlXDEHnB6VUYK3BAK+hGaoF7RJgFCiR/m4XJIoMlunDgDceF296LhYdLptpL/yz2H1Q4qm2lSQndbXRU54zx+oq0JrdWYMRvI4+U1HNcQIrSD5io5Cr1o0GZ5u9SjvdrDzDF97jIIPv3q/HrkXSaFkP+yc/oaRJrRWQfKJHxjC81NLJb7tkiglyBtIzzSGddo3inRxZw27XHlOq4PmKQM/Wm+L9YtT4clS3uYpGmZVARgcjOT/KsOTT9CuJXiW1mjdUyCjBS34E4rntcsI9NEYglmZZFJKygcfkTQJ2Zu/D1oIbm8uZ3RCwVEJ7k5Jx+Qrr9d1GB9BvPJlDkAIcdiTXmmi3esabp/2izgL27MSxC5wRxn1FT6j4xkvbI2skaxh2DMV56UA1c7yzt9Pk0Cws73JIjWbaA3fJ7fU1n3f2O58S2UcTxi3toh8pQsOO2OvpVSy8aadMsaKsitHGAN+BkgD36U7TbvzdYnuzb3DB0CqUTO0Y9c+wouFtTahhtI9be+N4GgOcRMhwrHHtgdK0bnVrNTEvmnLSAHCnjvz+VZh1IqAGs7kFn+bCDA5+tUbnVVa6SRra42wliCydcDGetFwOpGp2mAfOXB6HnmornXdOtVUy3AG5wgABPJrNTVlKR4hmIbknA+XjtzUEWtxubiS4s5444W6uBlwB159+eM0AdB/alnt3eeu09+1L/aVqHCb23HoNjZP6Vhw6zG9tFIkMsiyAEfd4H0z6VI+rqCqC3uC54D/Lx7k59BQBrjU7UvtDuW9BExP8qZcavbW0TO6zfKM48lh/MCsmPV189oxaXG8AHO0fn19qr6xqLyabJH9nlQFcM7rjJyP8KALEnjbTkKjybkljjhB/jSnxpY44guP++R/jXCi7Co8ksUiBCeMZyKlEysAyhmDDOcUrjsdXF4stUvri4aCYrIqKoA5AGev50W3i23gWbNtMxeVn49CeP0rk/NByoR/l56daRJ1dcrG/PB68fpSuFjsj41h7WUp/4EKyl8SR/wDCRy6j9mdsQ+WI93Tpzn/PWsRpQvBQ4HOQf/rVXjuY97sACWPI3HI/Si47HXTeMslymnsGdNu4yDgc+3vXN6LdPYXkd2qNIEYkpvwCcEfpk1h3WtNmSLyCmOAc84pYbhr7TZLSIuJiCc44I9M0xHoJ8aXOONPTHqZf/rVKnjTPD2RBP92TP9K860jU3ZPsUwJmjyASccVqjzTg5Rfbr/hTA7J/Fls9q0H2SYbkKcMPTFRRa3ZQ+G2sYvMScQsigr1Y98j3NcqBLj/WDI77aXDZyZWA9ABTEd/pesadFpttC95GHSJVbcSOcc9a1obmG4j8yGVJE/vKcivK9gwAWc477sfypINQjs78RxTbZ2GdpO4H6g8Uhnqhu4A+wSqz/wB1Tk/kKYLiRmUi2mweudox9cmub03xfZjZDeKkLAYVohlfyHSttNZtprZ57dZ5lVtvyQtyfyoCxbaS5ydsMeMcFpD1/I1xnxC05pdKi1TfHHeWrDbszkjPY+x56UviHW9QXUTbwNLDEqKWC/KckevBrnHeeX5pAzFzhvMf/OaLhYtab4p1q/tPN/tMhh8rARJwfyqS81/XLe0eUapIWXH/ACzTnn6VyeBo+seUW/0acdecD9e1amohTaRxmVW3Oowvf9TQAja7q2oXkJmu5iQ20EOVwD16VZtWlNxcSR3VwjFsMySsC3J64PNZlrBarcrmYqwOQMgYNWUkhtrWaaaR1Ac87iCaT0Grs0HuHtyHkvZFZiFyznk9qlWS4iJKXcyZOSVbGT+FcpCW1i88yacRW6H5VZ+T9K29+nICrzxOM5AZgcUK4MvNqUvzbtVnyOuZz/jVZZVjH7ma4w5/5Zg8/XFNW/tFQ+W0S46AsFpwv4iBtlgz3/eUCFAIZVVZyB0I4A/Ol2ytndG3HTMlMOowZyLqADvzSf2jb5ybuHHYY/8Ar0wHRPdRAlAqNntIf8KnGoasHVxdksn3CXbjPWqP2iIkp9qJcnooyf5U/cGOwrM3foV/woC5pR6xq8V39pFxG0xXYXKZ+Xr3/CsTW7u8g1aHWllVboEB2iG3JHf8Rwatkhl/492PoHx/jTLi3+02rRmCMFlx97kfpQFzsdF1vSNYMb3MrrcEfKJpiy/hngH8K0Lu301b+yMDxiY3Q3sHBK4R275x0FeUaTLLa3cunu6qQ2Vyuc/56111pq93b3NmJbiSWCFmKoAuVypHBIPr0pMe52GoalbabZyStdtMxJ2jeBz/AMBxwK8zWK88Wam4gP8AoluN8kksm0Y/3jnn0pNXvLvxDrX2Wy82Te21goyB+Qr0bSPD9ho9gkUFgLiXA3ySoMse/wB7p9KS7g3ZWLunyWGn6Vbxwr5MKqAF3ByPqVJH45q0+p2caFnmwB/sn/CmGBVQLFYW4A42thRj8AalxPkAJCE7jJP9KZI2XUIYkDFJ2zwNsDn+nH40jXVx5m1LKUjH32dQP55/SpALks2TEF7fKT/UUgW5y26WLGeMRnp/31QBG0t/5oVba38s/wARnOR+Gz+tZGp61Np915TypnbkIkJPX1JYfyraVLkbt86NknGI8YH51wviJXOtziSZn27QOMYGAccfWgaHzeINSkmLR3UkY7DavT34rJmV7i7eeeeWSRx8x3Y/limCNQSctz6sapXcj20p8pUcEZO/Jx+tLqMvGCBX3NknGPmcn+ZrnGaPS9b3rhoHPIx0z1p/9tzpu2QwLzzhTz+tU9Q1Oa+h2SpH8pyCo5qhHTXN0lvbvK67VAyORz+VYmmW81/ffbZVxGD1P9KynvLi7gjgYlkiHYfzrQh1W5hSOGPYqgYHy0kuo29LHTGNiQfOcAdQAOf0p3lIcbtxx0+Y1zJ1u8JwGX/vmpRql4beSTzQChAA2jmnYk6IxIwwSw+jEUGFGUq24g/7Rrl/7ZvtoPndf9kUn9sXxUnzz/3yKLAdUI0UYCqPwpwwOlctHf38iGRp2WMdTgfpS3d5dxiErPJh03cGgDqailI281yf22+bpNMf+BGnwT3ks6I80u1jg5aiwHT8Cms6r1IFYMdxcws+5fOh3EfvDn9av215asu2LarDnB/zzQBcW4icZRg30p8U7j/lkwHuRVaO480AqDg9CVNSs7ou7bu9cHmgD0LS7uW60+GRIUUbQOZPT6CrW25MhLSxhMfdCZP55/pXBaZq01jJugbKN95D0P8A9eu2s5ob+ATRzO4PUbsbT6HFJoCZ7ZZE2yTSsD6Nt/liuS+IMccOhRBEUZlAJA5PFdRcQQYUOHIJ/vt/jXHePYp4dGhzKzQmbhJDll49e9IaOj8OyRR+HrHLIpMI7gVoteW6/enjGfVgKyfDk1vH4bs2LImIQWJ4/Gkm8S6XHKV+2xFicZGWAH4U7iSZtedGU3h1KHowPFM+0Kfuq7fRTXHzeLNFtrndAk7N/E8aBcn1weP0pw+IVkoIeGVsdOgJoHZnT3VyRA48iY5U9FB7fWuDjnRt3zAckYJwR9a2h440W7i+eWeBscbkOQfwzWW1naeIri6dZ4VuZNpjZWwOnPHccUIOhXa6gQ4Mq59M0z7bAWwrg/RhWFq2jXWlXTQTbWO3cGQ5BHr7VV08H7WFYdVYc/SmI6M6lahtrShfc9KU6lZjrcR/ga525yqoQRygyDVHzjjGFP4UDsdadVsv+e6/kaBqloRkS5H+6a5JZnVsrgfhSvcyuQWcnHvSCx1n9qWwGd5x/umozrNoP4m/74Ncm0jY5NMErAYDHHpmgLHWjWrUnG5h9RRLrMEQDNHLtPRgvB+hrloTuLfQ1agZrMbmY/N/yyPIb6imI3V1dJOVhkwemcVB/b8H/POTPfpWfFOJbkSH5SRyvYfSs4r+8bnvRYDautbimtpIxE+WXGcisrS7jyLvOM7hgc1CYyc8j8abbZhuY3IGA2etGg+h0yX3nTLEy7W7jParua5adi10ZEkzk5BB6VrWGprcLslIWQfk1MR0WmXgglaJ2Ijl4JH8J7GuptJme6bdwSgB47ivPpLuCPh5UH1NaFp4vsLSziMjyyXCNgiNOq+5NAWZ20370yZ+6in868Vvxtvp144kPT613Q+IOngMv2O4IYnJ+Uf1rg76SKa7lkhJEbMSAw5FIroV80maTHq36UFB/fP5UCF3DFJ5nYGm7B/fP5UoiTPLsPwpAamhnOsWnzlf3g5HavXxM5byT98Dlvb1rxWCZbSZJIWbehBDHsa0pvFesNIGF4yFTkbAB/TmmhW1uNTUVjb7mwnruWg3STP8rr+AxUxhWRsE8N0JHBqhNbKtyVCZUdxxTA0hJJDE2+Feem4HnNWFeQRxgbRnoAvAqoLZMRhrqdUxjAbdj8DTvLuhKvkXMNyqjIOMYoA0leTerMEbbzjbinTq8y+aiLsJ5XAyp9KoLd3UY/e2bHHeNs0ia1HCzthlOMFHU4agCO7iRztYHjrgdKiisbdhlRIxHqABUpu47ve8Y2jP3c5qzariHp1OaAFi8y3X9wiRkDrkk1EZZ1LNJhiR1bnFWsVFMM7V9TSsFwW7tJYiksDIcffQZBP6U5LiHCpCZM9BuYKKYqjywAOpoaKIHLKMd6LBctgXTtgSQhgOCgycfWgyGB0HlgHOSQ2S2PXNVY7RN5khumDdsHpTs3Qm+8JmVcfN70AWxqykhjaseOGyKU6kz/6u3Gf9pqom7Q26pPbsg/vL/wDX/wAalie3b7k4Hs4x/wDWouMnL3FyfnkCD/YGP1p0MklpdweSVBVt/I6ketSQRttyMMPVTkVGvzXrnH3VAoEb/wDwk+qZzug3Yxnyuf51ynijVbnUbtPtMgZo12jAwOea1OO9crqLmbUJAD/FgUwOv0rV7+z0OK1hkQRBD8pQHOcn+tcnfw4vG3KFLnovTmukAEduq+gArGuSrXuD2P8AKkHUu6Za2CbIruA7TyZ0chl/DBBFX9MsbiRGlstWS3lDkLG7lSR+H+FZ3mAJwrHj0pkPmMp+6OfrQB1X9seJ9LVjcRrcQp1cYbH4jp+NRaV44tIrlI9QWYyLGVL4BBy2T/SufleQWzRmZ9h/g3cflWdd2QnUyISJVxyT1xQO/c9O0fxRaz38tq9whhOWgkPy/L/dOe4roRe28kY2yCRWGQFBbI+gry7wha2Grx3CTzfZb6HBTDYDe+D/AEq2Uv4NRMNlfi3mGRsMuI29welGoOx6Qs6gBUjkAHAAjIFc34i8RnSb+2kaOXy41Zmj3AbieB61jv4j8RaWqrfRRvGR/rFxz/wIZH6Vzd3rEPiDxJHJqBddPRvmVecgdvpQFj0CTXJr7R7fVrCHZjlo5GwzDoVH86n1G8i1Dw/LcBoWj8veo3nIanWXiHTZo44bN4ioUhY1OOB2xisHWDJphmEVtImn3Y3FCF+VhycDNAmhZPBv9o2WI9W2rIg4ChhnvyMcVxESX9hqMukyu4khJCqMcgcnk+3NdFPqsUjrs01bcsuQ8B2E/iv+Fcxqoa7/ANIV5GmiyGLHJPPrimGzLrR3zW81zFOfKjxuJYZ9On40Wki3MTW7nbK3Ak3H73bPselVrLUWmtI4/NACHLKV75z+I6VJszNuLor9yoxS6DIbgTQXvk7mDKApolef7QEgZlJHRTireIrqTMk375eFcgDI9/8AGsu6uyJPJtHYyE4aXPH+felcLDrlQXKvIZJkHzndnHtTDJJCQI3ZeOcHFSfZIraMDzDJK4+Zh0qytrayW+/dJv6YHQ0dQMqSOYl7yNjuQgs2efrV211m5KjLK+OoYUBVaBo0RjubkkY/Cs4+Zp8+7aNjdjyKoRvw6sJBtk3gnugHFWI72Ob7kzZ6bXIH9KxYmMgLRqqkqeR3qKZ/saj5s3DfdX+77mkNGrqV8tp+6jZpJ2GANx+XPrzTNOsVVftFyTLK3bqB9T61mQxOF+0SZMjHOTWjBqG0KrwKwHTFFguaoZFAw0YVe5OSKvWep3dkxNtdyqG7IuV/EYIrLj1KD7qqVPoRirSyswBXYQe+6gCW8vZ767a4kM5kbAIwMcADv9Kq3HnPHIGXK4yuQKsZlIPKD070nlvI21pPlIIIApAcvfQtIg+VQR0x3qLTT5twiltpU5zn0FbjQQCVlaIuA2ANxrN1S3j0vU4poxiKQcqO3Y0wL8+neVG09xOhWNhl1cHPyg4x17jn61i3V3JfScZWBThVq1dXc+vX3dIM5PGM1ehgjjjCIoG3t6//AF6SV9WN6bGfYxKZFyuVG44z7VX25VjjgGt3KiOQj+6e1RIVWLLHGKoky4YGmRm4AU8sTwKsW5Q3EaRx5jBJJI5birWTKck4QdBVp44IIJJFCmTBIDHrQBgunzdqaoJIXrk1tRi3aSPzEj2t1IHTrTbuK2hkVo1UgsMYNFwsU7yNnvH8sgMMfJnkcCli1C9t2CMxPtIM0t0ivKz+aFYnv/jUStMCEZsr65yKALc2qOzqrFkKt823oRWjbz2s3Kzszf7TEH8uK5+VCZ5GHI3HkHNOCgRMCDnPTFAF3W7Tyyl9DnerfNzn6Gm3OsIbONLRQJ5Rhto5WqUlxPHbvFvYowwVPIpNKVbd1upE39l56Umhp2Og0SzfS9lyrFbrrvHVfavS/D+rzanDIs8ah4sZdejZz27dK82hv1m4VD0yOQa6/wALh3srhxFI+XHyxzbc4HqCPWhgdnmisp1u0GbVyFU/NvlLj36qT+tSSxXgA3mGZScEEHP4DOD+lIRe8+Lds8xN3puGafms5k3qyFoCpGBH5GGB/Okis5ZEDtOUDAECNQpH40AX3kSNSzuqqOpY4Fee67NHJrd0VdSNwGQf9kV2Ys5I3ZhcvIR03hcj/gQFeeaxsbVrkPK5HmMpZ2AP5jFIaGmQZx1+lZN9My7sMcbyM8cDAqybrToR5byRcjHrTLe4t2aXbLEQWOBvGcUIbRitbPgZjcbhkfL1Fan9jWb+GGvTMIruPeShYkuBjHGOPrmqon1AxuVaU/MAML9far2qk/2Imc7ti7s9c45zVakmBp0b7GkjJ+X7wHce/tV17QNKJYhhRyy56fT2qPTJNumzL03NgEfyrRgZRIrHHHODTAzVsH+87KMc4Bqy1ti0lXA+dwRz0q0WVyT3PUf4VE7/ALoR5zhxzQBAunfIokIAGSByc01LZI1Kyj7xyBzk1p3U6qyqmC20YHp9aqmMMCztlz39KAKzq8jKrBePuqoOBU91BJsjCwk4QL7AVes3ynzH5S2Kr65FNuWWMMI1X5ipx3pAZZilzgjAHvTrdRDcxyFhhTk4OaqeaaQzPjg4qbsqyNC6uIZlKs7IASVCdPxFUPMQrtDHIPUjFQknrmo93NUhGzaX1xboBkSRjgAn+RrYhvo5sKSFfrtPBrlbdyJAvqavvHJJHwCWAwB+NMR0K43kfjXReFnZLubqy+Xk4+orj7a01qGLzTZTyQhdxJU9Ouc11Pg+b7VNLIoZY9mGJHfI4pMDrY386439UVfl/wAa5v4hEDw5zjPmriti51C00+48yW4ijRwAQzAZP+Ncv48v7a+0iOK1u4JSHDEJIDUlJM4ia5leGFG3qqoMKScfXBqPexGQcfjVjUEhjtLR4nDF4gHAPKtVAZ29QPqaAHPKVGTVYyFmzT2AY4Z+PYU3ZHtPzNn6U0AB8iuh0O5gazktXjPn7w8cwOGTGc4Nc6hVGztz7Gp4rqSBy8OEPtTEdeNbNvqG69ljunEXklZI/vLnPPY1lSJZXN48tl+7A+YRYJA+hNYk17LM+92yx6nHNR+Y/wDeP50h2NSSBrgfeA2gjJrJ2sCcKTjvilEjqwIYg+tK88rn5nJ/GgBNjD7wx9aCOPvCk3Emg+1AhdoI5fH0FJtjzgs2PWkpjHnmgZbS5S3XEI3HuWFRm8kJO7Bz61B2pp4GcZoETG4k3ZDEfSm+Y+chj+dMpaBiszM3zEk+pptHIHOKO1AATxUe45yMgipD0qNqYh5d25Y5ozx0qME4p4IOKQDhSd6dgDk8ZpDQMaeO9HNKVBPHBpMds0AHam5oK/WgehFAg696O3IpD19KRSc4BoA1J7ZRHhY2Vj3JqG3Qs6o+Tj0OK1JmukRiZgyqMcmqllKI5d5cqQOoXNUIsLbRTNsEbLnuDmi30xEWRJJC3PG04q5FdSk7heRgn1QA1Vj1SbzZFDAtuzygOfelcLE66TBt4L/99GqF3YRRxqRvyzd2zxWuLi4Ee7z4wcfd2CqF9PJLIokdW2jjaoH8qGwKaD7N9xT83XNbFuXaFSWI46HtWY8jTSoGxkAAALircNzcxSGMeWcc5KZ/pQBeyR2qInM/0Heqs2r3lvOokSDy24B8oVLDfTv5jpDC2/1Xp9KLgSbgkm09uRRMVdcbuvtWSJ7p5MbQWz1xV6FpGyJkZV/vBMgfrRewD1tYsZ8w02OdUuDEsxD9s96kZolPlpKrOBu5bHFU7qxkMSyqoR1G4MT972pXuMtmU5WORgecg4qZFtmXDbST6A1n286zpuCqJOgA7VoRTsu0KgcgcFASB9aAHi1gzmOSVGHop/wqKOe7jZ3iJkBPO5c5x9amNzOQxSEEYO7JxiqEV1c3UqW1oANh+eTqKALU1/NPayRvbMm4Eb0JGP51gWZH2xEkbaA3JNdDdtcxI4kKKpGFxyTXOSROZGcEBkGTz1oA6h7q1MG4S7uPulufyrJSbfdq4QgFugFJELee2R1IDEYI3cg/SktxPg+UXwDjANFwZpvI21ht/WovPEKoHdF3HABPWqEuoSQLtcBpD0U9fxos2hErTX8Ukshxtw2AtFwsaMrkhRnILemKECgHc+7ntzR5li8qtsJQZyvmYJ/MVZSW12hksbhhjqHyP5UXCxcs9Aubmy/tjTVdL23kLDOCHAA4x3PWuj0u/tPFWnFbqG2SWM4kiVtrIfUcZ/Wsiw8Uy6darbx2cgRWJ69c+pxXPavq0kGp/wBpabG9lJKpWVVOQ+ep/Gne4WL+oy3t7fjQNOuWuFc4zn7qj1bGcCug8MeHlGjywzQ2rqZGXzHi3nI44IIwK53wzqf9hwXFxJZPLdzg5lb+FfStzTPGD2NhHb/YHcrklgepPNK4WNNvAlhKxdLp4yRgCMcA/iT/ADrnda0zVNGkMa3LzW5zsDjPGOeOfzrZbx0WPOmPn1zzVG78VG5uYZvsk8bwhgo3HHIxz3ov3Cz7nLC/uYZPlO3JyU28U2Obar8kk54zW9qOvC9hTzbUEKcOTtyR7cZB/Gs24k018mG0miJYcF8gDuB70egamFNG2nXCTIQYn6gGtSGSKQBsKVAzuPTFNuIrKRWHkXYTHUkHn8hWLG9zND9mDt5CnpRcC7PctdsbazX5P43xy3+Aq1ZwLbJtR4sseSw5qskyW8IQQqhAwSOrVNFIkm3BIb3FAElzdK8qgFBtGDt6VeFxD5GxZgoA6ZrIJDTFFBYZ4wOTVwWTeSZFBXn5Q/U/SkA4oiKAJAc5J5qtd2azAASJjHHNTCBndRscZGOBnmkkimiBTZLgZ6p3p3AyIbuSyMkW3e44Q54U+tWLe32Hz5pAZG55GcVHYx+dfTF42JAP3exrUhtFmOCJEAPLHgD8aYCKkbRgSSAemAeT+VWBbW8KR+YsyyMMgsMA89elRtbhXCCGR1/hPc/pVuGxczQRGGVGlI27iAPrRcLG3HoWhPZx3KtfyeYcDGzk5x06inLpWh20aNPBqsMzAYjYgEn0HAzWtdXmq2xhgRrWaRnyVU9RjGSeAOvX2qKT7bIlxPeCze5+aONS+7CY7Dtn35ouFjm2uo1yAkhwcDAB/rTDfeWxxEx9M8ZpVUqdoC+YDhsdB/8AXpJIpXQDYpwSRg9QKm47Fb7YYpGLwg5OT83IrK125+1NEegzgDFbAimlLvDZM4OB0JB+lYeoq73lsn2UxsTwnPPPamgL8KwRRxpHIU2rz0oLoAQZH/DNVbsXEEgLWxiUjC7lIz+dSWKyncz27SRKMEqcbT9aNhEhnizhs5PfmkDQMxYtyBwNtSmC1lRgkzI5PPmj+ooFjMd2xfM2/wASfN+eKd0FiHeiD5sMvptxVgarGEKiJWX3FAtJWU4iORVCO0mWOTML7jgDI96BXL/9opGkbrGBvLfdUDpj/wCvUb3iXMi5ALA5HFV3sm+0RRFX2jrxTorRxc5EMgC5xleKLBcklO9HOATnsPeqiA+cpLNkn1qZrS5Y5iRzgc4FKIroOnmxN1yMrTAjR4Ao3q5k8zduB/hwcj65xVuKGS8D/Z4S2F3FS3OBjJ/Wq4tmZv8AUyIcemanW1nEahUbIOcgYoAkvNPlg8PS3M2mSKr7TFc+ZwMnuPwIrX8DaTY6lFMNQgMkUSKQQxABJPJwfaqur6iieB47GadmunmB8tjyqgnH4dKveCbizjia3vb1IY5lXMRBBlxngt2HPI70rjtobN74c0mW3lmsbUxW8KuxuBIxMhVScLk9OOT+Va/h60jXSrPy9yvNF5jtu+boAfzI/Wotc1Wxj0i5jt7mF1eJ0VEYHaSpAwPSk8MaranSLNp7yBXFsqYLgEYpXCx0RJRDFIBgjCsBx/8AWNLI+LUPyeAePwrNvNasEZY/tUTK4wdsgPf26VE2sWK2CrLf24Mb4YmUchT169wKQWZq+SWHmE4mPQ+nt9KLaTzLRSOCMqR6EcVk3HjDQLcZfU4W/wCueX/9BBrLTx/oEMso8+ZlZt2RCaB8rPP9c13Ub+/nFxcuVVmTYpwuAcdKxWct1Jq/rctnc6tdT2Tn7PI5ddykEZ5PH1rNLIBwxP4YoHdiOeMmot1PLoc5U/nSAoOdmfqaoRp6fqk1pDsXDKTnBqS91SS7tmjdBjGeKojUZRaJbeXBsQkg+UN3/fXWoDcOScYGeuB1oEWLK5EcJjZSctnrWmkzDkRH86wjIx/D0FSLezpjEhx6GgDYM5z/AKo5+tN+0Z52jjkc96yZLyWQ8tjPYUzexHLH86ANgXiYxtXcPVqGvVBwQo/GsXJNLnikBsf2n5abV2Y9jSSazLJCYmcbWGDxWPn8qM0DJC4B65/CjePeo+RzRQA8Fc9G/Og7PQ/nTMig+1AiRH2MGAGRU/2+fgh8EdwKiggM77Aevenz2kltjeOD0PY0XQy1Jr+pyIIWvZTGAAEz8vHTiq7XtxLIXeZyzHk561A0RCq1Ao0C7Hu2WyWJPvRuGKaRzTgoAzSAXzWLbeNuPSo+c01iFenBgaYAfSkI44pQQTTSx3cDNAAOetGOKMbuvFJketAAB6mlxSZH4UAlj8uPxoAcTScUE460zeGYAED3oAeBSkgc1GZQpx1pDIMdP1oAkByMimE844phlGPSk8wZoAeTikzTC27GBSFj6UAS0E4qAuevNG9jQBKCTnmnDGzrmq+WxSBnA4NFgJiaYTzkmo/mPOaMHuetAiQNmnrjOcAfjUG00m0570wLG9e55o3j+8Kr7aNlKwyXzBnO6jzVzzUYUd6dsHYUwDzBz1o8wDkZzSbKTZQAvmc9KTfntS7acFFAjenvEnsgdgBPG4DrSWbxxROWTJPQ1m/NC6pxsbkDNXWuFhtgWcYJ4jxyaBl1HjFsXljUL1yTVRohdoZrWFkMfRs/eqBWaUq10HaL+BVPAq8tzFuCeYVUDueP0oJsPtbqeaAESKxBwVdQcVWeRjcl225z0UcVBcOkF15sLKy/xAdKY8wzshILsMluy0hkskxW4+QgzE8f7NaFrbLECVuPMkfliKpadEu4luW9TV4QpIc4GB1xTAS8tjLEY3yM9CR3qpYOAjwszLInoatva4TK5X9ao3kEsW24Xkp97jtQItIWSXKvgD6ZqK7uCW8uNmlmPTLE7aiN8XiEduuZW5Y44UVPbWlui5MsiynqxXikMijtVEZ8wsZDyWNWYFZOEUfVlB/nSvDngSByTxtNSeW0QAZXH1GKYXKD77O78/C+W7fMpHH5CtbzZgVYKghI+9DyP1NV/JW5QxsSQR+VZlvHcTu1mrhY1bDP7elICzc3j3s/2eOXEQGGkI/wrRtrOO2jQx3OV6kRuAacILe1t1SMKT796kMMBwTG27OMgUBcrapHbJbrNE5dicHcxLH65qhY2yXcpaUhFHGAOtTagiw9BnI4DdqWxtpZYVkCBlY4AzzQBSvYRYXW6HJhfpnsaljurjd5NqxeZxzg5VRS6rbvFagyRsjbsEEj+VWre3sreBQod5jjLE4Aodhq5VhtPKf5086XOSVNXjPBuxJbuMDBzzz+NPike7mNtG2EUbsLVk6fCycb+Bnr0pCM8pDIuUCqe3PNSLZyoAySHPTjirJsYFRBg7yQpBP6017DDoILkxlT+dAEI+0Cbn5z165qrq12ZLNUMYXDg5HFXpLWdJvllVh1Y5wTVHVImSxO+Ig7uGDZFAGmbqGW2+RiCR908frVuIeYgMTqMDoDn86yYEt3jjbzdvyjg/Sp1sy2NkgORkkHpRcdjRUFz90Kw75pWxnEgA9x3qhi6UsoYkLjPNVZZ5N+1jICPRz/AFouI1gqoAXVSvXkdKry24aWOTBGAWPzdBWeszSsUNzIgzwXBxU4t7mR8Jeq2RyQaYFuZBHbSSuq/KhK5+lZ/h+Nms3KnDM559Kk1C2vYdPleS63IBgr61Ho9jdPp6yRXPlqxPHvTEN1aPN1HF8oJIzgetWIIhGibrfeAcMQKp3EUv8AaCxvLmQH/WGrMkVzGnzXyhcZIoApW4EmphUHy7+h9K2pLe984yRSoSBjDCsKyU/ag3nCI/3ia25L2GNubtMkc85pWQ9SL7RdIx8+3yueSnSpTqwMLK8bM4+6TwT9arnWbYAjzXOfRapXWqwzggIcjoSOtA9SXw+WNzdOItzM4Ay3A6mt/wAnzF3znOCSFxgCuRs7kWsDgMdxbd06fjVyPXp40A8wsB/C/NK4WOjCZIJJDAjv0qF5UjuWR2yobIJ/hP8AhWM/iJiysIcMOuG4NU5dXleQyAYJ655zTFax0cTy/aZT9nVwOAQ9TASzSMTtiCjHydfzrl4dcuYUZI9oUnPIyacPEF4Pu7PfK0DOoiVQpVQBzRMgkRkyVKLkEdq5ZdbvFkZzIMntjioW1W8diTcPzwcHFAWOptZI541QKEkIyy+v0rH1Rt2t2cagZj5PHvn+lY/2mXdnzW496a88rkOzsWHGSeaEwsjrNWKfYcDGSQRUNpfWdrafPIC2SSo5Nc2ZGbgsTTQwJPPSlcdkdTLe6dKocshPoRg0xY7MhnhulQ7v7wrmS3vSBuTSDQ6J9Ua1k4uY58nByCf8/nT4detR/romB7FOR+RrmCxOcGkGaaQaHSS67BIcrDIMYOTilPiKHBH2dvY5Fc7uHSkZs0C0OiHiKFeBbtt7ndSNr0UzJi3ZQrBtxI4rnCSRTGYjuaYaHRv4lhC8QMWB9eKim8TyMq+TCqH+LdzXP+9KOtFgL95qD6hs85FLIMAjio47qeJlMchDKMA+gqBPvGpER5JMKpY+1K6QEr310xy08h+rUg1G5VQFlYY6YNQzo0ZG5cfWosU1Zhqiw15cSHLTOx9zTTMzAZ7VFSge9Aajt2TS5qPJB60/I9aADPvTSKVio4ppcY7ZoGIaBSFuO1N3cUCHMRmgDPSo+p6UEcd6AJjgcUw0gY7eFpvOOlADhTt3Y1GN1LtYmgRJ0oyPWmmNz3ppRgeTQMeGHTNOY8Z4pgjz3puw8kmgBd56Zp3mYHUUioOtGxfSgBC/PXigv9TS7ABSqoxQA+G6eB9y1ZN3LdHswAyR6VU2jNSKXjDeWxXcMHHcUmrjTHPctMQpGAOlKq5qEDBqdWwoo2QhOhwadmmHk5pSaAIJuG4pvJFLMcmgUwG4OOCaArdc1IKdtoAh+cDOab83rVry/l6c1CV+agCPk96ADUuyl20AQEelOVM9ak2UoHNMRGYxzTSlTbfmNOwMUhlfyxShanKimgAUXAaFwKaR81SHJpCo65pAQstNxUjEZpKoQm3ik207OOgpcn0pAMxSkdKdgntS4I7UAMxSYp/PpS4b0oAZtoxT9rUmxjQMaRxQOlSeUaPLoAZxSZFP8s56U3GGoATikqTaKaQKLiHzIF5Dg/Sm7j95m3E9zVrZB5mZASPRSKljjgeTCICPRh0p3DoVDOW2g44qZrtGhVFjZWHDNnOasy2sAmUFQAOWINEv9mxRkxxsX7Zzik2FigzAuxHSpCy4UBVQegqJnbqqgZPYVK8T7VBx+BpgWLUAzHnCheoNX4RtwQA3P8R4rGW3lVdxQ49QaIllfPlu4A6nPSgDXmnka4EZIx6AVHcvttJDk8jHSmwJIjkzOGOOOaZfSD7N5YznNAiSySOOzVlB3MPmPrT/ALSSNpdh/KmrmK32hTwO9NhQyjJG0+h4o0AcMF+STSOH2EK7AHtmmBCjtuYDjjng1IJE8rLOM56UXQWZLbRyhCxcqMZyO9S6Da3ElvPNDLGvz9GIycemartfQLDsG4nH4ZqrazRRRAPuyDkhT1pDRvSm6adSZiSi/wBwcU93vHbdvXcoyMxrWYmtmNcKhx02k5obXXYnEAGf7ppBZkOsSyvdASsrMAM7RgUsV5NHbLCGIUdhxVFpRM5ZizNnkk1ZfVHbaqwxgKMD5aAK+oSu/loWJGc4rVW/H2ZIGtovlXG7ByfxzWNJK0svmSBSR0wKk+0yNxn9KdkGpfieOL94Ad3Yg9Kni1CZFbbIxBOSDzWULiRVK8c+1KlzKoIGOfakM2Bfzz3Knyg2304qwstwZlzEq5PZ8/yrnftMvZiMelILqcfdlYfjQBt3WppDc7GUll+8On4VBfapFeWDQJCQW5yWGB+FY6ku5Ykk+ppwxzmgDWt72D7Okc8ZcqAMjFDXlruJWJ1I+7hu9ZQlCjgfSjeT1pWGaB1S4i5V8k/3uaifUbl1UZRQMYwv+NUi3rTi4AApgTvdyyHLEZznIGKQTSE/eP4VArrk80qyrzzQKxLJLI5Xc7N9Tml82WPhJHXPoahaVODuFNadSeo4oAleZzyWJ+pqIuT1NMaVcYByaaXTGMmgZICxPtSlX64PHXFRCXaMDOc0onk5AJAbg+9AhTTO/WnjrUb8LTQEozj2ox14qEFiM4pcuKAJfakOPWoyHPel2v60AOFL05pmxvXFGH24zRcLD80UzymIyWo2EHG40AOHBzQX4wSM0woe5NAj470gH7iDnNODfQVEY6QpQMlLA9TTd4zwaYVoCCmIeXX1o8xVQ80zaM8Uu0HrQA/zE4PPA6Ypnm5pdgxxRs4pDHKTwD+dLI642KQR6461CVOeaQLzmi2oX0H44pR1o7Uq9aYhfM8sZxnNSm9JUbBtx/dGKhmxsxikRcrUuKe402h0kry/eFMw2OtP5HanEe3FNKwXuQBnJp4BPenBc5x1qULgc0xEATnqaCmSetWAuRxUa5Dn0oAYEHcUpjU84qUqCOKABilcZDtGQKf5YA6U4DMntUjAYoAhCAc00gEGn4O7npTSM5oEIo4oIoX0p3FAxgFL0IpVYA0nU0AOOc0hUmlyOpoLZHAoAaFPWmgVJz6UDgHii4DRiilPr0o59KAE7GmqKfhqTFMQ/GT1p4+7zUOSKcASKQwbBbFPxio1+/UpORTELgUFcimbqXdx1pAQTdQKQUk33hzQp44p9AJEz3p+Wz2pF6c9aA3z0gHbm6Uzad3NSYz1owKAGY4ppXvmpiBTX+7QMjCk96UjHeng4TioyaYgz9aXbx0oGDSg0AIFz2pwTPanqM9KFJGfrSATy+Ka0fpipFOaXtQBX8o5oKYFS9frSn7lAECqCKfsFNTqakNACBVFMcZ6ZGKfigjigBq9OaViAQfekVSKGXJBz3oAcy5NITjpTjx1NJtzTQCA80NkkYFNc9hSANnOaNAJMHvUD8P7VPu9agfrmgA7cUlO6DmmfSgCZFBck9anAwOOKpLIynpTzcP6UATuxB+9+dQ+Y5PWmeYzcevWlbgZFAD9zU9Wb1NVg7Y6UvmOOwoAtGR8Y3GkDsowDjPWq25yc5pdznuKALHmt/eNKJXd9xcnA7mquXo+fPWgC0XY9SacSfWqmXyOaA8nrSAnZqX+HFQfPjGetSoCF5OaAGsQp5OKTcvXcKZJ88mPSl2D0pgO8wetBk44NM2UuwelACq4C4zTxIgHXmo9vtQVHpQA/wA1eeab5mT0oIx2pVHFACmUAUomAXvTWXuaNvFIBPNHpQHJbAFGOaciYOc0wJcYB7cVAWbnFTM3yGoox8uaSAbufjn6U4lyPvfpTscg0vXtTAh+bHJOKXaSOpqTaPSnD6UAQ7PrSbR0qfaeeKTYTQBFtHpShRninhDT9hFAERUZ6UuzPSn7SeM07ZjnNK4EWzFPYAIPWlApXGFoAZTJegFSDpUUvamA9fuDFLjNCLlaeBxSGIBk+wFPCim9+BTttADZFFM5zjPFSHApBg9qAFJyuKawGc+lKWx2phfPagA/Gnjbs5PNIBz707bzg0gGnaTnNNIGRUjpjmk2HvTAZgYpcDpTgBkDFGMMR6UANAFGBmlOKDyOKADAxScA0vKjnmkB55oADjPSmnA6VIe1NYUCG9qcg5pD0pRwKYDJ6WJsLjFNm7UqDijoBJyR0pDuxS5PApwxSGRjIpd7etOI5BppFADwGIzml2e9O6DmnDntQBCyFe/FAjJHtUr/AHT9KEIKD2FIBm3HAFN2sf8A69SnrxRnA5oAjVDtzxSbeaerZX8aTvTAbsPJwOKbjacetSZ25zUTZZ844xSATn04p3QU0An6Uu04pgJu7VJGCw56VHipYTxg0AOKAYFIU46VK1N4pAQOMcUtJJzQM4pgPppFJkilJ4oAaaeOFzUZ5p+RjBoEMQ/Oam4xUC8P+NTkjGKAGUlBo49aAIJAc5NKnTNEpOaRRTAsDpQOXpgHHenbGxn+tICQHHejIqLbk85/OnFVAoAfkUxjxikKr703Ax0NAEmML/SozS7R6GgRgHNAAtLj3oHNOGaAHI4XuKblTnDdaNv0oUYPJFAACFHvRuJ7GnDBbGaQj5eTQA3dg/dNIWJHQ04KM8k0bPc4oAjAZQcDrTsv/dpwXtk/jSlMd6AI/n9BRlu+KeDlyMdqjYknmgAOfWkOe7UoPGKa1MB2ccbs0de5pop68kUgG8Cg+tOON7UygBMHrQTkYozSZp2C4EEjrSEYXrS1G3SgLkuz2pMVMSPWm9TQBGq880kvC4qXoeKhk5YUAAHFOCfjTl6U8fKOtADOPSgfSkOSc0/AxQIAPbmkxxT1GBSsOM0DIiO1AAz1o5z0pMHNAh/fpS5wKP4R6mkIPNIYwfNKTT8DtUUJ5Oam4x3pgJgd6NoLYpeM0DqeOtIA24pON3Slzx34pAOc0AOUA546U4qAuaaCRketLkkAY6GgAYCmkDcR6UrHnNIM5oAQkA9KXtSn6Uowe1ADHPyU+IYiFMlGFp6k7MUAOHIFB6j6UDOMccUd89TRcAAzSj74pM44pMnOaBkpweTTFxtpOemaUDA60hWBwAF9Saack0p579KO9O4AvLEkVKcdqYMYpD1pXAeoXy8nrTJSCgxSHjikNMLCDpUMn3qm9qhfmShAyaLiOnZHSkQDFO+lIY3A9acPrScZo6HpTuFhGHNAXHNOAG6nFVHrRcRFgbaaFHepdvFNJxQAoxvpxIz1qNTml6tikMex+WlJB603ANIAO9AaCjAfNJnLMfU0HiimGwhFIRxgUpb5sUhbFLUegrU1cE0oO6lGMdKYrDjjjp1pkmNwpcCkIGeKEAjUnOKD1pQPWgRHIuME96eoG2mTMeF9KcnSgB4x60uRnrQB3o4xQMDQFz1NAHPJp2aQCiTHBFL5hB4FRucD3pVz1PekMVmJ4pAxXtS96U9KYhN7GkJJ680iN8gFGaAFA44FNLNu7VICBTDgyfhQAhBJzQxOOtPb2ptACKDjrRtZhx0p7j93QnCUAR7T60YI6Zp5zn2opgNyc4JP50n0oftzThwKAEI96QDJ6mnNQBzQIaQFxRjNEnVRThjGTQMaU75pcZpe3Wk78dKBDDwacWyBSP1pMcUALmkPSgZxTscc0AVpOtKholxQg4piLMZ4zTl+8QSfao1IA607zBnNIYuOeaH4Ucd6bvBPWnyMhVRkdaAEpuKCVH8VIXXPBoAd05FITxSCQdKQsCKAHR5JIp+OaiT5Wp4kFMCUYNBAqLzFHSneaKQCk46dab/yy68g0jSZPFAI24Pr1oAATT8mozJtPTNIZf8AZNADuWfqRUh+7UPmf7JpTKSpG2gAU/vPwoZe9Ih2nJGeKQuecLx7mgBKaeeadls8Ck+b0pgIKcp5puT6Cjn1xQBJgmRs01lKnnpRuIOeM0ocnhsUgG5GOlNyKeduelJxQA3I9KaQTnjinnOOBSBiewpgSY9aXAC5xTe2TQSemaBBj0qM8y/SpsYHNQLzITmgZJ3pwFNA5xTslaAFwBSqB1NIPmXNAz2NAhfpSZNKFP40hBB5oGKOvNNznPFL3pR0xQAi4z0olfbGR69aVcqeKjuDxil1AbEPSpTx0qJOFqTihgGaM4FLx2pMetAB1HNLilx6dqMfrQAY4p+3GKZ7ZpcE85NADWHzGgcGlPvSD0oAQEmnxnHJpp4p6425oYIZMwJUD1p46VC3Mg4xipRgkDNACrnJpaUrhc56UmMD60hiYy9HtTgtAHzYxQAmMUhpWBHNJjPNADee1PTmmY5xTgRnFMBx6UEc9aQEHNLnNIBp6ikPWnbeeaRsM+QAPYUAFVz/AKyrGOKrj/WU0DLSgbaAKbjipVUYB5pAMKjANIBTyBnFNxxmgAHBpzEetJjimdiT60xDgwxTDzxQD7U4GgZHtIPFPXrk0tLigAzSMflpevajbxSuAHkL7CkxSHqAKeE9TQAzHzU0g1IVxnmmj1ouAgGBk0/bxxSZ4oJwOtA7C9qZ0Jp3PU5pDycUCGnrS/w4oP3qQ+9MRDJnIqWPpzUD/fqwn3c0MCTjHWmNwPqaRSST7U49aQw9qdjjrTRnrS55680DEfpTx0xjpTGHPOaB170AOyoFKWXFRt97HNIaYgX7g604YB6UzP5UuSBnNGoEhHfpTMjefpSFs9KTFICTIpuVoBFCkZoAczBlwKVSAuDRx6UYFMA3Dng03PtQ4AWk9KQAee1LnA5FIfagGgAJPpSbz6Ur8YplMAOSc07JAx1phNJmgRIGOMUZPoKZUg6UDGHJOad2pvDdqARQIUU48Cm5pDjuaQyCUjFLGeKSXpSR8CqQicH2pQQWxxTVyeBzQoAc8c0gJCtG3Hajd3pSc9KAEwDSMvGBTh1pGOTx0oAYoJHJp/AHSmpwnSigAzzS5700n2o7UwFPqaeV4zUR+7UucqKQDSDSHOaXNJQAHrR5bbd3alpS/GO1ACBscetNYg96RvvD6UcUAJml5pvfrQelMB3U0OOM00dacTwQaAAdBRQAcA4yKDQAmSKQUUCgQuKYgw/WpO1Nj6kmgCbORim47YpwIPSmlsGgYpxSBcsKUjjrR/FnPSgBZTtGKrx+uKklY7abHjYPWgCRThs4pHIbpTeTml5P4UCHKcDFOAApBxTGJoGTBhTWPNRg4FOXk57UAHelo4xmkyM0CHr61BOfmAqYDjNV5DmXFIbHgDFPB5puMAU7rTAXtQaSlB7UgD+tLkcUmeDSg9qAEOPelU4GKDjNGRigAamjGetL25oPYUAJt4zUgxspmecU8A7SQOlJgQ9ZDUiDEm6moAXJzUnamA5iCp55pp7U/AyTQo3E+1IAVgOtCEbmJ/ClYLtPHIqM0APYgg80meOtM7U7HFAxDjPXtSAc0HFSMuORQBGgODnpmjODT8cgCkPWgBcjFNH3qXtmkU5GcUADkhTVePliamkPyGoohmmthdSckbamVlCgZqDGKWkMkdhg801j8oxTgoxk0YoAbmm9qXr+FJkUBoNxThRgU7HfFACHOKd/DmlxxTc8UAOB+WjNR7x7UbucUAO48wfSpM1COvWn9qGCFc5Q4qMDAFOznIpvNACd8UN1Ao6HnFKeTmgB1R9zUhPFR/xGmKw4D5s0j43cU0sRxS84oGQyH56lBwMetQSf62pgelAhycA+5o/io3UH60DHqaVed1R475NKCRk7qQx56UgzmkLdyaTdzwaBWHNy2fQUw9aOhz60c5oAOvFNfgYp1J1pgA6UZopKAHUIPmJpvPrSigCbtRURbr1pNxx1NIB8h+SlH3RmoicilzxQBJSd6YW45Jo5x1oAWTJIFNIo6nJNJ+NMBO9GOaXAzyaOO1AhDUmfeo+9FAxc4NKcU3qaXtQIVfmoYFRzSp1pDkjHWl1GV5DkYoTiiU0LVCJQadHjJyaaOlAxSAlxk9RQfSo6AcnmgCTk9KeduzAqPGKT2oAegwmKa2e4pV54pC/OKAG0dulHU80oAoATGR6U4sAB0pNoo2jFACbhSb6Md8cU4qvpQAzfzS7gaaeDRzQA4sCRj0pCcUoPY0hOe9ACZpN49DS80Dk0AIH/ANmlyTkkUGkDe9MCWNgF6GmtnPFNDUobnJpAIQ3bFADdeKUHk8cUoYFfegA5PelU7SenNHAppxTsA8gYzimEnPak3EDFJnmgLljFNbgUAHFKfSgCCbsKco+XkUyQ5kp4ORQA7jFIp5xR2pB14oAdS7eMminDkUgIyQTilzgYpDjNHJNMBy570h6+tGMd6byaAHhvlqDrJU+3auTUCcsSaQEwIxS5AFNAqUhdvrQAwHNO296avDHinZ+WgA4NGOeKbgg0q4BJzQAY9TScAdaViNpxTOcUAP60d800ZzRk5JoAUDmpXJ8vIpijpT5hiIYPWk9x9CCInHSpM561Eo6VJg5piHhwBinK5HQVFjBqVcUrDAvlcYqMk/hTj3oGSKBCZ5pdwJ6UZyacoHNAxp7cGneYD2PFNPT600jgUwHBzvyRxS02lBG/FJgg6DFNXgipGximDpmgBsvCHmo4ulPm+7TYulNbCJc8UvYCm96UdaQyXoOtGc96b3peMUAN7de9M9ak70h64FACZ6Zp2R60mKQ9RQA/cKiPSnY7Zowc0ANC5OTS45pwGelOMZGCehouBEKcGxxS7SBSEUwDsMUUUZNK4CNwv40maceccU3BpgLu4pO+aCOeaB1oAQjvSkZpGOelJk4zQBA3+sqXtTMbnJJ71LtouKwwGn9wPWlAAPaj+IGgCTGKSgsTzSBvagYj8gCjPNB5IpeM0gDr2pD0zTueopp+6aAG54oHWlyMA0ucjpTAQnnimg8mloFAC9qbnIpR9aTHPegQrD5aQdBS/wAOOaNp20DG96U0c0GgQ0mnk8U3GcYp3HegBoNHU0p47UnSgBDyRT8cU3uKfkYoAbQRQTxwM0Z45FADc4b6Uuc0h5oA9KAJVIC00kk8YpMAnHSlA296QyvJ0oSiTHNCngVXQRKBxQKQNS5pALSJ1NOBUCkGOSOKAH5pO+TTd3GcUbsjofyoAdjccCkx85oXijqxzQMUg4oXNB3enFJux6UCHcmjtTN/ril3Aj71ACocpzSZpFIC4NIWA7UABPzigmm7uc0uR60wAmkzijI9aQ9aBDvekH3jSkgjimgYOSRQAppuD2pxI9abnB4NABzRk0cd6KAF70q/d6UAA9TilXAUigYvUUlIGHTml3DFACfjSUnJ7Uq4zzwKAJw3HNKAXGag7VZg+42fTihgioRmU09V44pm794TU68pkUMEMOcUq8DmmZpwNADqMnbjNAPGRRxQFhmDTs0vHamigQ4fdpUBL4HWkFSRNtYnvikMRw3lk1WUc1ZmceWV9aiUZxQgZInennkVHnAoD5GKADPPWgsdoFBAzQRQA0MaeQKbil5oAaSBTl5IppGacvy0AKRzTe1Lu9qQDIxQA9exouJcqBUiLgYNQXKgOB60dQBRwM1Jgnp2pq+lPTGTmgYwgjk07nb1pWxinDFAhvNN3EHFOPWmnrmkMTd3NPBOKjPSpBnbTAb3pSckY7UH71LxmkAUqnBJoNJQAMc9qQ56UclsDrTuenegCCUELiiPgU2cnIoQnFMROB+tIc5pO1L2FAEi5zmlJGKYGPSlpdRiik4zSjBFJkdKAFpD1FHBOKO/BoAcaaT70lHBGaASHx42/jUjNmNR6VCGKilLALz1pMdgY9PSmnB6GlIzjNMI54piF74qQCosc1JkCgB3XrTX45p27jNNc5XFFwGMTnrUeacRzSBevtTABTiB5dNwKc4/d0AV1zuqwKigVDJ85OB6Crf7soxQHIpN2BIhUfO2ac2MdKco3MSRgGh1APDA0XCwwDIxQBhz9KXgDrQOpNACZGaRuKMfNmjANMA5yPSnjZg5zntUfQ9aXrSEBIxjFNOVHpzTJFZT1yOuakK7oQ2efTNACE+lGG29KeF34AIH1pGZkGM/Lnmi4DOlKO/tSoAzc013RQQvVuPei4CtJuUKAAB3pN1NA4zTlUtnkCnZIBGYhc5p3JFNcfLipVIEXTmkFxmRSbgaTnJ4pu3aaYEn8QBp5+7UX/LQCpCR3pMZGaMnNL1OaQ0xC7iGA9aGpp+8KeeaBjKcMUmAacF5oEBAzkijjPSl5z0pDSGV5O/FKlE1KnSqEKaUdMmg0Y+UUgHCg/SgcUAEnA70AGOKQsykd6XBFIT8y0APBOaD9MUp9aTPFFgGninLjPPemmlFABjg/WmHrSqc7qQ0AANL1FMNKvApiHYpGwCKXqKRsblpDDb3pcYpe3FNIpgL26GjGaTnFAoAa/y80vFJIcClA+WgBcD0oIAbFC9eaD98UAGKUqMcUoHPWgZ6UAMAwcU4ig5zSnNAEbEgUZJHWkk6U4EheDQA8IQfmH4VMT5fO3IqxKoinIKlifWpVSIxd2P90is3IpIzDGq5ODyeDSgnGBWldQA2UTIM4zniqPlY46GmpXQrWGNEQMnFNKnFWGilQcqcVGV+TOPrTTCxGg4x1owcmnBSBnBx607gHnimIj57ilxgdKcNm7ufpUmAycDpRcdiJRkGnY/CnqDnI6CmOct0xSuFkRy4Ix3pykCNR7c00nLgVIcBaLhYYxDDAFCrjtScUDOaYh9IeKUc9exprjBzSW4WEyaC3FA5NPMfvTAiyaN3GKeVI4ppU5oAUdKkT9aj7U+M4BJPNAE6uq9aq3BzOOeKeTk1D96X6UkBOqgnmhxtIAoUkDpQxDetMY3k96coJGc0Y45pVIHHSkA1mxgUZ3CnuAGJHbio1piAZzTsnp3oUc5zR/EaVh3Ew2eKdnBp3IGaifrQA/d2oLEdqYKd3pgS27BpeeKfPEEBcHnNQpw270p0jl2x2pAVJMs1L93iiT/Wcdqf3zVCANnjFPyMD1po60bgCc0gHd6cOBUZfGAPWnFsmkMd260Y5ppNCHjNADiDupegpMnbmm4zyCaLhYc/3cCkQcDIphzuxmpYyqupcHbnnHXFDYIeIwQSadbwGefB4QDLHHSrEgjiACMWV8kZ9KbHmFCwOFc8H1FRzFWKzLhjzkCmMOuKt4U5IXAzzz1qKRlYYjGMdQepoUgsR7QBgdaj3dqsFAlvvOQz8LTI4VZgC2ST2FVdCsxDkOFzwBTDnPNWJYdkjHeCMdTULBSMDOfWhNAMNOAIIX19aVIjncfurSAbuTTbEKIzuwe3WnzoBCDnGafuAjJAB561Xu8yRqcnNJPUCGM84AAqzA2xyMZDDBqonBq3AjOcIpY4zxVNAh4i2qXJ74AqJlOeasSkBFAI55NVicnFQhibTjIPApvNOJ7ClG3PSqEMoBx3pQBlqUYB5BI9qLgNyetOyfWnKuRnHFNbhhQIUZbILYqLynBPoKHbsDUZckBQTk0WAsbwVAwB7+tV2kJDZBpdvHJOVPSh1PAJwGoSsIAx2bgMA98VJjzJNwwT06VIkTxx7eMHoM0m3Zye1F0MaVI60qcEHGRTjJvGMAkd/WnoxKbBgjqRSb0AR/L+9hfm7A9KidsHApr9eeBSoVZcMTuHTihAIAafsIXJ4p+E3ZwduPWnO5ZACfl7YovqBAq/vAadIF3cZIpsjqrHaTxTt4YAgfWmA36EUuD3ppxmlY5pjDHNIT9abmjdQIM89KlHTrTF5qwqfKaTGRkYGe9OYfIOOfWkbIOc0fw8mgCrL1oUiklPNKnSqEOzzzTww6YphNO7UmgE3HNO3d6TvTc/N7UAP3+tN43DtQelIKYEhOO4NJu7GmmkPSgCT5fWj5ezCkVeAaacCkA5MKTk9aRtvY0gIPFGKAG5o/Glf24pyr3JpiGjmkb7wxUm0djRtxQMbkYo3qaXbmkEZJwKQgyPWjI9aChX7wph4HSncYSnIAFPHA60yg/jQA9CB16UHk5FR8+tKoJbGaAJA2B0pN/fFDLt/izTQSemaAH7z3FBYGkwe+ab+dACuMrx1poPHNOzQee1Aj//2Q==" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
Apparently, the reason is that the electricity distribution
companies – or DISCOMs – do not want to sign long term power purchase
agreements (PPAs) with power generation companies, as their (DISCOMs’) financial
position is under huge stress. As DISCOMs are forced to supply power at a price
less than cost to agriculturists and domestic consumers, they face losses.
These are only partly covered by subsidies from the government and
cross-subsidy from customers who are charged higher than cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since DISCOMs are not buying power, there is
less off-take, and capacity running into several thousand megawatts is being
forced to idle. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A July 2015 report<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>
by CRISIL Ratings, a credit rating agency, says that at least 3000 MW capacity
is idle because of no demand or absence of PPA, and indicates that if PPAs are
not signed by 2016, 15% of private capacity or 10,000 MW would be exposed to a
similar risk. More recent news reports indicate even higher capacities may be
idle because of lack of demand, in spite of improved supply of domestic coal
and falling prices of imported coal. Some time back, coal shortages were also
among the factors responsible for power plants not being<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>able to generate power, but power plants
continue to generate less in spite of these factoring being tempered. Another
indication of the demand being less is the sharp fall in price of electricity
in the short-term market on the power exchanges.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Need Exists, But Not Demand</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This trend raises an important question. Let us leave aside
consumers like industries - who are charged power at higher-than-cost prices
and the issue of why the DISCOMs are not buying all this idle power to supply
to them. May be their demand is fully satisfied, or may be, as is being
discussed, the industrial demand itself is not growing as expected. However,
there certainly exists huge latent demand in the agriculture and domestic
categories, given the fact that several hundred million people do not yet have any
access to electricity, and millions more have poor quality, irregular supply. DISCOMs
are reluctant to buy power at higher cost and supply it to these consumers at
lower cost. On the other hand, these consumers appear to be unable or unwilling
to pay higher costs for electricity, for otherwise the DISCOMs would have been
happy to supply to them. Thus, there is ‘surplus’ electricity, but it’s too
costly for those who need it. So, there is a huge need for electricity, but not
a proportionate or equivalent market. Or, in other words, there is a need, but
not demand – where ‘demand’ is ‘need’, backed by willingness and ability to
purchase, expressed on the market.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Some Food For Thought</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This reminds one of a very similar situation, in a sector
equally, or possibly more critical: food. It may be recollected that about a
decade back, newspapers were full of stories about how godowns were overflowing
with foodgrains. There were stories of grains needing to be stacked in open
grounds as there was little space anywhere. There was huge production of
foodgrains – India is ‘self-sufficient’ since some time – but somehow, people
were not able to buy these foodgrains as they could not afford the cost. It wasn’t
anybody’s case that at that time, foodgrains were rotting in the godowns
because people’s cupboards and stomachs were full. Far from it, millions were
going hungry then (and even now).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCsX_pkUDRXncklGXo8Jp_f2pquxD0ldjxqcRjTt1CesEK04D1x0zK7RIzOqGCFsVvAJdlHNMZ5lECNDdoRVGOK-fvOlNOnse_ugLDgJHa37cxMbmNxOoVhcdcyeYpJ2sJ1HjttUjSYf0G/s1600/Fruits+of+the+Efforts+-+Govt+of+Rajasthan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCsX_pkUDRXncklGXo8Jp_f2pquxD0ldjxqcRjTt1CesEK04D1x0zK7RIzOqGCFsVvAJdlHNMZ5lECNDdoRVGOK-fvOlNOnse_ugLDgJHa37cxMbmNxOoVhcdcyeYpJ2sJ1HjttUjSYf0G/s320/Fruits+of+the+Efforts+-+Govt+of+Rajasthan.jpg" width="320" /></a>Our analysis of the situation at that time<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
showed that the root causes of this situation included some fundamental systemic
elements. Primary among them was the fact that the approach adopted to increase
food grain production was inherently a high cost one. This was of course, the
green revolution model, with high external inputs, which increasingly needed to
be purchased. At the same time, the model was based on centralising, or at
least concentrating, high production on a limited land area – with the result
that fewer farmers and farm workers shared the profits, or benefitted from
employment. This meant less purchasing power in the hands of large number of
people. Costly production and less purchasing power was the deadly combination
that led to overflowing godowns and a hungry population. <span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Such a situation has persisted
since then in various forms even if not manifesting so dramatically.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For example, in a paper published in 2010, the then Chief
Economic Advisor to Government of India, Kaushik Basu commented on the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>situation of high food prices combined with
the huge food stocks with the Government. He said<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
“…in December, 2009, with
food-price inflation above 20%, it was decided to release wheat. Ever careful
not to cut deeper into the government’s coffers, it was decided to set the price
of wheat above the Minimum Support Price (MSP) at which the Food Corporation of
India (FCI) had acquired the wheat, with some add ons for storage and
transportation. There are no surprises in the fact that there was no demand for
the wheat thus put on sale; the sales in Delhi were actually zero. Evidently,
the strategy used for releasing foodgrains has scope for improvement.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In other words, the need for food was there, but there were
no buyers for it as the price was too high.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Common Threads</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Can we draw parallels between what happened in the food
sector with what is happening in the power sector today? A common question is –
are these a transient phenomenon, an unusual occurrence as the economy moves
from a low production, scarcity dominated state to a high production, high
consumption state? Are these a result of a temporary imbalance between demand
and supply? Or do these represent a more fundamental attribute? Is it that in
attempting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to meet the scarcity (of food
or electricity), we are pushing up production, but the very process adopted for
increasing production is putting the commodity out of hands of people as it is
inherently high cost? And is the process of production itself concentrating and
cutting down employment opportunities, resulting in lesser purchasing power in
the hands of the masses?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One very interesting example that vividly extends the
analogy of overflowing godowns and rotting foodgrains to the power sector is
from Gujarat. The Gujarat State Electricity Corporation (GSEC) had recently filed
a petition with the Gujarat State Electricity Regulatory Commission, requesting
that the Commission order the central procurement agency, Gujarat Urja Vikas
Nigam to mandatorily buy power from its (GSEC’s) coal based generating stations.
The Nigam was not buying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>this power
because it was more expensive than other, more modern, coal based plants. While
the merits of the case are not relevant for us here, what is interesting is
that the Gujarat State Electricity Corporation states that it is forced to
partially shut down its plant as the power is not being purchased, and laments
that<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">“<span style="line-height: 115%;">Due to the backing down/Reserved Shut Down of the generating
stations, huge stocks of coal have accumulated without much use…</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">“The coal management is becoming extremely difficult and
critical for the petitioner, as the coal looses (sic) its heating value with
time due to oxidation and spontaneous coal burning which cannot be quantified
or measurable”.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">In other
words, an accumulating pile of coal that is rotting!</span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>In Conclusion</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I am not an expert in food production and food security
issues, nor in power generation and distribution. But as India continues to
face challenges in providing food and energy to millions of people, a
layperson’s instinct makes me feel that it may well be worth exploring these rather
strange similarities in two very different sectors.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
---------</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(I would like to thank Ashwini Chitnis and Ann Josey for
some very interesting discussions on this topic, during the course of which they
provided many insights and lot of useful information, particularly on the power
sector related sections.)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A follow up blog post, titled <a href="http://shripadmanthan.blogspot.in/2015/11/coal-assets-at-risk-of-stranding.html">“Coal Assets at Risk of BeingStranded?”</a>, takes off from some points in this post.</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> <i>Crisil
Insight: Current Worries</i>; July 2015, by Crisil Ratings. </div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> This
was a part of our (Manthan Adhyayan Kendra) study of agriculture in Punjab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Haryana, which in turn was a component of
our study of the impacts of the Bhakra Nangal dam and irrigation project. The
study was published in 2005 under the title <i>Unravelling Bhakra</i>.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> Kaushik
Basu (2010): <i>The Economics of Foodgrain Management in India</i>, Ministry of
Finance, Government of India, new Delhi. Downloaded from <a href="http://finmin.nic.in/workingpaper/Foodgrain.pdf">http://finmin.nic.in/workingpaper/Foodgrain.pdf</a>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a> Order
of the Gujarat State Electricity Regulatory Commission, dated 4.1.2014, in
Petition 1343 of 2013.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-7299513541987841282015-11-14T23:02:00.000-08:002015-11-14T23:06:12.524-08:00Coal Assets at the Risk of Stranding?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><i>This is a follow up post, taking off from some points made in the earlier post titled<a href="http://shripadmanthan.blogspot.in/2015/11/the-curious-case-of-surplus-electricity.html"> "The Curious Case of Surplus Electricity in India"</a></i><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Power plants whose viability is at risk due to low demands
are not the only one. The Crisil report mentioned earlier states that an
additional 33,000 MW of coal capacity is facing risks of becoming unviable – of
becoming stranded assets. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stranded assets are essentially assets – that is,
investments, infrastructure projects etc. – whose economic returns fall before
their planned life. Such a fall in economic returns could be short- term,
long-term or even permanent. Traditionally, reasons for stranding of assets
have been seen mainly as financial or economic. However, there is increasing
awareness that assets can be at risk due to social and environmental factors.
This is probably seen most clearly in the case of coal based thermal power
plants, as extraction and burning of coal has severe impacts on the
environment.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Climate Change, Carbon Emissions and Risks to Coal Based
Power Plants</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In recent years, with consensus emerging globally on the
need to aggressively fight climate change, reducing consumption of coal has
become an important goal. To avoid dangerous consequences of climate change,
scientists have said that the world’s temperature rise has to be restricted to
2<sup>o</sup>C. To achieve this, carbon concentration in the atmosphere needs
to be limited to 400 ppm. In turn, this imposes limits on how much fossil fuel
can be burned.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Based on such limits on how much coal can be burned, and the
number of coal based power plants existing and planned, several observers have
indicated that if the 2<sup>o</sup>C / 400 ppm goal is to be met, many of the
existing or planned power plants would become stranded. That is, there wouldn’t
be enough coal permitted to be burned to support all existing and planned power
plants, and hence, many of them would have to remain idle due to lack of fuel.
(See for example, several papers presented at the<b> </b><a href="http://www.strandedassets2015.org/about.html">1st Global Conference on Stranded
Assets And The Environment 2015</a><b>, </b>held on 24-25 Sept. 2015, organised
by the<b> </b>University of Oxford’s Smith School of Enterprise and the
Environment at Oxford, UK.) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While this may be true at a global level, it is unlikely to
apply in the case of India. This is because India will not accept any binding
restrictions on its use and consumption of coal. And rightly so. This is
because in terms of historical emissions, India has not been the main culprit
responsible for the cumulative accumulation of carbon in the atmosphere.
Further, its per capita emissions are fairly low. It rightfully expects those
who are responsible to bear the major obligation of addressing the problem.
This is also the accepted principle of ‘Common But Differentiated
Responsibility’. Given this, India’s coal plants are not likely to face
limitations from any regulatory restrictions on fuel, at least from the carbon
emissions angle.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Other Factors that Threaten Stranding of Coal Based
Generation Assets</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, India’s coal plants are still faced with the risk
of being stranded, but due to very different set of reasons.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first reason is the one dealt with in the first part of
this blog. While India has planned rapid and large expansion of its coal-based
power generation capacity, there are questions about how much demand will be
there for the electricity generated from these plants.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Crisil report notes three major reasons, apart from lack
of demand, that threaten the economics of coal based thermal power plants. The
first reason is the shortage of domestic coal and the problems with the coal allocations
to each power plant. The Crisil report says that some 13,000 MW of coal power
plants are at the risk of stranding because of fuel availability risk. However,
this report was prepared in July 2015, and since then, some of these risks have
been addressed. Yet, even with better coal availability, power plants still
remain at risk as the demand issue is not addressed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second reason noted by the Crisil report is that several
power plants had bid aggressively to win contracts and are now finding it
difficult to supply power at these low rates. They are therefore asking for
post-contractual changes and higher tariffs. This of course is the very
anti-thesis of the ’market principles’ which the power sector reforms are
trying to promote, and indicates that these principles are selectively and
conveniently invoked or bypassed<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
These cases are pending in legal forums. The Crisil report argues that unless
these higher ‘compensatory tariffs’ are allowed, power plants with a total capacity
of 16,000 MW would be at risk of becoming unviable. However, there is little
attention paid to another side of the same issue: in case higher tariffs are
allowed, power will become costlier. Will DISCOMs then purchase it? Will not
the problem of lack of demand for high cost power be further aggravated and
pose a risk to these power plants from another angle?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The third risk noted by the Crisil report is that similar to
power plants, many of the coal miners who have bid in the recent auctions of
coal mines, have bid aggressively and their power plants are not likely to be
viable at such low prices. They put these at around 4000 MW of power plant
capacity. However, these projects also face the same dilemma – unviable at low
prices, but uncertainty of demand at higher prices.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Solutions to address these problems include reducing
transmission and distribution losses, reducing theft, and increasing tariffs –
the last one to ensure DISCOMs are financially sustainable. But if tariffs are raised,
who will be the buyers? </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In other words, there is a fundamental issue at the heart of
the power sector in India – how much demand is there for power, given the
current high prices of electricity generation? And how to meet the demands of
those with lesser capacity to pay? And, will these aspects play a role in
deciding the scale of expansion of the generating capacity? If not, there are
very real risks of high stranded capacities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Apart from these reasons related to costs of generation,
there are two more reasons, in my opinion, that will threaten the viability of
proposed, if not existing, coal based capacities.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Roll Out of Renewable Energy</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
India has massive plans for roll out of renewable energy
based power generation, particularly solar. Current targets are a capacity of
175,000 MW. Looking at the rapidly falling prices of solar PV, and sustained implementation
of the projects, there is a good chance of these capacities coming online as
planned, or at most with some delay. Given the scale of renewables, and their falling
prices, there is a real possibility that they will displace coal based power. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>The Social and Environmental Impacts of Coal</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
While earlier I have argued against
the possibility of stranding of coal projects in India on account of carbon
emissions, the case with other social and environmental impacts of coal is
quite different. Mining, washing, transport and burning of coal have very
serious impacts on air, land and water. Mounting stocks of coal ash, running
into millions of tons every year, have become a massive burden on the
environment. All these in turn impact people’s health adversely. In a Press
Release dated 9-April 2015, the Minister for Power Shri Piyush Goyal announced
that<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>
“We have specially taken a big CSR initiative as we are going to establish 5
cancer hospitals in coal mining areas in the country.” What interpretation can
one have of this announcement? Does it mean that cancer is more prevalent in
coal mining areas? In any case, health impacts of coal are well documented.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
There is little doubt that
increasing awareness amongst communities and the increasing scale of coal
mining and power generation will create more pressure on the Government to
introduce stricter regulations to control and manage pollution. This – if it is
implemented seriously, and not reduced to lip service – will mean more cost for
coal based power generation, and could also imply refusal of permission to some
plants. Another serious issue is the large amount of water consumed by coal
based plants. Given the increasing scarcity of water and increasing competition
for available sources, coal plants are likely to face constraints unless they
are able to reduce their water use significantly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
These and other social and
environmental impacts of coal are fairly well known, so there is no need to elaborate
them here. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
However, it’s clear that in the
future, these aspects are likely to make coal based power costlier, and
increase its vulnerability to financial and other risks. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>In Conclusion</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While carbon emissions related regulations are not likely to
create risks of stranding for coal plants in India (and they should not), there
are other factors that are likely to threaten the viability of (some or even
significant part of) coal based power generation in India. Unfortunately, the
massive ongoing and proposed expansion of coal based power generation in India
has not factored in these aspects. The impacts of these factors are already
being felt, and it is necessary to undertake some urgent course correction by
giving consideration to these factors.</div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a> See <a href="http://indiatogether.org/power-economy--3">here</a> for a detailed
article on the basic issues, background and early developments in the case of
two major project which have asked for these ‘compensatory tariffs’.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4622739610534956336#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a> http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=118109</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-42307430353827685572015-08-06T01:53:00.000-07:002015-08-07T23:25:36.439-07:00Falling Woefully Short - Review of Book on The Sardar Sarovar Project<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUr0W-qtfdwc-USbZ9aOhAhToYzrXJbp3ucOuek7JSvtGZNpdcQicToAqrQQXnJ1fzm6fBQ7iEt24LtT4uzo-YE1Zn-4ZBVkW6rH7U0Ojq4Zoo61RwqDLnZDJrpL1_ebqGs2uc60aladj1/s1600/FL21_BK_sardar_jpg_2496534g.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUr0W-qtfdwc-USbZ9aOhAhToYzrXJbp3ucOuek7JSvtGZNpdcQicToAqrQQXnJ1fzm6fBQ7iEt24LtT4uzo-YE1Zn-4ZBVkW6rH7U0Ojq4Zoo61RwqDLnZDJrpL1_ebqGs2uc60aladj1/s320/FL21_BK_sardar_jpg_2496534g.jpg" width="204" /></a><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">My review of the book <i>The Sardar Sarovar Project – Assessing Economic
and Social Impacts, </i>by S. Jagadeesan and M. Dinesh Kumar (Sage 2015) has appeared in Frontline, print edition dated 21 Aug 2015. It can be accessed at </span><a href="http://www.frontline.in/books/a-weak-defence/article7495052.ece?homepage=true"><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">http://www.frontline.in/books/a-weak-defence/article7495052.ece?homepage=true</span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">However, with the word limit of Frontline, that review had to leave out many important points. A longer of version of the review is given here.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;">-------------------------------------------------------------------------</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS;"><strong>REVIEW : LONGER VERSION</strong></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Sardar Sarovar project <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(SSP) on the Narmada river- one of India’s
largest dam, hydropower and irrigation project – has also been among the most
controversial ones in the country.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Particularly since last 30 years, protests against the project have come
together in the form of a highly organised, structured, valley-wide movement
under the name of Narmada Bachao Andolan, one of India’s most intense mass
struggles. The NBA, while it began with the issues of displacement and
rehabilitation, have questioned the very desirability of such projects, arguing
powerfully that the cost from such projects far out-weigh the benefits, and
that such projects are neither equitable, not sustainable. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Against this background a book that claims to present
research “about the direct and indirect impacts of large water recourse
projects… through a comprehensive study of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>one of the most magnificent yet controversial multipurpose water
project.. the SSP on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Narmada River…” naturally
elicits great interest. <i>The Sardar Sarovar Project – Assessing Economic and Social
Impacts, </i>by S. Jagadeesan and M. Dinesh Kumar (Sage 2015) further raises
expectations when it says that the overall objective of the research was to “undertake
a comprehensive evaluation of the current and likely future impacts of the Sardar
Sarovar Narmada project in Gujarat on the social, economic, and ecological/
environmental fronts…” This it does based on an “intensive empirical
field-level research carried out extensively in different locations across the
designated command area of SSP”. The expectations are tempered to some extent when
one sees that the research which is at the core of the book has been supported
by the Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Limited (SSNNL), the Government of Gujarat
agency that is building the dam and the project. One of the two authors of the
book has also been the Managing Director of the SSNNL. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Unfortunately, the book fails to do justice to its ambitious
objectives and even the tempered expectations. The evaluation is not
comprehensive in the economic aspects, and it barely scratches the surface in
looking at the social and environmental issue. Moreover, serious methodological
issues cast a shadow on several of its findings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disappointingly, it has also side-stepped the core
issues in the debate surrounding the SSP in particular and large dams in
general.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Structure of the Book <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The authors say that in the past, assessment of irrigation
projects has been done mainly in terms of the areas irrigated, whereas projects
like the SSP have many more direct and indirect benefits, and they have
attempted to assess the impact of the project in terms of all of these. They
evaluate the following benefits of the project, namely, improving groundwater
regimes in overexploited regions of Gujarat, impact of canal irrigation, impacts
of drinking water supply and indirect impacts of irrigation and drinking water
supply including on health, on savings in electricity for groundwater pumping
and others. These are presented in four chapters of the book. Two more chapters
talk about the environmental externalities of the project and impacts on
displaced populations. Another chapter suggests ways for maximising future
benefits of the project and minimising negative impacts. Four chapters at the
beginning of the book introduce the topic, set the global context and describe
the Narmada Basin and the Sardar Sarovar project and the approach and
methodology of the study, including the sample size and locations of the
survey. The concluding chapter summarises the book and lays out some learnings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Findings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Interestingly, the authors begin not with the benefits of
irrigation but with the benefits accruing from increased groundwater recharge
asserting that “One of the most significant, yet unintended, benefit of SSP is
the improvement in groundwater conditions in the command are owing to recharge
from irrigated fields and seepage from canal”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">They compare the groundwater levels and their rise or
fall<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in 7 districts of the command,
namely Ahmedabad, Banaskatha, Baroda, Bharuch, Kheda,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mehsana and Surendranagar for periods pre and
post-Narmada irrigation. The comparison in fact shows rather uneven
impacts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In Kheda district, rate of
groundwater rise has fallen sharply after the advent of the Narmada canals. In
Ahmedabad, the rate of rise has increased for October<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(comparing October of pre-Narmada with
October of post Narmada) but has fallen for January and May. In Mehsana in
north Gujarat, where falling groundwater levels are of great concern, the rate
of groundwater rise has fallen for October after the canal irrigation has
started but has gone up for May and January. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Similar results were seen for quality of ground water.
Comparing the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) level for pre and post-Narmada canal
advent, the study finds that in Mehsana, the TDS levels began rising after the
Narmada canal irrigation came in. In some of the other districts, the rates at
which TDS levels were falling decreased. In some cases, these rates increased.
In others words, both on quality and quantity of groundwater, the impact of
canal irrigation has been mixed. Even before the Narmada canals came in,
groundwater levels in several districts were rising, and TDS levels were
falling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Interestingly, in presenting the conclusions, the book
attempts to put a positive angle to this by saying, for example that “TDS
values either continued to decline at lower rates (Bharuch, Baroda,
Surendranagar) or started showing positive reversal of trend…post Narmada.”</span><a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Writing/Articles/Frontline%20SSP%20Book%20Review%20July%2015/Review%20DK%20and%20SJ%20Book%20on%20SSP%20Ver%203%20Long%20with%20HT%20HU%20NO%20FOR%20PUTTING%20ON%20BLOG.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In the case of benefits of canal irrigation – either
directly by canals, or by farmers lifting water from the canals using pumps –
the book finds that wherever this irrigation has come, the area under
irrigation went up substantially. Cropping pattern shifted towards more
irrigated crops, and more remunerative crops. Moreover, crop yields went up, as
did gross income for farmers. Livestock holding has slightly increased, and
income from livestock has gone up. Overall, farm surplus has gone up for
farmers in all districts as compared to the situation before advent of Narmada canal
irrigation, as also when compared to farmers outside the command. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Some of the findings are along expected lines – when canal
irrigation comes in, irrigated area will go up, crops will shift to more cash
crops, and crop yields will go up. What is important is the extent to which this
happens, and whether benefits accrue to small or large farmers, or to both, and
to what extent. Yet, the estimates of extent of these benefits have several
methodological concerns, some of which the book has itself highlighted, some
which it has missed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of the most important issues is about who the
beneficiaries of the project are. The survey results presented indicate that
only large and very large landholders seem to have been considered. Take table
6.2 which gives change in the irrigated area in four districts before and after
Narmada. The biggest change has occurred in Bharuch district, where the area
irrigated per farmer has gone up from 1.27 ha to 5.11 ha. Since this is gross
irrigated area, we divide it by the intensity of irrigation to get the net
irrigated area. The year for which this figure is presented is not given, but we
take the post-Narmada year to be around 2010, inferred from references in the
book.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Official data</span><a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Writing/Articles/Frontline%20SSP%20Book%20Review%20July%2015/Review%20DK%20and%20SJ%20Book%20on%20SSP%20Ver%203%20Long%20with%20HT%20HU%20NO%20FOR%20PUTTING%20ON%20BLOG.docx" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">
puts irrigation intensity in Bharuch district in 2006-07 at 104.71%, so to be
on the conservative side, we take this as 150% for 2010, and hence the net
irrigated area comes to 3.4 ha. Again, assuming conservatively that all land
held is irrigated, land held or operated per farmer comes to 3.4 ha. Looking at
the land operation holding statistics for Bharuch districts, one sees that 73%
of the farmers operate less than 3 ha of land. This means that the sample here
represents only the top 25% of land holders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Similar calculations based on table 6.3 show that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the sample surveyed of farmers lifting water
from canal in Bharuch district (where irrigated area per farmer went up from
7.19 ha to 25.05 ha) represents only the highest land holding farmers at top
2%, and excludes 98% of the landholders. The text also mentions that in Ahmedabad
district, the average gross cropped area went up from 5.28 ha to 17.28 ha.
Again, calculations show that this means that the average farmer represented in
this survey was from the top 4% of landholders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In sum, it appears that in most of the high gains in
irrigation benefits (and therefore also the subsequent benefits of increase in
agricultural production and income) seem to be for very large landholders.
Indeed, the survey itself seems to have been biased towards large farmers as a
sample. Literature shows that such big canal based irrigation projects generally
benefit large farmers much more. It would have been useful if the book had
assessed the benefits accruing also to smaller farmers, which is the overwhelming
majority in the state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">An important anomaly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>appears in the findings when the authors say that the gross cropped area
in Ahmedabad district in areas irrigated by canal lifts went up from 5.28 ha
(per farmer) to 17.28 ha. However, table 6.3 gives the area irrigated by canal
lifts in the district as 8.23 ha and 14.17 ha for the pre and post Narmada
periods. This means that area irrigated was more than the cropped area in the
pre-Narmada period! Similar anomalies are there for other cases too. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Coming to the methodological issues, the authors acknowledge
that in the longitudinal analysis used by the book, that is, the pre-and-post
intervention scenarios approach, the “effect of changes in external environment
during the time period on the impact variables has not been nullified”. In
other words, there could be factors other than the irrigation which would have
changed in the pre and post periods and which could have influenced the income,
yields etc. but these have not been accounted for. One such factor explicitly
noted by the authors is that the impact of inflation has not been considered
when looking at farm incomes in the pre and post scenarios. Similarly,
comparison between farmers in and outside command was done for different years,
and “the market situation had changed during this period”. Apart from these
aspects which have been acknowledged by the authors, there are several other
issues. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One is that the time periods and years when the” pre” and
“post” surveys were carried out are not mentioned. It appears from the book
that the comparison is done for one year in the pre-Narmada days and one year
in the post-Narmada period. Such a one year to one year comparison is fraught
with risks of high errors, particularly in exceptional cases like one of the
end years being a drought year. The numbers – of increase in yields and
incomes, for example, should therefore be taken only as indicative, and
sometimes even the trends may be wrongly shown. The survey should have actually
captured data for a few years in the pre-Narmada period and few years in the
post-Narmada period. At the least, the authors should have also indicated the
years and period of surveys, and brought out the characteristic features – like
rainfall, for example – of these years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Another aspect is that the survey that the authors have
carried out is a sample survey. The sample size has been given in the chapter
on methodology. However, the total population from which this sample s drawn is
not given. Thus, it is difficult to judge whether the sample size is adequate.
For example, the three categories covering irrigated areas – canal irrigation,
irrigation from canal with lifts, and well irrigators in canal command, have a
total sample size of 726 farmers, spread over 7 districts. However, the total
area commanded, and the total number of farmers who are receiving these
benefits (which would be the total population the sample is supposed to
represent) have not been given. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elsewhere,
the book mentions that the project is irrigating about 600,000 m ha. This could
represent several lakh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>farmers depending
upon the average land operated. Given this, a sample of 700 seems inadequate to
allow any generalisation of the findings. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the least, the authors should have presented
the population sizes along with the sample sizes, and presented their
justification for sample size that they have chosen. Similarly, authors
describe their survey sample as “multistage, stratified, random” sample.
However, the stages, clustering and strata are not given in any meaningful
detail. The authors only talk about covering all districts and agro-climatic
zones, and head and tail reaches of canals. There is no mention of
stratification as per land-holding, which is one of the important determinants
of how much the farmer benefits from such projects, as well as is one of the
crucial measures of the equity in distribution of benefits. Given that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the USP of the book is its “intensive and
extensive empirical field-level research” , these issues at the least / at
best<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>highlight the inadequacy of the
chapter on methodology<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which should have
dealt with all these aspects in detail, and at worst raise serious questions on
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>methodology <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and therefore on the findings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Another aspect is the book has not given the increase in
areas irrigated as a whole for each of the districts, but rather only for the
sample farmers that they have surveyed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Thus, it is difficult to see the overall impact of the project till now.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The book’s survey also throws up some important trends which
have long term implications which the authors have not analysed. It shows a
shift to high input, high risk, market-oriented cropping in the SSP command, a
phenomenon seen in many other parts of the country too where such<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>irrigation has come in. In particular, the
survey shows that while the crop yields and gross income has gone up, the costs
of inputs and cost of cultivation has also gone up sharply in most cases. This
is manifested in the net income actually going down for several crops after the
advent of irrigation. For example, the net income per hectare of paddy has gone
down by Rs 14,498 in Narmada district and Rs. 19000 in Panchamahal district
after irrigation from Narmada has started. It is true that as of now, for most
crops, the increase in yields and better prices in the market outweigh the
increase in cost of cultivation, but experience in other parts of the country –
for example in Punjab and Haryana – has shown that this gap would narrow in the
coming years and more and more crops could become un-remunerative for the
farmers, even as the yields would go up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">“One of the land mark impacts of the Narmada project has
been on the improved access to drinking water,” the authors assert. In fact,
the drinking water benefits – the project is to supply municipal water to more
than 9000 village and 125 towns – have an interesting history. This was not a
component of the project at all, except to make available the waters for the
municipal authorities to pick up and use. But as the project came under
increasing criticism, the drinking water supply part was added, with the
proposed number of beneficiary villages and towns increasing every few
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is equally important, the
project, whose main justification was to provide waters to the drought prone
areas of Saurashtra and Kutch, was (is) actually providing very little to these
areas in terms of irrigation. When this became an issue, the state responded
by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adding the drinking water component
with promise to provide all villages, towns and cities in Saurashtra<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Kutch with municipal waters from the
project. Hence, this component has high political importance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The book finds mixed impact of the drinking water component
of the project. On one hand, the project claims (and the book does not
question) that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>24.3 million people are
directly benefitted. The authors have surveyed Jamnagar and Bhuj cities, and
the rural hinterlands around both for the impacts of drinking water. They find
that the Narmada pipeline has replaced all other sources as the source of
drinking water. However, they found that in “both rural and urban areas of
Bhuj, the frequency of water supply actually reduced after introduction of the
Naramda canal based water supply”. Moreover, large proportion of families
“ranging from 25% for rural Bhuj and rural Jamnagar to 75% for Bhuj town to 80%
for Jamnagar town received water supply only on alternate days …” post-Narmada.
The distance to water sources reduced for most people after Narmada canal based
scheme was introduced, with many more getting water within dwelling, within
premises or near premises. Yet, there was only marginal reduction on the time
spent on collecting water, nor was there “any significant change in terms of the
volumetric daily water consumption by the households post Narmada canal-based
piped water supply.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of the most important impacts was that most<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>households expressed that there was
improvement in the water quality post Narmada, that the water was soft. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The authors however do not analyse the reasons about this
uneven performance of the water supply scheme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Could it be that diversions over and above those in the original plans
to politically and economically powerful centres like industries and cities
like Baroda and Ahmedabad be a reason? Or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>that a system of water supply to thousands of decentralised centres from
a centralised source, transferring water from several hundred kilometres has
some inherent limitations and problems? Such analysis is critical to understand
the efficiency and efficacy of the drinking water system for SSP and whether
it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is an optimal way to address the
domestic water needs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The section on environmental externalities is very
inadequate as it does not deal with most of the environmental problems. Only a
few random issues are addressed. The authors are optimistic that the problems
of waterlogging will not occur in the SSP area, as there are extensive
groundwater withdrawals in the command. However, this is not a correct
reasoning, for the real dangers of waterlogging will come within areas
underlain with saline soils and water, as the experience of Punjab and Haryana
has shown. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The most astonishing argument made by the authors is about
the “ecological benefits accrued through the release of water into environmentally
stressed rivers of Gujarat” – one example of which is the famous Sabarmati
river front project. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They argue that
rising incomes increase people’s demands for environmental services, and as
Gujarat’s income has grown, so have the need for these, including the “desire
to re-establish the flow regimes in the rivers…whose natural flows have been
drastically altered due to diversions or impoundments…Government of Gujarat
took a major initiative to release a part of unutilised flow from the Sardar
Sarovar reservoir into these rivers to improve their ecological health ….” In
other words, what they argue is that people of Gujarat have destroyed their own
rivers through diversions and dams, but now are using their wealth to dam and
divert the Narmada to make their rivers ecologically healthy. This is not only
a highly distorted understanding of what ecological health should mean, but it
is also a justification for the rich grabbing resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The chapter on socio-economic impacts on displaced
population lists how many oustees have been displaced and settled, and how most
of them have got 5 acres of land. First, the study looks only at resettlement
in Gujarat and not M.P. and Maharashtra – which have the lion’s share of
displaced populations. Moreover, the rather straightforward and almost
algebraic description of displacement glosses over the massive suffering that
thousands of people have faced for decades, and continue to do so and the fact
that while there has been some improvement in resettlement policy, it has come
mainly because of the intense, relentless and arduous struggles being waged by
the oustees, and not through any goodwill of the Government.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It shows none of the problems that even the
resettled people continue to face. However, we can still get some indications
from some discussions in the chapter. For example, the authors mention that
only 10% of the gross cropped area in the resettlement sites was under
irrigation - even though the oustees are supposed to get irrigated land in the
command. The authors also mention that 80 out of 126 resettlement sites are in
the command and hence are “likely to receive Narmada waters”. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No time is mentioned. Also, this means 46
sites are out of the command. At another place, where coping strategies during
droughts and stress are described, the authors mention that in their original
villages, oustees had their indigenous institutions of mutual support, and the
natural capital like forest produce, meat and fish. In the resettlement sites
their new coping strategies include “outmigration …in search of casual work…
reduction in use of purchased inputs…”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>However , the chapter ends with an acknowledgement that this had been a
weak area for SSP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Major Shortcomings<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The book has two major shortcomings. First, for a book that
sets out to do a comprehensive economic assessment, it strangely has left one
side of the balance sheet – the costs – completely blank. In the entire study,
there is little about the costs that have been paid or need to be paid to
obtain the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>benefits described. Some of
these costs are the overarching and broader huge financial, social and
environmental costs of the project, which have not been looked at by the book. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example, the book , the mentions only in
passing the total financial cost of the project, expected to be more than Rs.
50,000 crores at least, just for the irrigation component. At the same time,
some of the internal costs – which are part and parcel of the benefit being
studied, have also been ignored. For example, the authors have counted huge
savings in electricity costs of pumping ground water as one of the important
benefits. These saving have accrued because canal waters have seeped into the
ground and led to rise in groundwater levels. However, they have ignored the
fact that in large parts of the command, particularly in the entire Saurashtra
and Kutch, water has to be lifted and pumped up. Both the Kutch and Saurashtra
branch canals will get water from the main canal only through massive pumps.
This energy consumption is not counted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Similarly, the rise in groundwater levels due to seepage
from canals is considered, as mentioned earlier, as one of the most significant
and unintended benefit. However, this ignores the fact that irrigation from
canal waters is a zero sum game. If some water seeps out, this means that
another part of the canal command will not get that water. It should be kept in
mind that SSP canal command has been designed assuming a very high irrigation
efficiency of 60%, thus assuming few losses. But this “cost” of the enhanced
ground water recharge has not been taken into account, nor the fact that this
groundwater recharge will be a transient benefit, till other parts of command
claim their right. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The important point about costs not being addressed is that
the criticism about SSP has essentially about benefits for whom, and at what
costs, and making realistic estimates of benefits. In other words, the a core
of the debate has been about “net cost benefit” as is also recognised by the
blurb on the back cover of the book. Yet, there is no attempt to even look at
these costs. It is ironic that at one place, the authors state how “continuous
increase in groundwater irrigation [in Gujarat] came with a huge social,
economic and environmental costs…”, and therefore justify Narmada waters coming
into this area to replace or supplement ground water irrigation, but forget
that Narmada waters can come to the area only with similar huge social,
economic and environmental costs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The second major shortcoming is that the study has not
addressed the broader issues that have been raised in the protests and
challenges against the project. One such issue is the fact that the irrigation
benefits from the project are to accrue mainly to the water rich areas of
Gujarat, and the drought prone areas, particularly Saurashtra and Kutch are to
get very small shares.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The authors do
not touch this issue, even though they note that “areas which now receive the
water from Narmada canals by gravity mostly fall in the high rainfall areas”
and also argue that the better economic gains can be made if the Narmada waters
are used in the water scarce areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Another issue is about the time that such projects take to
deliver benefits, which is also another form of cost. While the protests and
struggles are (wrongfully) blamed for the delay in the project, it is now
almost 15 years since 2000, when the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Supreme Court gave the final go ahead to the project. Yet, the authors
note that only one third of the command is still irrigated (and that too the
high rainfall areas mainly) but do not raise any issues about this. Similarly,
while at one place the authors lament about how Kutch has been thirsty for
nearly two centuries they do not question why this has been so and whether
there has been no other way to address the drinking water needs of the district
for 20 decades, when these needs constitute a small quantity of water compared
to irrigation needs, and when the district itself has been growing water
intensive crops like sugarcane. The authors do not even question that even if
Kutch had to be given waters from another dam far away, why was it not
given<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>water from the Mahi Kadana dam,
which was completed as far back as 1979? Ironically, the drinking water component
analysed by the authors, and what is now called the Narmada canal based water
supply project actually has also waters from the Mahi project. So why could
this not have been done in 1979 itself and cut Kutch’s wait by<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>30 years? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The other and equally important broader issue of the debate
is whether water needs of the regions can be met by any other means, and how
these means compare with the SSP in terms of the balance of benefits and costs
– in other words, the issue of alternatives. The book makes a passing, and
incorrect reference that “those who critiqued dam building never mooted such
convincing alternatives to the Sardar Sarovar”. In fact, one of the important
grounds for challenging the SSP was that there were much better alternatives.
It is interesting that another recent study (Shah <i>et al</i> 2009)</span><a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Writing/Articles/Frontline%20SSP%20Book%20Review%20July%2015/Review%20DK%20and%20SJ%20Book%20on%20SSP%20Ver%203%20Long%20with%20HT%20HU%20NO%20FOR%20PUTTING%20ON%20BLOG.docx" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;">notes
that “Canal-irrigated South and Central Gujarat should have led Gujarat’s
agricultural rally. Instead it is dry Saurashtra and Kachchh, and North Gujarat
that have been at the forefront. These could not have performed so well but for
the improved availability of groundwater for irrigation. Arguably, mass-based
water harvesting and farm power reforms have helped energise Gujarat’s
agriculture.” The study also shows how in the Gujarat decentralised water
harvesting structures have served by far the largest acreage and have had the
highest water productivity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The book under review does not even ask this question about
whether any alternatives are there and if so, how they fare vis-à-vis SSP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">All in all, the book presents some empirical research on the
impacts of irrigation and drinking water from Narmada in various parts of
Gujarat, and this research shows mixed results. Some benefits have been
achieved, at some places, and at others the impact has been lesser.
Methodological issues also bring in significant margins of errors to several of
these results. However, this effort falls far short of any “comprehensive
evaluation” of the SSP, an objective that the book has set out for itself. This
is partly because it does not address or include any costs, thus evading
completely the “net cost benefit” issue. Given this, whatever benefits are
presented for Narmada project, cannot be used to justify such projects as the
chosen or optimal interventions, simply because the book has refrained from
touching the two aspects necessary to reach such a conclusion – the
cost-benefit balance, including the distribution of the costs and benefits in
terms of who benefits and who pays the costs, and the question about whether
similar benefits can be obtained by any other means which offer a better cost-benefit
balance, that is, the question of alternatives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In refraining from addressing these two issues, and also the
set of broader issues that are at the heart of the struggle against the SSP,
the book has limited its own scope to a fairly narrow one, one that then also
limits its utility in terms of any conclusions about the need, desirability and
viability of large scale dam projects like the SSP. It also falls far short of
its own objectives, that of a “comprehensive evaluation” of the SSP. For that,
we have to wait another research, another publication. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
----------- ENDS ----------<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Notes: </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">I am extremely grateful to Himanshu Thakkar, Himanshu
Upadhyaya, K.J. Joy, Rohit Prajapati and Nandini Oza for their comments on the draft of this
review. I am also grateful to Ann Josey for important insights into some of the methodological aspects. Needless to add, I alone am responsible for the contents of the review.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">All quotes are from the book, unless indicated otherwise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Writing/Articles/Frontline%20SSP%20Book%20Review%20July%2015/Review%20DK%20and%20SJ%20Book%20on%20SSP%20Ver%203%20Long%20with%20HT%20HU%20NO%20FOR%20PUTTING%20ON%20BLOG.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> When
the rate of TDS increase is declining, the book calls it positive impact, but
when the rate of TDS declining decreases, the book does not count it as a
negative impact! (Page 91, 3<sup>rd</sup> para)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Writing/Articles/Frontline%20SSP%20Book%20Review%20July%2015/Review%20DK%20and%20SJ%20Book%20on%20SSP%20Ver%203%20Long%20with%20HT%20HU%20NO%20FOR%20PUTTING%20ON%20BLOG.docx" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> From Statistical
Abstract Gujarat, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Writing/Articles/Frontline%20SSP%20Book%20Review%20July%2015/Review%20DK%20and%20SJ%20Book%20on%20SSP%20Ver%203%20Long%20with%20HT%20HU%20NO%20FOR%20PUTTING%20ON%20BLOG.docx" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> Shah
Tushaar, Ashok Gulati, Hemant P, Ganga Shreedhar, R C Jain (2009): <i>Secret of
Gujarat’s Agrarian Miracle after 2000</i>, in Economic & Political Weekly
EPW December 26, 2009 Vol XLIV No 52<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-16701562169929716102014-12-12T03:57:00.000-08:002014-12-12T03:58:48.454-08:00 Full Report of MoEF’s Committee to Review Environmental Laws Confirms Initial Apprehensions: Recipe for Dilution of Environmental Protection Regime<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
has recently made public the report of the “High-Level Committee constituted
for review of Environment and Forests Laws” (the </span><a href="http://www.moef.nic.in/content/comments-invited-suggestionscomments-are-invited-high-level-committee-hlc-review-various-env"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">TSR
Subramanian Committee</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">). The </span><a href="http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/press-releases/Final_Report_of_HLC.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">full
report</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> confirms and strengthens the initial apprehensions that had been
built up from a reading of the leaked executive summary. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">A reading of the full report shows that its recommendations
are <i>a sure recipe for serious dilution of environmental protection regime in
the country</i>, which is not too effective in any case; and that its
recommendations <i>seem to have ignored the lessons and experience of last few
decades </i>since the operation of the Environment Protection Act and other
laws. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">Our initial concerns, based on the leaked executive summary,
articulated </span><a href="http://shripadmanthan.blogspot.in/2014/11/recipe-for-dilution-of-environmental.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">here</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">
remain valid. We give below some <i>additional</i> issues based on the full
report (Report from here on). Note that concerns articulated earlier are not
repeated here.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Some Useful Analysis and Recommendations<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Report has correctly analysed the key problems with the current
environmental protection regime. Some of these are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The lasting impression has
remained that the Acts and the appurtenant legal instruments have really served
only the purpose of a venal administration, at the Centre and the States, to
meet rent-seeking propensity at all levels. This impression has been further
strengthened by waves of large scale ‘clearances’, coupled with major delays in
approvals in individual cases. It should also be added that our businessmen and
entrepreneurs are not all imbued in the principles of rectitude – most are not
reluctant, indeed actively seek short-cuts, and are happy to collaboratively
pay a ‘price’ to get their projects going…”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The Executive, as pointed out
has not covered itself with glory – indeed it has invited the attention of the
judicial branch through lack of basic care.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The Committee notes the tardy
implementation of even the current penal provisions, which is by itself a
catastrophe.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The principal aim of
Environmental Laws should be to ensure enhancement of environmental quality
parameters and maintenance of ecological balance.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“While India has a strong
environmental policy and legislative framework, much of the problem relates to
weak implementation of the various acts and the rules there under.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“… whereas most projects sooner
or later obtain approval; one analysis indeed indicated that the percentage of
approved projects works out to 99.1% – clearly the focus is not on substance.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Unfortunately, in spite of the correct identification of the
problems, the Committee’s <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>recommendations do not address these problems,
particularly the issue that “the focus is not on substance”. Instead, their
recommendations are mainly focussed on expediting clearances, and are likely to
result in a go-by to basic environmental principles. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are some useful recommendations that can potentially
enhance environmental conservation. The few such recommendations in the Report
are (1) Suggestion to include noise pollution as an offence in EP Act. (2)
Creation of a geo-referenced database of environmental parameters for the
entire country, including parameters like topography, hydrology, forest cover, bio-diversity,
pollution etc. (However, the utility of this is limited by making it accessible
as a paid service which common people, civil society groups are not likely to
afford) (3) Some of the suggestions in the Wildlife Protection Act. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, the impact of these few useful suggestions also may
be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lost as the overarching framework
within which they are recommended to be placed is highly problematic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Let us look at few of these issues now. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nothing New in NEMA/SEMA, May Worsen the Clearance
Process<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Section 7.8 of the Report recommends the formation of the
NEMA and SEMA for clearing various projects. It says:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“It is proposed to create
agencies, viz. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) at national
level and State Environment Management Authority (SEMA) for each State as the
pivotal authorities to process applications for composite environmental
clearance (one window), for category A cases through NEMA and for category B
projects through SEMA. These would be standing technical organizations, manned
with professionals, supported by appropriate technology, which will have the
primary responsibility for processing all environmental clearance applications,
in a strictly time-bound manner”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, a detailed reading shows that there is little to
distinguish the NEMA and SEMA from the current structure of the Expert
Appraisal Committee (EAC) at central level and the State Expert Appraisal
Committee (SEAC) at the state level, except for the fact that the members of
NEMA and SEMA are expected to be full time. While this would be a welcome step,
the basic character of the NEMA remains that of the EAC and hence this change
may not have the desired impact.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The most serious problem
with the NEMA is that its Chair is required to be a:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: medium; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“Person with administrative experience and of the
rank of an Additional Secretary to the government or above or persons with
unblemished record of service under any government of not less than twenty five
years in the field of pollution control or environmental management.” <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">First of all, this
recommendation limits the selection of Chair to those who have been in the
government, thus excluding many capable, knowledgeable, respected and
independent people from outside the government. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Second, this allows
bureaucrats and government officers with no experience in environment to be
chairperson of NEMA and it is likely that this will become the norm. Such an apprehension
is not misplaced at all. In the EACs, most of the Chairpersons appointed have
had no background in environment; rather they have been heading departments or
ministries that are involved in building dams, mines etc. There is no reason to
believe that this will change in the case of the NEMA. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The absence of a Chair
with strong environmental background, knowledge and concerns has been seen as
one of the main reasons why the EAC has failed to deliver on ensuring environmental
protection and the Committee should have recommend environmental experience and
knowledge as a prerequisite for the Chair of NEMA and SEMA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">In a recent Order</span><a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Policies%20and%20Laws%20GoI/MoEF/TSR%20Report%20Aug-Nov%202014/Comments%20on%20Full%20Report%20of%20TSR.docx" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">,
the National Green Tribunal has taken cognisance of this issue and has noted:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“Thus, we are of the considered view that it will
neither be permissible nor in the interest of the environment, or any of the
stakeholders, to appoint persons from only administrative or management field,
without having specific experience in the field of environment”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Further, it directed
that:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“We direct MoEF not to appoint experts as
members/Chairperson of the EAC/SEAC under these head [“public administration or
management “] unless the said experts in the above field is/are directly
relatable to the various fields of environmental jurisprudence.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thus, the NGT has
clearly ruled - something that should also be obvious from basic principles –
that any member, and particularly the Chair of the EAC (and now the NEMA) must
primarily be an expert in the field of environment. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Second, the NEMA has a
vastly expanded set of responsibilities that go beyond project clearances, so
making the NEMA Board full time would only be a limited improvement over the
EAC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In particular, NEMA <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has to “Monitor the compliance of
specifications and enforce all the conditions of project clearances.” This is
very important, for as the TSR Committee itself notes, the main problem with
the environmental regime in India is lack of compliance and implementation.
However, there is nothing in the Report that indicates how the NEMA is going to
manage this monitoring, which will require a large staff. Most of the Report’s
recommendations for monitoring are in terms of using modern technology – which
is welcome and must be done – but it is not going to be a silver bullet. The
Report seems to believe in a technological fix. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The real issue with the
monitoring and compliance is, of course, that the establishment does not have
the political will to take action against the offenders, against projects and
promoters who are often in nexus with the political and bureaucratic
establishment, or where other considerations like bribes prevail. Clearly, a
NEMA headed by a member of the same bureaucracy is unlikely to rise above these
reasons and suddenly transform itself into an organisation that can take strong
action.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Report notes that
among the principles it tried to follow is that of “providing adequate teeth to
regulators to check the violations.” Unfortunately, lack of teeth was never the
problem – current laws provide ample scope for taking strict actions – but
rather the willingness to bite. None of the recommendations have the intent of
creating this political will to take strict action. Nor do any of the
recommendations go to make the bureaucracy more accountable. On the contrary,
by diluting provision like the NGT, the Report has decreased the
accountability.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Last, but not the least,
there is a recommendation that :<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“The Union Government shall have the powers to give
directions to NEMA and SEMA in the matters of project clearances. All such
directions shall be binding on NEMA and SEMA”.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The intent of this is
not clear, but the results are likely to be further enhanced control of the
Government on the NEMA.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dilution of Public
Hearing Process <o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The most serious problem
of omission with the Report is that it has no recommendations to address what
is probably the biggest lacunae in the current environmental regime, that is,
virtually no scope for the participation of local communities and civil society
in appraisal, decision-making and monitoring. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">At the same time, the
Report has chosen to recommend a number of dilutions in the one limited space
available for the same, that is, the public hearing that takes place as a part
of the environmental clearance process.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">First of all, it
recommends that “only environmental, rehabilitation and resettlement issues are
captured in the public hearing.” This means that the local communities have no
scope to raise issues questioning any other part of the project or the project
itself.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Equally serious, it
recommends that “A mechanism should be put in place to ensure that only genuine
local participation is permitted.” This is a clear attempt to shut out civil
society and public interest groups from the public hearing process and in turn
deprive the local communities of inputs that can empower them. It should be
noted that many of the projects are complex technological interventions, the
EIAs are complicated documents (often available only in English), and so the
local communities need support to understand the EIA and other impacts of the
project. It is ironic that projects are promoted mostly by outsiders, the EIAs
are done by outsiders / consultants, but it is now expected that now only
“local” people would participate in the public hearing. This is a clear attempt
to weaken challenges to grossly destructive projects by isolating local
communities from external support and thus disempowering them. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Further, the Report says
that public hearings can be dispensed with “in the matters of projects of
strategic importance and national importance.” This offers a very easy escape
route for exempting projects, particularly since national importance is not defined,
and virtually every major project could be considered nationally important. For
example, the Polavaram dam and irrigation project has been declared a national
project; this could well mean that it is of national importance. Then, even
such a controversial project, facing serious challenge from local people, could
be exempt from public hearings. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Several other dilutions
are also proposed for public hearings. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Other Concerns<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> </span></o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For the record, the
concerns dealt with in our </span></span><a href="http://shripadmanthan.blogspot.in/2014/11/recipe-for-dilution-of-environmental.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">earlier
comments</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;"> are:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Report finds legal framework
robust, yet recommends changing it drastically<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Winding up or Dilution of National Green Tribunal
on Cards<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">(Details were not clear in the Executive Summary.
It is now clear that the NGT will remain, but its powers of review will be
limited to “judicial review of administrative actions” as against reviewing the
core of the environmental aspects on merits that an expert Tribunal can.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Utmost Good Faith Mechanism<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Delinking Compensatory Forestation from Project<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">No Provision for Participation<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<o:p><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;"> </span></o:p><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">In Sum<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In sum, while the Report
correctly identifies many of the significant problems in the current
environmental regime, the recommendations provided by it hardly address these
reasons. On the contrary, if accepted, they will go towards creating a system
that is bureaucratic, with little accountability and geared mainly towards
“expediting” clearances, with little to ensure that the environmental
principles are maintained and enshrined in projects and developmental activities.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/BACKUP%20C/Policies%20and%20Laws%20GoI/MoEF/TSR%20Report%20Aug-Nov%202014/Comments%20on%20Full%20Report%20of%20TSR.docx" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: large;">[1]</span></span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">
Order of the National Green Tribunal, Principal Bench in the matter of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>APPLICATION NO. 116 (THC) OF 2013, </b>Kalpavriksh
and Ors. Vs Union of India and Ors., dated 17<sup>th</sup> July 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-89052131315417040162014-11-22T23:18:00.002-08:002014-11-22T23:18:55.572-08:00Recipe for Dilution of Environmental Protection Regime: Report of MoEF’s Committee to Review Environmental Laws<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">The “High-Level Committee constituted for review of
Environment and Forests Laws” (the </span><a href="http://www.moef.nic.in/content/comments-invited-suggestionscomments-are-invited-high-level-committee-hlc-review-various-env"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large;">TSR
Subramanian Committee</span></a><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">) has recently submitted its report to the MoEF.
Preliminary information about its report indicate that its recommendations are <i>a
sure recipe for serious dilution of environmental protection regime in the
country</i>, which is not too effective in any case; and that its
recommendations <i>seem to have ignored the lessons and experience of last few
decades </i>since the operation of the Environment Protection Act and other
laws. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhERb40twRwYafPejjaHyR8nREN7VIBSTp4DYkLUK3TQezBwis9-eDhfTEi_L7TIgoyAmaLCSZ5d2xoh220wBA2YEmVmbs2jpTYuE2CXaE7Ss2KHMLmEEALl2nRmX4_IdscMJvuxDj8rlW/s1600/595.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhERb40twRwYafPejjaHyR8nREN7VIBSTp4DYkLUK3TQezBwis9-eDhfTEi_L7TIgoyAmaLCSZ5d2xoh220wBA2YEmVmbs2jpTYuE2CXaE7Ss2KHMLmEEALl2nRmX4_IdscMJvuxDj8rlW/s1600/595.JPG" height="232" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Laws based on the Committee's Report are unlikely to ensure environmental protection</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The note below presents some comments on the recommendations
of the TSR Committee Report. It should be noted that comments are limited only
to some recommendations. Second, as of now, only the executive summary (ES) of
the report is available in the public domain, so the comments are based on the
ES only. Some of the comments could be revisited when the detailed report is
made public.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Report finds legal framework robust, yet recommends
changing it drastically<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The Committee was set up to review six environment related
legislations, and suggest amendments to them. However, what the Committee found
was that<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“While India has a strong
environmental policy and legislative framework, much of the problem related to
weak implementation of the various acts and the rules there under.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Clearly, if we already have a strong environmental legal and
policy regime, then the recommendations should have pretty much left it alone. As
they say, “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”. Yet, the Committee has suggested
sweeping changes in the laws.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most of
the changes appear to weaken environmental protection, which then seems to be
very purpose. Why else should the committee recommend sweeping changes in the
laws when it itself found the regime to be robust?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">In fact, it should have focussed mainly on suggesting ways
to make implementation stronger. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ironically many of the changes suggested are likely to
decrease accountability, weakening implementation further, or allowing weak
implementation to continue. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Winding up or Dilution of National Green Tribunal on Cards<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The recommendation of the Committee to have an “appellate mechanism against
the decision of the NEMA [National Environmental Management Authority] and SEMA
[State Environmental Management Authority]” appears to be aimed at doing away with
the National Green Tribunal (NGT). <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is ironic in context of the Committee’s finding that implementation is
the key issue; as the NGT has been the main, one can even say the only
mechanism that has brought in some semblance of accountability to the
environmental protection regime. In spite of this, or may<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be because of this, there has been a clamour
against the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NGT and a dilution has been
talked about a lot. The Committee seems to have gone along with this clamour.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Apparently, the reason to bring in an Appellate mechanism is that the first
forum of appeal should not be a judicial one. However, the Committee report is
silent on whether the NGT would still remain and be the second level of appeal.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">In any case, if such a new Appellate mechanism is brought it, the least of provisions
should be that the Environmental or Forest Clearance (or other decisions) of
NEMA/SEMA that are being challenged should automatically be suspended once the
appeal is made. Otherwise, the appeal would drag on for months if not years,
and the work on the project would continue. After that, any appeal at the
higher levels is likely to be doomed from the very start as the project would
be a <i>fait accompli</i>. Of course, the Committee recommends that every
appeal has to be disposed-off in three months, but experience of such
mechanisms shows that this is likely to be breached more than honoured. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Utmost Good Faith Mechanism<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">A measure most disconnected with<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
Indian situation is the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>recommendation
of legislating a concept of “Utmost Good Faith”. As the Summary notes: <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“A new concept of ‘utmost good faith’ has been
inducted, through a new legislation, to ensure that the applicant for clearance
is responsible for legally for his statements, but would be severely penalised,
as prescribed, for any deliberate falsehood.’ <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">This is supposed to ease implementation by significantly reducing inspector
raj. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">However, this exhibits a complete disregard for the Indian situation. The
real question<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is not whether industries
or corporates will not exhibit good faith – the real issue is whether the
Indian state will be able to (or will want<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to) take strict action.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">The problem is that the Indian political, bureaucratic and technocratic
establishment has no political will or intention to take strict action and
penalise offenders, often in lieu of extra-legal considerations. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Of course, this is very easy for the Government to contradict, if they want.
All they have to do is to show such action – for which there is ample scope
even within today’s legal regime. Indeed, such a demonstration of the Government’s
ability to act strictly need not wait any new legislation, and rather, must
form a prerequisite for even thinking of any new legislation of ‘utmost good
faith’. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Delinking Compensatory Forestation from Project<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">One of the important recommendations of the Committee is <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">“…delinking the project proponent from Compensatory
Afforestation obligations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>after he
fulfils the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>necessary financial
commitments…”<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Ethics demands that the responsibility and accountability to carry out
environmental compensatory measures must lie with the one who is responsible
for destroying it – in this case, the project promoter. And if he is not able
to ensure compensation, then he should not be allowed to destroy. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is true that even today, the project proponent pays the money to the
afforestation fund, and the responsibility for carrying out afforestation is
that of the government forest departments. But the final responsibility remains
that of the project proponent. The proponents have a grievance that they are
being made responsible <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for afforestation
but they don’t have any control on it, and this certainly has some merit. But
the solution cannot be in delinking the project completely from the afforestation,
for then one is likely to defeat the very purpose of environmental regeneration
and it also goes against the principle that responsibility for ensuring compensatory
measures must lie with the one who is responsible for destroying it<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">There is also a practical consideration. Experience of last several decades
has shown that the main motivation for carrying out the afforestation (and any
other environmental protection scheme or rehabilitation processes) in time
would be of the project proponent and that too only if his project is likely to
be delayed in case of default. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">No Provision for Participation<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></b></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhERb40twRwYafPejjaHyR8nREN7VIBSTp4DYkLUK3TQezBwis9-eDhfTEi_L7TIgoyAmaLCSZ5d2xoh220wBA2YEmVmbs2jpTYuE2CXaE7Ss2KHMLmEEALl2nRmX4_IdscMJvuxDj8rlW/s1600/595.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">While the Committee has recommended sweeping changes in environmental laws
in spite of finding that the regime is robust, it has not made recommendations
for the one most glaring lacunae in the current legal regime. This is that the
current legal regime has almost no place for participation of local
communities, affected people and ordinary citizens in the assessments of
impacts, in environmental decision making, or in monitoring of implementation
of environmental measures.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">Such participation is most crucial in ensuring proper implementation of
environmental laws and for ensuring environmental protection measures.
Unfortunately, the Committee has lost the opportunity for introducing
comprehensive provisions for meaningful participation of people. Possibly, its
very limited consultations and the limited exposure of its members to relevant
aspects of environmental regime has been responsible for this omission. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-language: GU; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: large;">It is imperative now for the MoEF not to rush into implementation of the
Committee’s recommendations, but put them in the public domain and first have
extensive consultations on these. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-69922811522143576542014-11-18T06:59:00.000-08:002014-11-18T06:59:34.198-08:00Report of visit to Coastal Thermal power plants and their impacts on water<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
This report presents some preliminary findings related to the impact on
water of coastal coal based thermal power stations based on a field
visit to some operational and in-pipeline coastal plants in the states
of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The visit was undertaken in early July
2014.<br />
<br />
This will feed in into our ongoing larger work on coal and water which
is steadily progressing towards some sort of completion!
<br />
<br />
Report is also available on Manthan website at
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.manthan-india.org/spip.php?article87">http://www.manthan-india.org/spip.php?article87</a>
<br />
<br />
Comments are welcome. Feel free to share it too.<br />
<br /></div>
Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-52560327456726173682014-09-22T08:24:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.967-08:00New Land Acquisition Act – Rules for Social Impact Assessments and Consent Provisions Notified (Relative Progressive Rules – Can also be a useful guide for EIA Processes)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNormal">The NDA government – amidst speculations that it is set to dilute important provisions of the new land acquisition act – has recently notified the Rules for two of its most important and progressive sections, those pertaining to the Social Impact Assessments and the Consent provisions. These Rules, notified on 8<sup>th</sup> Aug 2014 detail out how to implement these two provisions of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013</i> which is the full and formal name of the new Land Acquisition Act( referred to hereinafter as Act). </div><div class="MsoNormal">Overall, these <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Social Impact Assessment and Consent) Rules, 2014</i> (Rules hereinafter) provide a relatively progressive framework of implementation. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Provisions for Social Impact Assessment</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">There are some significant provisions for carrying out the SIA. First and foremost, the Rules require that the SIA be carried out in consultation with the local self-government institutions in the affected area. This provision is also there in Act.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The Rules require the state or the central government to establish a Social Impact Assessment Unit, “an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">independent</i> organisation which shall be responsible for ensuring that Social Impact Assessments are commissioned and conducted by such person or bodies <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">other than the Requiring Body</i> as per the provisions of the Act”. (Emphasis added). This is a critical provision for maintaining the credibility of the SIA. Here, a lesson seems to have been learnt from the problems with the Environment Impact Assessments (EIA) process, where the project proponent selects, commissions and pays the agency that carries out the EIA. This creates a direct conflict of interest, and it’s not surprising that most EIAs are highly biased towards the project proponent’s interests. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The Rules empower the SIA Unit to formulate the Terms of References for any SIA proposal, list the activities required, decide the size and profile of the team required, and prepare the costs estimates for the same. Then, the Requiring Body (the agency that wants the land) will deposit the money with the Government, and the SIA Unit will select the agency to carry out the assessment from the roster that it maintains. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">To further ensure a distance between the Requiring Body and the SIA team, the Rules explicitly state that the Requiring Body shall not be involved in any way in the appointment of the SIA agency, and that it should be ensured that there is no conflict of interest involving the team members of the SIA agency. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The Rules allow the SIA team to include independent practitioners, academics, qualified social activists, and mandate the inclusion of at least one woman member. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The SIA Unit is also tasked with building and “continuously expand a Database of Qualified Social Impact Assessment Resource Partners and Practitioners”, “conduct training and capacity building programmes for the Social Impact Assessment team and community surveyors”, and “continuously review, evaluate and strengthen the quality of Social Impact Assessments and the capacities available to conduct them”. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Apart from giving a detailed list of the aspects that the SIA must cover, which include all direct and indirect impacts, the Rules also require the SIA to “assess the viability of impact mitigation". This is critical because often, the mitigation measures are just listed out as a lip service and the project cleared on this basis, but the affected people suffer because it is practically impossible to carry out the measure effectively particularly when the displacement involves large numbers.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">In this context, it is also important that the Rules require the SIA to “provide an assessment as to whether the benefits from the proposed project exceed the social costs and adverse social impacts that are likely to be experienced by the affected families or even after the proposed mitigation measures, the affected families remained at risk of being economically or socially worse, as a result of the said land acquisition and resettlement”.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">There are several other important provisions including the time period for the SIA (six months), recording the views of the affected families in writing, involving local voluntary organisations and media in the public hearings, recording and considering in the SIA every objection raised in the public hearings, the SIA and public hearings to be in local language and a web-based flow management information system of the acquisition process. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Consent Provision</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The Consent related Rules specify that the Consent process shall be carried out by the Government, through the District Collector. The consent would be obtained (where required by the Act) at two levels – the Gram Sabha level and for the private and public-private partnership projects, at the individual land owner levels. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">For getting the consent from the Gram Sabha, the quorum requirements not only ask for 50% of the total members to be present, but also require that one third of total women members also to be present. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">The Rules specify that negotiated terms for rehabilitation, compensation, impact management and mitigation which the Requiring Body has agreed to, shall form a part and parcel of the Consent Agreements. This means that the Consent is given only against these commitments. </div><div class="MsoNormal">It also declares that any attempt to coerce or threaten anyone into giving consent shall be treated as a criminal offence, and most important, if any such threat has been made, the consent so given shall be void. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Two Caveats</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Of course, these Rules cannot and do not transcend the fundamental problems with the original Act itself (see <a href="http://indiatogether.org/landact-laws">here</a> for a detailed account of these), but within that limitation, provide a much better process than has been available earlier for project affected people. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Second, it’s a question as to whether and how long these Rules will survive, as the very provisions that these Rules help actualise are the ones that the Central Government seems to want to do away with. However, till such an eventuality, these Rules will be the ones that will provide the framework for implementation of the Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">A Lesson for the MoEF</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">All in all, even with several limitations, these Rules provide a process of SIA that is miles ahead of all earlier processes. Indeed, at this time, the Ministry of Environment and Forest is examining all the environment protection laws, and it could do well to adapt all these provisions of the SIA for the EIA process too. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">22 September 2014</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Rules can be downloaded from <a href="http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/pdfs/RFCTLARR%20%28SIA%20and%20Consent%29%20Rules%202014.pdf">http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/downloads/pdfs/RFCTLARR%20%28SIA%20and%20Consent%29%20Rules%202014.pdf</a></span> </div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style><![endif]--></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-44529125271525947372014-05-27T03:41:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.954-08:00IIT Bombay – Build, Build, but Where is the Imagination?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 272.4pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal">Indian Institute of Technology, (IIT) Bombay, now Mumbai – my <i>alma mater</i> – has undoubtedly been a happening place, even when I was there some 25 years back. Still, I was quiet taken aback to see how much was “happening” when I visited it sometime last week.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was not the usual campus sort of activity. Rather, what is happening is that the campus is in the middle of a construction boom. It is abuzz with the sounds of excavators (popularly called JCBs), bulldozers, concrete mixers and the likes. Mingling amongst young men and women wearing the characteristic look – half earnest, half I could not care less – of students on campus, are seen men in plastic hard hats and bright yellow and green coloured reflective jackets. Construction is on everywhere. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjClOHsehEhg3PwQ6xc93vSgT5O9xWDd9SgYogZIf_mD6dFilhu-bmTpgVX2aqwIkHCav4CFYcEx0U_VXAL2gs7M0lQ93ViTjS58jPsu29u4TghElRrI-7S37l0aUS_VjyJ41b0ZcCu9GIE/s1600/132.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjClOHsehEhg3PwQ6xc93vSgT5O9xWDd9SgYogZIf_mD6dFilhu-bmTpgVX2aqwIkHCav4CFYcEx0U_VXAL2gs7M0lQ93ViTjS58jPsu29u4TghElRrI-7S37l0aUS_VjyJ41b0ZcCu9GIE/s1600/132.JPG" height="212" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Excavator at a construction site near YP Gate</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal">Now anywhere in the world, construction is a sure sign of progress – or, to use a more nuanced and lively word, construction is a sure sign of “<i>vikas</i>”. In the last few months, the word (and its more mundane sounding English equivalent, “development”) has been much thrown around as India witnessed an energetic and loquacious election campaign. While India waits for the new government to unleash <i>vikas</i>, the IIT Bombay campus – as always – seems to be miles ahead of the country. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Naturally, all this must be great for the campus and its residents. But somehow I am left feeling just the opposite. Not surprising, of course, because I am amongst the minority which believes in such odd ball things like rivers should flow, and dams that stop the flow of a river are not exactly great news; that open spaces are nice, nicer than glass fronted tall buildings; that mountains are great, particularly when they are not hollowed out and cratered by mine pits; that if we need to forego some coal extraction to keep in place centuries old forests, that’s not a bad deal; that animals, plants, fish – in fact, the entire non-human biota, have a right to live and a right to an ecological space that will ensure that they live; and that such a right accrues to them not because they are useful to the human race, but rather because its intrinsic to their being on this planet.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">So when I saw the campus last week, I was, to repeat what I said earlier, quite taken aback. I saw in the happenings on campus a microcosm of what is happening in the larger world out there, things that go against the grain of what I have outlined in the earlier paragraph. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="page-break-after: avoid;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">But I must qualify my above thoughts. I am not an extreme ecologist nor, to use a word that has often been thrown at me and my friends, an eco-terrorist. If I think a river should continue to flow, I also agree that it’s okay to extract some of its waters for human use. But some, not all. How much, and how to arrive at this how much, is a complex interdisciplinary field of science, technology, social, environmental and political processes, called “environmental flows”. Similarly, I feel that we need to mine minerals, but “how much and how” remains the crucial question. This approach needs to be extended to all things described above. </div><div class="MsoNormal">So when I felt bad at what was going on at IIT campus, it was not because open spaces are being eaten away rapidly, but because it seems to be done in a mindless manner. I understand that IIT badly needs more hostels, residential quarters for staff, departments and so on. Yet, I wonder whether all this cannot be built without destroying open spaces, dumping muck in the lake and destroying the greenery? </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRAawE6OtyG92KHJ1_r5YySsYvb7qiHMpIsiMO1sISJtvm2FiuFymHLyXxbIhq8kzsL2BB3jIZfThF1mg3tEOpV3WlXoYV4s8U6hwqBlUPse2fubL-ZhHu9LWi3BBZMDreBdTD7Ol4uJ6f/s1600/128.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRAawE6OtyG92KHJ1_r5YySsYvb7qiHMpIsiMO1sISJtvm2FiuFymHLyXxbIhq8kzsL2BB3jIZfThF1mg3tEOpV3WlXoYV4s8U6hwqBlUPse2fubL-ZhHu9LWi3BBZMDreBdTD7Ol4uJ6f/s1600/128.JPG" height="239" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Old Hostel 10 makes way for a new high rise 16 storey H10</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Indeed, if there was one place where one could expect an innovative answer to this question, which is a smaller version of the larger question confronting humanity – how can we meet the needs of human beings at the same time ensuring that we destroy the surroundings the least – then it could have been IIT Bombay. It has the brains, it has the talent, it has the funds; what it probably lacks is the interest to take a particular approach to developing the campus. Else, we would not have a flashy new air conditioned sports complex coming up on the gymkhana grounds – a sports complex that takes away significant part of the sports ground itself! (Alumni may be interested in knowing that construction is coming up on all three sides of the gymkhana grounds H1 to H3 side, H4-H5 side and H8 side.). Or muck being disposed into the Powai lake. And so on. When I asked around if there was indeed a master plan, several people – who I know are sensitive and concerned campus residents – said if there was one, they were not in the know of it. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">While walking along the lake side path from the (old) guest house to behind hostel 8, (hardly a lake side path, now that the lake has receded so much), I wondered aloud: With so many alumni donating generously to the Institute for a variety of causes, including for big new departments and buildings (sometimes named after themselves!), why has someone not thought of donating funds with an express purpose of preserving a part of the campus? A sort of a no-build fund, a modified version of “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt-for-nature_swap">debt for nature swap</a>”? My friend, an alumnus and a faculty, <span class="MsoHyperlink">Prof. </span><a href="http://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~sohoni/">Milind Sohoni</a>, immediately responded saying that apparently the batch of 1980 had done something like this, giving funds to preserve the very stretch of the path that we were walking on. I also saw a small park called <i>Kshitij</i> built as a part of this. But it seems the authorities have renegaded on the promise to preserve the area, as there is a new big multi-storey guest house being built next to this very path. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh59wtGja6hA5iBUUhniW5eM1Es11xNbWzm7nSMBT4fX8LwuhFvDJ1l9lKVRb7236OjpPr-qsjHgg398PIGJIHhChLWWvCRFVEXv5Wml7V9-2PZV4U0YTZUvbykhWpk5itCHxynkWoYFtnw/s1600/134.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh59wtGja6hA5iBUUhniW5eM1Es11xNbWzm7nSMBT4fX8LwuhFvDJ1l9lKVRb7236OjpPr-qsjHgg398PIGJIHhChLWWvCRFVEXv5Wml7V9-2PZV4U0YTZUvbykhWpk5itCHxynkWoYFtnw/s1600/134.JPG" height="298" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoCaption">A heap of excavated debris piled up. A common site at several places in the campus</div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Certainly, part of the reason for me to feel bad about the campus is because I spent five incredibly great years there, and have a residual attachment to it. But I don’t want to make too much of this attachment – I no longer live there, and have visited it probably all of 10 times in the 25 years since I left it. But my disquiet stems more from a sense of missed opportunity. IIT could have showcased a different way of doing things, an approach that would not only keep the campus as beautiful it was, but would have also been an inspiration and guide for how to do things in the larger world outside. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">But then again, may be IIT, and the world outside wants to do things in this very manner, and they are indeed showcasing and inspiring the world with an approach they believe in?</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">May be I am really in a minority?</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">27 May 2014 </div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-23689799261286053852014-04-14T00:03:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.937-08:00Article on Fly Ush Utilisation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">My article, on the risks and problems related to disposal of fly ash from coal thermal power plants, now on India Together.<br /><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></div><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://indiatogether.org/grave-threat-from-coal-ash-environment">http://indiatogether.org/grave-threat-from-coal-ash-environment</a> <b><br /> <br /> COAL ASH MENACE</b><b><br /> </b><b>Ash everywhere; in your food and water, too?</b><br /><br /><i>Fly ash, the residue from coal used in thermal power plants, is not only a headache for plant operators; its use in agriculture and other sectors violates environmental sanctity an</i><i>d poses a serious risk to human health. Shripad Dharmadhikary studies a new CEA report to bring us more.</i></div><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwTdP-jfnbekIhmnM9L9QdI0hpTzmynIZt8qbRftqMVK-Rl3Y4BqmnbY932aY0WK2fGLi3li4RqzQV2Q7TSPMDrxk9P4nPZAaAVmBkhSyjY12badZH5pVBcXDCkZYDZTJIrdxwOZrtZp4f/s1600/Ash+Pond+of+Ib+Thermal+Plant+in+Odisha+on+Banks+of+Hirakud+Reservoir+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwTdP-jfnbekIhmnM9L9QdI0hpTzmynIZt8qbRftqMVK-Rl3Y4BqmnbY932aY0WK2fGLi3li4RqzQV2Q7TSPMDrxk9P4nPZAaAVmBkhSyjY12badZH5pVBcXDCkZYDZTJIrdxwOZrtZp4f/s1600/Ash+Pond+of+Ib+Thermal+Plant+in+Odisha+on+Banks+of+Hirakud+Reservoir+2.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fly Ash Pond of Ib Thermal Power Plant in Odisha, on Banks of the Hirakud Reservoir</span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-14782803234590598732014-03-21T23:01:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.931-08:00Limitations of World Bank’s Thirsty Energy – Reflections on the Occasion of the World Water Day<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoNormal"><b>World Water Day Focuses on Water Energy Nexus</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">22 March is world water day, and this year, the global theme for the day is Water and Energy. Global players are focussing on this theme, with UNESCO releasing on 21st March 2014, its latest World Water Development<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Report 2014 with its central theme and title “Water And Energy” and the International Energy Agency (IEA) making available free of charge a chapter titled “<a href="http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2012/WEO_2012_Water_Excerpt.pdf" target="_blank" title="WEO_2012_Water_Excerpt.pdf">Water for Energy: Is energy becoming a thirstier resource?</a>”from its two year old publication <a href="http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/"><i>World Energy Outlook</i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 2012</span></i>.<br /><br />Indeed, since last few years, much of the global water discourse has centred on the so-called “nexus”, that is, the Water-Energy-Food nexus. Continuing this focus, the theme of the World Water Day this year is “Water and Energy”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />Well before today’s World Water Day, the World Bank has taken the lead in pushing this theme of Water and Energy through its initiative called Thirsty Energy.<b> </b><br /><br /><b>World Bank’s Initiative – Thirsty Energy</b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />The <a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/sustainabledevelopment/brief/water-energy-nexus">initiative</a>, with a theme of Securing Energy in a Water Constrained World, “aims to help governments prepare for an uncertain future, and break disciplinary silos that prevent cross-sectoral planning. With the energy sector as an entry point, thirsty energy quantifies tradeoffs and identifies synergies between water and energy resource management.”<br /><br />However, there are serious limitations in the way the World Bank is looking at the Water Energy nexus. This is evident from a reading of its own working paper released in June 2013, of the same title, <i><a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/01/17932041/thirsty-energy">Thirsty Energy</a></i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal">This document does highlight the large amounts of water needed to produce electricity, particularly coal-fired electricity, but it falls far short of understanding or revealing the full range of impacts of energy production on water. Let us look only at the example of coal fired electricity and water.<br /><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b>Coal and Water</b><br /><br />The entire chain of coal based electricity production – from coal mining, transport, power plant and ash disposal – has huge impacts on water. These can be broadly categorised as follows.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Direct consumption of water for coal mining, thermal plants, ash disposal etc.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Disruption of both surface and ground water resources (e.g. coal mines will dewater groundwater aquifers around them, impacting local communities)</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Pollution</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">Unfortunately, <i>Thirsty Energy</i> looks only at item (1) above, and completely ignores impacts of (2) and (3), which can be as big as or even worse than those of (1).<b> </b><br /><br /><b>Direct Use Underestimated</b><br /><br />Even in the direct use of water, <i>Thirsty Energy </i>grossly underestimates the use of water by coal plants. It assumes that the biggest use of water in coal power plants is for cooling purposes. It says, “In a coal plant with cooling towers, it is estimated that 90 percent of the water is used in the cooling system and the other 10 percent is used in other processes (DOE, 2009)”. However, this is not true at all in the case of India. In India, in addition to water used for cooling – which is huge, massive quantities of water are used for ash disposal. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxg-kSBiqr12NeJ4CA1vfeeto1US9cIQIA5sygCfTjWlQoKhJv04DoycroC0nWpy6wK3o60M4IH1keBggTtyEmAWWxLpClyyT2A8a4T2A6UnILBhsJvi9QGdYWOz1iarD9Jxk5rVkC40Uj/s1600/Ash+Dump+in+Orissa+Note+Location+Close+to+water+body.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxg-kSBiqr12NeJ4CA1vfeeto1US9cIQIA5sygCfTjWlQoKhJv04DoycroC0nWpy6wK3o60M4IH1keBggTtyEmAWWxLpClyyT2A8a4T2A6UnILBhsJvi9QGdYWOz1iarD9Jxk5rVkC40Uj/s1600/Ash+Dump+in+Orissa+Note+Location+Close+to+water+body.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: justify;">Ash Dump of HINDALCO Alumina Company at </div><div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: justify;">Hirakud, Sambalpur in Odisha. Note Location Close to water body. <span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif";"></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRmmQQGaT8in2wmWAevCL6WAGfyyd-Gq93okT75Q_bP0CUEYdL9NhZfMYnzmjYarP7JX6iBzse5NlkFge9CIAvEc7NyqQzc7y4MJ33SjLXIdLRG3HUnMTQUWUsXMzaW40YRvI4ah3J2-P0/s1600/DSC06743.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRmmQQGaT8in2wmWAevCL6WAGfyyd-Gq93okT75Q_bP0CUEYdL9NhZfMYnzmjYarP7JX6iBzse5NlkFge9CIAvEc7NyqQzc7y4MJ33SjLXIdLRG3HUnMTQUWUsXMzaW40YRvI4ah3J2-P0/s1600/DSC06743.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Ash pond of 2340 MW Chandrapur Thermal Power plant. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">The pond is spread over 2600 hectares. It is supposed </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">to be lined with impermeable material, as are all ash ponds,</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">but is not.</span></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table>Burning of coal leaves behind ash, which is particularly high in India as domestic coal is high in ash content. While ash is supposed to be reused (the various reuses are fraught with risks, an issue we are not dealing with here), vast quantities still are being disposed in the form of dry ash dumps (see photo), or in ash ponds in the form of slurry (see photo). The latter requires massive quantities of water. For example, data obtained by us (Manthan Adhyayan Kendra) under the Right to Information Act showed that in many thermal power plants, water used for ash disposal ranged from 25% to 40% of total water use, and on a per unit basis was between 0.7 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to 2 litres per unit (KWh) of electricity generated. But water for this need, for ash disposal, does not figure anywhere in the estimations of <i>Thirsty Energy</i>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">It’s claimed that newer plants will use much lesser water for ash disposal, and any such development will be welcome. But there are serious questions about these claims which still need to be proved on the ground. Till then, ash disposal remains a huge water guzzler in India.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><br /><b>Disruption of surface and ground water resources</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Coal mines, both open cast and underground, can severely disrupt the groundwater flows, aquifers and also impact surface water. When one digs a coal mine, in essence one is digging a big pit, which cuts across ground water flows. These can lead to drying up of wells and even surface water bodies in the vicinity. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Our visits to various mines in different states show that the impact of groundwater dewatering is felt up to distances of 4-5 km. A study by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) of the Padampur-Durgapur coal mines in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra noted that effect of mine dewatering was seen upto distances of 3 km. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(See Photo , dry well in Sinala village).<br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1iA6q64r65m13J_1Lm7H2IA-iKcihe0hlnQKIaLZ9dFl6bDKsm6csL8h3zlnaNPDau4sl7ihPRcFwIy3wTqw8Dx5FncPUANBW2lg4iJGmHCg_OFHcbJi4mJdvcL3IT8bDuQMse2YaX74/s1600/DSC06633.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1iA6q64r65m13J_1Lm7H2IA-iKcihe0hlnQKIaLZ9dFl6bDKsm6csL8h3zlnaNPDau4sl7ihPRcFwIy3wTqw8Dx5FncPUANBW2lg4iJGmHCg_OFHcbJi4mJdvcL3IT8bDuQMse2YaX74/s1600/DSC06633.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Dry well at village Sinala, near Padampur-Durgapur mine. </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Local people talked about how earlier this and other wells</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">used to supply water well past the monsoon, but now dry up soon after.</span></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">In quantitative terms, the above mentioned CGWB studies note a dewatering of 10.89 million cubic meters (MCM) per year for Kamthi-Inder-Gondegaon mine, and 7.76 MCM per year for Padampur-Durgapur mine. By rough estimates, this amount of water can irrigate 2200 ha and 1500 ha of land respectively. This is the water that is lost to the local communities. Some of this – mine drainage - could potentially be supplied back to the local communities – but this has the risk of being contaminated and would need treatment before returning back. The experience so far of pollution control and proper treatment of water is not at all encouraging in this matter.<br /><br />It is not only groundwater, but also surface water bodies that are affected. (See photo). This entire aspect, which affects thousands of people from communities in vicinity of coal mines, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is overlooked by Thirsty <i>Energy</i>. <br /><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPVAgzOcOdJYqjC9lDg5ObOT7WBwh-Wn3zxDg_Gqt-xWta2Hi5Y28Yl_LHCMN3MTyNpFJc8MSY2LwO9x2N4OhNDRtQB5U16qEQ50lB-zMRK_OsLi6oL_D1MdqdcvK8-upahhHX1h9aJrn/s1600/DSC06130.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPVAgzOcOdJYqjC9lDg5ObOT7WBwh-Wn3zxDg_Gqt-xWta2Hi5Y28Yl_LHCMN3MTyNpFJc8MSY2LwO9x2N4OhNDRtQB5U16qEQ50lB-zMRK_OsLi6oL_D1MdqdcvK8-upahhHX1h9aJrn/s1600/DSC06130.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--> <br /><div class="MsoCaption" style="text-align: justify;">Dried surface pond near coal mines in Angul district in Odisha.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Local people told us that this pond used to supply water to irrigated fields of people till February, but now does not retain any water post monsoon. They link this to the mining activities. Coal mine EIAs mostly do not look at the impacts on surface water resources.<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-weight: normal;"></span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>GU</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="footnote reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Shruti; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;} </style><![endif]--> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /><b>Coal and Pollution</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">There are many sources of pollution in the coal – electricity chain. For water, some of the important issues are the mine drainage, water pollution due to oil and grease and coal dust, contamination of ground and surface waters with ash, which has presence of heavy metals, overburden draining into water sources etc.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCcIa6b4XaFF9qZjwnpu6fA0eSc_0U-PUFEztcC6zd2WCp2S16hqxXf3pVN6hZmuAPNQM-8fOjkBJsyxDP9gelD6dZMM7kovp37VfEuUZgoKpTFi_Zll4vHo_mZd_LS_t_z8xlurMQA4tp/s1600/DSC06095.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCcIa6b4XaFF9qZjwnpu6fA0eSc_0U-PUFEztcC6zd2WCp2S16hqxXf3pVN6hZmuAPNQM-8fOjkBJsyxDP9gelD6dZMM7kovp37VfEuUZgoKpTFi_Zll4vHo_mZd_LS_t_z8xlurMQA4tp/s1600/DSC06095.JPG" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr align="justify"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Lahiri Nallah in Lahiri Opencast mine area of <br />Mahanadi Coalfield in Jharsuguda, Odisha, <br />contaminated with grease and coal dust. </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">One of the serious pollutants is acid mine drainage which occurs when mine drainage interacts with sulphides, if any, present in the ore or rock. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">The mine drainage, even if not acidic, has other pollutants, mainly in the form of suspended solids, and settling in a settling tank is projected as an adequate method of treating it. We are still studying this aspect. However, our field visits have shown that often mine drainage is discharged onto local water bodies without even this basic treatment. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Another serious source of pollution is the ash. The un-utilised ash is being dumped in fly-ash dumps or fly ash ponds from where risk of contaminating water is very high, through leaching, through spilling and through ash dyke breaches (not to mention illegal discharge of ash into nallahs and rivers). It may be mentioned that it is only in recent years that the authorities are taking some cognisance of the pollution from ash, and are calling for monitoring of heavy metal in ash and also presence of radio-active elements. However, ash continues to be dumped into, and contaminate land and water.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i>Thirsty Energy</i>ignores entirely this aspect of pollution of water, which is a significant part of the (coal) energy – water nexus, and on occasions could be even more of a threat than the large quantities of water which are consumptively used. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b>Limited Understanding Limits Solutions</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Thus <i>Thirsty Energy </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reveals a very limited understanding of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>impacts of (coal based) energy production on water. This in turn affects the solutions it offers. It is no surprise then that the solutions presented by <i>Thirsty Energy</i> are mainly technical and managerial in nature – more efficient water use, air cooling, integrated energy-water modelling etc. While all these are important, one critical element that is missing is the participation of local communities – who are the most impacted by the water-energy nexus – in planning, monitoring and regulating the impacts of energy on water. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">22 March 2014</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">Manthan Adhyayan Kendra<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCcIa6b4XaFF9qZjwnpu6fA0eSc_0U-PUFEztcC6zd2WCp2S16hqxXf3pVN6hZmuAPNQM-8fOjkBJsyxDP9gelD6dZMM7kovp37VfEuUZgoKpTFi_Zll4vHo_mZd_LS_t_z8xlurMQA4tp/s1600/DSC06095.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div> <a href="http://www.manthan-india.org/">www.manthan-india.org</a> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="mailto:Mmanthan.shripad@gmail.com">manthan.shripad@gmail.com</a> </div></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-64482336666532766322012-03-30T02:36:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.974-08:00WorldBankSpeak Explained in Simple English: Press Conference of World Bank President on Orissa Power Sector Reforms<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">On 28 March 2012, World Bank Group President Robert B. Zoellick and Orissa (Odisha) Finance Minister Prafulla Kumar Ghadain held a Press Conference. Among the issues discussed were the World Bank funded Orissa Power Sector Reforms, which have been a gross failure.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">Some friends were not able to understand what the Bank President and other Bank officials were saying, because they were speaking a language <i>worldbankspeak</i>. To help them, I have translated the language into plain English. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">See below: 1. The extract relating to power sector reforms from the transcripts of the Press Conference as put up on the World Bank site. (</span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://go.worldbank.org/HES15CGBY0"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #204e84; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;">http://go.worldbank.org/HES15CGBY0</span></a>).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">2. The same transcripts with my explanatory translations of <i>Worldbankspeak</i>given in Red text. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">You may skip the Item 1 if you do not want to read the same text twice and go straight to 2. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">One: Original Text<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">REPORTER:</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">Mr. President this is Nageshwar Patnaik from Economic Times. The World Bank in fact has been associated with Odisha now for over a decade, as you said rightly. It initiated reforms process in the power sector, and the other states learnt from it, but today there is a setback in power reforms in Odisha with the distribution sector totally floundering. Will World Bank aid come up with some kind of a plan so that this sector can be fine?</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">MR. ZOELLICK:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">I was talking with Roberto Zagha about the power sector reforms as we were driving here, and we think that there has been some important lessons learned, but there are challenges about some of the distribution networks and some of the investors in the scope of their preparation to deal with all the societal aspects.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">Mr. Zagha told me that he thought that this was going to be strengthened and improved so that there needed to be further work in this area, but I'll let him add any other points.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;">MR. ZAGHA:</span></b><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 1.2pt;"> That sums it up pretty well<b>.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The power sector is a challenge all over <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>, and Odisha has been a pioneer in introducing power sector reform which has become a model for the rest of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>national legislation has been changed as a result<b>.</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>But all over <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>, there are very few states, can hardly think of any at this juncture, [unclear] where the distribution companies are financially solvent. And once the distribution company is not financially solvable then it backs up transmission, generation and the whole sector becomes incapable of producing itself and expanding. So we think there's a very quick [inaudible]. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">Two: Translated Text<o:p></o:p></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">REPORTER: Mr. President this is Nageshwar Patnaik from Economic Times. The World Bank in fact has been associated with Odisha now for over a decade, as you said rightly. It initiated reforms process in the power sector, and the other states learnt from it, but today there is a setback in power reforms in Odisha with the distribution sector totally floundering. Will World Bank aid come up with some kind of a plan so that this sector can be fine?<br /><br /><br /><br />MR. ZOELLICK: I was talking with Roberto Zagha about the power sector reforms as we were driving here(<span style="color: red;">because I have no idea whatsoever about the important issues of the state, and I was getting a quick briefing so that I can give good sound bites</span>), and we think that there has been some important lessons learned,<span style="color: red;">(meaning, we have screwed up badly, people have been suffering, and we had to say, oops, that looks like something bad</span>) but there are challenges about some of the distribution networks (<span style="color: red;">basically the problem remains unsolved</span>) and some of the investors in the scope of their preparation to deal with all the societal aspects(<span style="color: red;">when planning their project, the investors planned only on how to increase their profits, they sort of forgot the people and that they had to deliver electricity as a service</span>).<br /><br /><br /><br />Mr. Zagha told me that he thought that this was going to be strengthened and improved (<span style="color: red;">we messed it up, so we were hoping that some patchwork solutions can be found to cover up things</span>) so that there needed to be further work in this area (<span style="color: red;">I know that when initiating the reforms we had sort of said they were a panacea and THE solution, and that we had thought of everything, but it does appear that we may not have not done everything that should be done</span>), but I'll let him add any other points (<span style="color: red;">thanks, that's the limit of what I know about this since how much can you know in a few minutes briefing in the car?</span>).<br /><br /><br /><br />MR. ZAGHA: That sums it up pretty well (<span style="color: red;">I myself don't know too much more, and why should I open my big month and take the blame? Let the boss take the heat</span>). The power sector is a challenge all over India (<span style="color: red;">In spite of all over noises and pressures and conditionalities since 1991, we still have not been able to find solutions</span>) , and Odisha has been a pioneer in introducing power sector reform (<span style="color: red;">it was the state which could not resist us, the other more powerful states did</span>) which has become a model for the rest of India national legislation has been changed as a result (<span style="color: red;">Its a great skill we have at the Bank, even though our basic experiment is a failure, we can persuade governments to scale them up. We are trying the same in privatisaiton of water</span>). But all over India, there are very few states, can hardly think of any at this juncture, [unclear] where the distribution companies are financially solvent (<span style="color: red;">Yes, I say it again, in spite of our efforts sine 1991, we have got any state power systems to work</span>). And once the distribution company is not financially solvable then it backs up transmission, generation and the whole sector becomes incapable of producing itself and expanding (<span style="color: red;">I mean, if there are no profits to be made, why.... should the companies be there? Why should people get the basic services of electricity if there are no profits, even though the power plants use the country’s coal, the country's land, the country's water? </span>). So we think there's a very quick [inaudible]. (<span style="color: red;">Last resort when you have run out of answers, mumble something and look at the mike quizzically as if it has stopped working.</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-35475266256525961122011-10-13T02:57:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.949-08:00Wind Energy, Yes - But Can We Do it Decently?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">I do believe that wind energy will be an important part of moving to a sustainable energy supply for <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>. Yet, it is not binding on us that we do it in as gross a manner as possible. The picture below shows that we are going about it in the same mindless manner that we go about installing conventional power generation capacity. We should not remain in this blissful state of deluding ourselves that just because we are installing wind (or solar) that there will be no impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh48WobGn3oyY7g-NLEUn3iEG2cle_c2uAbaWFy3vsP3WC-ExrgbtaXc1BJrDjP9nhMVHefxZYfoj0Qy65LU52l2tnBC2QGUZD5zeGfsRBOkqslH_XBeto2Dv5llKVv6cqJ3ZbxqE17fqyt/s1600/Wind+Energy+Pic+from+MoEF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh48WobGn3oyY7g-NLEUn3iEG2cle_c2uAbaWFy3vsP3WC-ExrgbtaXc1BJrDjP9nhMVHefxZYfoj0Qy65LU52l2tnBC2QGUZD5zeGfsRBOkqslH_XBeto2Dv5llKVv6cqJ3ZbxqE17fqyt/s320/Wind+Energy+Pic+from+MoEF.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo From MoEF Publication on Sustainable Development</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">In fact, wind and solar, if installed on the same scale as conventional energy will also have huge impacts. Sure, these may be less serious than drowning hundreds of villages in a dam, or spreading coal ash all over the place, but the key thing is that there will be impacts – social, environmental and others.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVMlEMhOUByAzsBvHAE91-jeLdkCqwT8M6h4yxRjXGweuiIJtuOSQqqZ2bYRmMJ4Ou5qKGiFqKuUe1QZ5eZi397OZ2wxZ5n2_xu_lXnShgxw7b0ii4xFmHYnyQd_-hSN0udWelGJNsdPuc/s1600/Ash+Dump+in+Orissa+Note+Location+Close+to+water+body.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVMlEMhOUByAzsBvHAE91-jeLdkCqwT8M6h4yxRjXGweuiIJtuOSQqqZ2bYRmMJ4Ou5qKGiFqKuUe1QZ5eZi397OZ2wxZ5n2_xu_lXnShgxw7b0ii4xFmHYnyQd_-hSN0udWelGJNsdPuc/s200/Ash+Dump+in+Orissa+Note+Location+Close+to+water+body.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coal Ash Dump in Odisha - Note Location Close to Water Body</td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">So when pushing for sources like wind, we should avoid making the same mistake we have made with conventional sources – go about as if there are no impacts, or worse, don’t bother about the impacts because they are to be faced by some one else, someone who is economically and politically weak. The story of what Enercon Wind Farms project is doing in Kalpavalli region in Andhra Pradesh's Anantapur district is an example of this, and a pointer to what can happen. See the Kalpavalli story in Down To Earth at <a href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/green-energy-takes-toll-green-cover">http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/green-energy-takes-toll-green-cover</a><o:p></o:p></span></div></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-3633292786835235232011-05-27T02:06:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.951-08:00India’s Submissions to UN Panel on Sustainability: A Missed Opportunity<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">The Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS"">Government of India’s recent submissions to the </span><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">UN Secretary General’s High Level Panel for Global Sustainability, on the occasion of its meeting at <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Helsinki</st1:place></st1:city> on 17<sup>th</sup> May 2011 “made a strong call for equity and universal energy access by the year 2030 for all.”<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="file:///C:/Writing/My%20Blog%20Related/MoEF%20Sub%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel/MoEF%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel%20SHORT.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> While the call for equity is welcome, it is a moot question as to why the world needs to wait till 2030 – almost 20 more years – before universal energy access is a reality. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Moreover, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s detailed proposals to actualize universal energy access lack coherence, and belie the expectations raised by its strong call for equity. This note presents a critical look at the proposal on universal energy access.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">MoEF has submitted three notes to back up its call, one on equity and sustainable development, the second on universal energy access, and the third outlining a new indicator to measure sustainable development. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Note on Equity in the Context of Sustainable Development <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">The note on Equity is a very well written note, outlining comprehensively what equity means, and how sustainability, environmentalism, and sustainable development is inextricably linked with equity. It is unfortunate, then, that this note does not inform the other note on Universal Energy Access (UEA Note). In a sense, it appears that the Minister’s left hand does not know what the right is doing. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Note on Universal Energy Access by 2030<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">The UEA Note starts with a very interesting statement that<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">“…the world has enough energy resources to last for centuries. Coal and nuclear can sustain the world energy for over four centuries. Therefore, there is no global energy crisis.” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">If this is the case, the natural question is why so many people are without access to energy. (A wrong usage of units causes some confusion here, and even if it is a typo, such errors should be avoided when submitting notes at this level.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">The problem, according to the note, is that we are attempting to satisfy three criteria simultaneously – energy security, economics and environmental compatibility. However, subsequent discussions reduce the environmental problem to essentially that of carbon emissions. This is not only a very narrow view of the environmental impacts, but such an emphasis on the climate angle undermines India’s own stated position<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="file:///C:/Writing/My%20Blog%20Related/MoEF%20Sub%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel/MoEF%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel%20SHORT.doc#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> that it is not responsible for the climate crisis and hence the main liability to address it should be of those who have been the main contributors. The long section on Low Carbon Options seems a digression and does not fit into the main theme of the note, namely, universalizing energy access. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">The note is problematic in many other ways. First of all, it has not stated explicitly what needs universal energy access is supposed to meet. By inference, we see that the aim seems to be to cover energy for lighting and cooking. Whatever it may be, it needed to be made explicit, as the expectations from universal energy access may be more than this. Anecdotal evidence suggests that many rural and poor households in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> deem electricity for running TV sets and cell phone chargers to be as fundamental a need as lighting.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Secondly, there is no explanation as to why it should take 20 years to universalize energy access. Indeed, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> should have strongly argued for a much smaller period to achieve this. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Thirdly, the note somehow very easily – and without and logical explanation – slips into the assumption that universalisation of energy access will have to come from decentralized, renewable sources like solar, which are very expensive at this moment. It is true that in some cases, decentralized renewable sources may be the most optimal option, but this need not be always the case. As a recent paper by Prayas Energy Group, Pune shows<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn3" href="file:///C:/Writing/My%20Blog%20Related/MoEF%20Sub%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel/MoEF%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel%20SHORT.doc#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>, there are many steps, including allocation of energy from centralized sources on a priority basis to the poor that can help address this issue. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Fourth is the issue of burdening energy supply to the poor with extraneous considerations. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">In his letter to the Chair of the UN Panel, Minister Jairam Ramesh says that <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">“The challenge before us is to ensure that this [universal energy] access happens rapidly, while ensuring that the sustainability related constraints are not violated”. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">The UEA Note makes these sustainability constraints more explicit. It states that <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS"; mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">“This [universalizing energy access] is a daunting task in its own right and it is further complicated by the constraint of reducing global CO2 emissions.” <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">What is puzzling and difficult to understand in this whole argument is why universalizing energy access should be made to shoulder the burden of sustainability related constraints, in particular reducing carbon emissions. We can well understand that local sustainability issues like preservation of forests, rivers etc would be important. But why load the burden of cutting global carbon emissions onto the energy for the poor?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family:Georgia;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Indeed, the UEA Note says that given the energy aspirations of developing countries (not to mention the heavy energy use lifestyles of the developed countries), coal will continue to remain a major part of world energy mix under any scenario. In other words, the world will continue to burn coal (and oil), emitting green house gases in huge quantities – to run the air conditions of the rich, to drive their automobiles, to light up big malls, run energy guzzling appliances like heaters and so on, but when it comes to meeting the energy for universal energy access, for the most basic needs, we want to insist that it meets the constraint of sustainability and reducing global CO2 emissions. This runs completely contrary to the basic principles of equity, which the other note of the MoEF has very well articulated.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">It should be clarified that we are not making a case for continuing with “dirty energy”, nor are we making a case for highly centralized energy supply. We are only saying that it is odd, and highly iniquitous, that we burden the energy supply to the poor with high financial costs (of decentralized options like solar), and with tight constraints of meeting sustainability norms (of global carbon emissions, something that the world’s poor have been least responsible for), all the while allowing the energy use of the rich to come from cheap sources (like coal, cheap also because it externalizes many costs), and not imposing any particular constraints on them for meeting sustainability norms.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">It may be mentioned here that the so called low carbon technologies considered in this note include nuclear (and other discussions include large hydro too), so what the note is suggesting is that we opt for low carbon even if we have to pay the price of other impacts. We would argue that for <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region> – at least for the poor in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> and globally too – what is more important and more appropriate is a “low impact” portfolio of technologies, rather than a “low carbon” portfolio.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">Instead of all this, the note on universal energy access should have taken a firm and unequivocal stand that whatever energy options the global community chooses, the first right and claim on these energy sources must be to meet universal energy access obligations. Moreover, while the energy needed for these obligations should meet the requirements of low local social and environmental impacts, they should not be loaded with extraneous costs like meeting global carbon emissions targets. And last but not the least, <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> should have argued for a much smaller time period in which to meet the objective of universal energy access. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">It is only such a stand that would do justice to the strong call for the equity made by Minister Ramesh at the UN Panel meeting.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><span style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS";mso-bidi-font-family: Georgia;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">It is not known whether there were any broad based consultations – or even peer reviews of the notes prepared on behalf of the Minister for submission to the Panel – before <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>’s positions were finalized. It is urged that at least for the next round, such consultations should be carried out. This will help <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> put up coherent positions, and take the lead in pushing critical aspects like equity and justice in global efforts at sustainability. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <div style="mso-element:endnote-list"><!--[if !supportEndnotes]-->A longer Version of this note is available at <a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/56354214/India%E2%80%99s-Submissions-to-UN-Panel-on-Sustainability-A-Missed-Opportunity" eudora="autourl">http://www.scribd.com/doc/56354214/India%E2%80%99s-Submissions-to-UN-Panel-on-Sustainability-A-Missed-Opportunity<br /></a> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <!--[endif]--> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="file:///C:/Writing/My%20Blog%20Related/MoEF%20Sub%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel/MoEF%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel%20SHORT.doc#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Press note by MoEF<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn2"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="file:///C:/Writing/My%20Blog%20Related/MoEF%20Sub%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel/MoEF%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel%20SHORT.doc#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Low Carbon Growth Report of MoEF<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn3"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText"><a style="mso-endnote-id:edn3" href="file:///C:/Writing/My%20Blog%20Related/MoEF%20Sub%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel/MoEF%20to%20UN%20Sust%20Panel%20SHORT.doc#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US">Electricity for All, Ten Ideas towards Turning Rhetoric into Reality, Prayas Energy Group, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div></div>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4622739610534956336.post-28881529970179281292011-03-13T22:34:00.000-07:002014-11-15T22:28:46.943-08:00The Threat to Nuclear Establishments in Japan, and Two Posters<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNflWQFF0Y6NNNCZC9ER4yxVLt8zJF7TpIR4VLTbPU4mVE3tOnrtTMpbkgxCWWi4Ft4P0dUW-uaSxGBd_8_WDZ1TlNuTHTTvsZ6g9lmaVaTfeppiNse-oAf3DhjWtmq22HF4u8B4_1FXCL/s1600/three-mile-island-nuclear-reactor-accident.jpg"><img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 254px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNflWQFF0Y6NNNCZC9ER4yxVLt8zJF7TpIR4VLTbPU4mVE3tOnrtTMpbkgxCWWi4Ft4P0dUW-uaSxGBd_8_WDZ1TlNuTHTTvsZ6g9lmaVaTfeppiNse-oAf3DhjWtmq22HF4u8B4_1FXCL/s320/three-mile-island-nuclear-reactor-accident.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5583805677678317186" /></a><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; ">Many years ago, I saw a poster whose message has forever remained etched on my mind. It was a poster on the <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Chernobyl</st1:place></st1:city> nuclear disaster with a picture of the nuclear station, and just one brief, terse message. But the message captured many things about the nuclear debate, especially the arrogance of the scientific and engineering community and their utter disdain towards any questions raised by citizens. It was a searing commentary on the supremely confident assertions that everything has been thought of, and taken care of and the brushing aside or even ridiculing any other opinion, particularly using the argument that the common people know nothing and understand nothing in these highly technical matters. And then of course, the attempts to to cover up problems when they occur using the tactics of denial, suppression of information with arguments of national security and playing down the risks of problems that are impossible to deny any longer.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS"">As the threat of a nuclear disaster looms large on <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region>, I am reminded once again of that poster. It said, simply “They said it could not happen. It did.”<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS"">Repeatedly, this is the scenario we face, not just in case of nuclear, but in several other areas. They – in their supreme arrogance – assure us that it will not happen. And it does, with a monotonous certainty. This is especially true with technologies that are “highly advanced”, so advanced that no one except the scientists, engineers and of course the companies that sell them can know anything about the impacts of these technologies. And we are supposed to take them on faith, place complete trust in their sophisticated knowledge that “it can never happen.”<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Do we have a choice?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS"">I think we do, but the choice has to begin far more upstream than present. It has to begin at the stage where the directions of the technologies themselves are evolving. In this, I am reminded of another poster message that I have seen. It is about all the old and new and great technologies like nuclear, genetic modification, massive dams in fragile environments and many others where the assertion is made that “this is a fail safe technology”. The poster says, “We don’t want fail safe technologies, we want technologies that can fail safely.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS""><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family:"Trebuchet MS"">(Image courtesy: </span><a href="http://topuspost.com/2011/03/12/nuclear-reactor-japan-but-confirms-the-radiation-leakage/">http://topuspost.com/2011/03/12/nuclear-reactor-japan-but-confirms-the-radiation-leakage/</a>)</p>Shripadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02379248054344619692noreply@blogger.com3